The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Sociology

The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Sociology is the first encyclopaedic presentation of the research into social aspects of translation and interpreting. It consists of thirty-five chapters contributed by forty experts in their respective fields of the sociology of translation. The Handbook traces the evolution of research into social aspects of translation and interpreting, explains the basics of the sociology of translation, offers an insight into studies of translation within sociology, shows the place translation and interpreting occupies among social functional systems and its interactions with social forces and practices. With global coverage spanning all inhabited continents, the Handbook examines translational practices across diverse cultures and historical periods, from ancient origins to modern professional practices. Suitable for both undergraduate and postgraduate students of translation and interpreting, as well as researchers in the sociology of translation, the Handbook furnishes readers with a comprehensive understanding of the field. It offers a thorough exploration of the current state of the sociology of translation and suggests avenues for further research. Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Notes On Contributors Abbreviations Introduction A Word of Advice to the Student Reader Structure of this Handbook Part I Towards a Sociology of Translation 1 Emerging Sociology of Translation Introduction The Sociological Background to Cicero Herodotus The Arthashastra of Kautilya Aristeas and the Legend of the Septuagint Quick Takes 1: Historical Moments Bible Translation in Later Centuries Education Humanists Dr. Johnson Quick Takes 2: Sociological Metaphors of Translation Conquest Colonization Slavery and Servility Gender The Tour Guide International Exchange Conclusion Related Topics Notes References 2 Social Aspects in Linguistic Theories of Translation Introduction Linguistic Theories of Translation The Social in the Philological Theorizing of Translation The Russian/Soviet Perspective Georges Mounin The Social in Linguistic Theorizing of Translation John Catford Combining Linguistic and Philological Approaches Eugene Nida Conclusion Related Topics References 3 Social Aspects in Culture-Focused Translation Theories Definition of Key Concepts Culture Translation Social Historical Perspectives James Holmes Polysystem Theory Norms Functionalism André Lefevere Beyond Literary Translation Two Turns Or One? Related Topics References 4 Sociocriticism: Translation as an Expression of Social Communication The Social in Translation The Origin and Objectives of Sociocriticism Ideologemes and the Ideological Work of Translation Social Discourse and Translation The Sociogram, a Discursive Configuration Discourse and Counter-Discourse: Paradoxical Translation The Transindividual Subject Related Topics References Part II The Fundamentals of the Sociology of Translation 5 The Unit of Translation From the Sociological Viewpoint Introduction Historical Perspectives Critical Topics Translation as a Resultant of the Interaction Between Four Systems Structure Current Contributions and Research Future Directions Related Topics References 6 Translation as a Social Structure Key Concepts Social Structure Ubiquity of Translation as a Social Structure Translation as an Institutional Structure Translation as a Relational Structure Translation as an Embodied Structure Historical Contributions Current Contributions and Research Luhmann Bourdieu Actor–network Theory Critical Topics Substantiality Self-standing Or Part of a Larger Whole Rigidity and Dynamics Elements of Translation Qua Social Structure Macro Vs. Micro Vectors of Research Primacy of Action Or Actor Further Directions Further Reading References 7 Macrosociology of Translation Introduction and Definitions Macro- and Microsociologies Key Concepts of Macrosociology Macrosociological Theories in Sociology and TIS: a Historical Perspective Macro-theories in Sociology Translation and Interpreting Through a Macrosociological Lens Critical Issues and Topics in Translation Macrosociology Universalism Norms and Normativity Translation and Power Translation as Institutionalized Social Practice Translation in a Global World Current Contributions and Research Main Research Methods Future Directions Synchronic and Diachronic Comparative Studies of Translation as a Macrosociological Phenomenon Related Topics References 8 Microsociology of Translation Introduction and Definitions Principal Microsociological Theories Weber’s Verstehen and Ideal Types Symbolic Interactionism The Phenomenological Approach Historical and Current Contributions Critical Issues and Topics Actor and Agent Social Interaction Roles Approaches to Study Social Relationships Methodological Considerations Future Directions Related Topics References 9 Macro/micro Gap Introduction Historical Background In Sociology In Translation Studies Bridging the Gap in Sociology and Translation Research Bourdieu Giddens Lahire Notes On Methodology Future Directions Related Topics References 10 Translator Studies and Translators as Social Actors Introduction Historical Perspectives Translator Studies: From Structures to Individuals Critical Issues and Topics Translators and Their Actions: the Translator’s Habitus Translators’ Social Visibility: Role, Translatorship and Status Shifting From Structure to Agency Capitalising Subjectivities and Identities Future Directions Related Topics Notes References 11 Researching Sociological Aspects of Translation and Interpreting Introduction Socially Driven Research Questions Research Methodologies Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Mixed and Multi-Method Research Data Collection Methods Surveys, Interviews, and Ethnography Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Natural Experiments and Existing Data Analysis Research Ethics Related Topics References Part III Translation in Sociology 12 Translation in Sociological Research Introducing the Social Conceptualizations of Translation in Social Theory Translation as an Item: Translation Proper Translation as Explanation: Metaphors of Translation Translation as a Heuristic: Political Translation Adding Complexity: Translation as Relational Thinking Multilingual Sociology: Translating Research Materials Layers of Translation in Sociology Future Directions Related Topics References 13 Towards a Translational Sociology Introduction A Broader Definition of Translation A Materialist Approach Translational Interdisciplinarity Translation Is Ordinary Translation as Sociological Work Politics of Translation Translation and Modernity Conclusion: Translational Reflexivity Related Topics Notes References Part IV Translation and Social Functional Systems 14 Translation and Politics Key Concepts Politics and Political Thought Translation Historical Perspectives Critical Issues Politics and Language – and Beyond Translation and Political Regimes Translating the Subaltern Translation and Politics of Globalisation Literary Translation as a Political Activity Current Research Foci and Debates Translation and Ideology Activist Translators Future Directions Interdisciplinarity Translation and New Global Politics Translation and Micro-Politics Related Topics References 15 Translation and Law Definitions Historical Perspectives Critical Issues and Research Text Typologies Legal Translator’s Competence Understandability Accessibility Comparative Law and Legal Translation Future Directions Related Topics Note References 16 Translation, the Economy and Business Key Concepts Historical Perspective Current Contributions and Research Foci Business Translations and the World Economy Microtextual Aspects Translations of Works of Economic Thought Business Translation as a Group Activity Research Methods Interviews Surveys Mixed Methods Further Directions Related Topics References 17 Translation and Military Structures Introduction Key Terms and Issues Military Studies and TIS Terminological Challenges Critical Issues Training Ethical Challenges Neutrality Responsibility Current Research and Debates: a Code of Ethics for War Translators and Interpreters New Directions Conclusion Related Topics References 18 Healthcare Interpreting as a Socially Contextualized Activity Historical Perspectives: the Conduit Model Critical Issues and Current Research Participant Characteristics and Interpersonal Dynamics Healthcare Settings as a System-Level Structure Social and Historical Contexts of Language Barriers Cultural (Re)construction as Contexts Future Directions Related Topics References 19 Translation and Education Key Concepts Historical Perspectives Current Contributions Translation in Multilingual Education A Sociological Perspective On Translator Training Translation in Additional Language Teaching and Learning Translation in Bilingual Education Translation and Content and Language Integrated Learning Translation and Creative Writing Further Directions Related Topics References 20 Translation in Mass Media Introduction Definition of Key Concepts ‘Translation’ and ‘Translators’ in the Media Mass Media and Convergence Historical Perspective Critical Issues and Topics Is It a Translation? Revisiting Key Concepts of Translation Studies Methodological Issues Ethical Issues Investigating the Production of News Translation Sociological Methods Narrative Theory Ethnomethodology Social Fields and Habitus Structuration Theory Actor–network Theory Current Debates and Future Directions Reception Indirect Translation Non-professional Interpreting and Translation A Call for Sociology Related Topics References 21 Translation and Religion Key Concepts and Definitions Historical Perspectives Review of Relevant Studies On Translation and Religion Critical Issues and Topics Current Contributions and Future Directions Related Topics References 22 Translation and Science Key Concepts Science: a Body of Knowledge Science: a Social Structure Translation Historical Perspectives Highlights of the History of Scientific Translation Studying the Relationship Between Science and Translation Critical Issues and Topics Science and Translation: Two Interacting Social Systems Types of Translation Mediating for Science What Translation Has Done for Science Current Debates Popularisation of Science And/as Translation Citizen Science Future Directions Related Topics References 23 Translation and Art Key Concepts Historical Perspectives Connecting Translation, Art and Society Translation Between Arts Critical Issues and Topics: Translation and Art as Interacting Social Subsystems Translation as a Means of Creating Artforms Translation as a Means of Intercultural Exchange of Artforms Current Contributions and Research Translation and Art: the Semiotic Level Translation as a Facilitator of Intercultural Communication Multimedial Translation Translation Between Verbal and Non-Verbal Arts Translation of Art as a Social Project Future Directions Related Topics References Part V Translation and Social Forces and Practices 24 Translation and Globalization Introduction What Is ‘Globalization’ and When Did It Begin? The Development of Translation and Globalization as an Area of Study Studying Translation and Interpreting Persons and Practices in Globalizing Contexts Exemplifying the Issues: Studying Places of Translation and Globalization Future Directions Related Topics References 25 Translation and Emergency Introduction Definitions Sociological Aspects of Emergency Translation and Interpreting Critical Issues and Challenges The Importance of Local Knowledge and Cultural Sensitivity Managing Ethical Issues Linguistic Inclusion and Vulnerability Conflict Zones: Complex Positionalities Specialized Training Needs Main Research Methods Future Directions Trauma-related Self-Care The Use of Translation Technology in Emergencies Climate Change and Environmental Emergencies Related Topics References 26 Translation and Technology Definitions Translation Technology Social Agency Historical Perspectives Critical Topics and Issues Translation Technology and Society Ethical Concerns Ergonomics Curriculum Design Machine Translation Literacy Current Contributions and Research Future Directions Related Topics References 27 Translation and Censorship/ideology Definitions of the Key Concepts: Ideology and Censorship Ideology, Or the ‘Science of Ideas’ Political and Religious Ideology Political Ideology: Chinese Communism, European Communist (Or Socialist) and Fascist Societies, and Democracies Religious Ideology: Christianity in Europe and Islam in the Middle East Censorship Historical Perspectives Critical Issues and Topics Creativity: Translation Community, Readers and Society Productive Censorship and Interpretive Communities – (Soviet) Russia Subversion and Interpretive Communities Samizdat – Czechoslovakia Clandestine Publishing and Secret Societies Subversive Publishers Dominant Political Field and the Third-Person Effect Translating to Subvert Censorship Current Contributions and Research Recommendation for Research and Practice Future Directions Related Topics References 28 Translation and Social Activism Definitions Historical Perspectives Critical Issues and Topics Current Contributions and Research Foci Future Directions Related Topics Acknowledgements References 29 Translation (Studies) and Imagology Key Concepts History of (Research Of) the Practice Research Foci/debates Further Directions Funding Related Topics References 30 Translation and Memory Introduction Historical Perspectives Critical Issues and Current Research On Translation and Memory Translation of Testimonies and Traumatic Pasts Translation in Public Spaces of Memory Translation and Archives The Translation of (In)tangible Heritage and Indigenous Cultural Memory Translation and Literary Memory Sociological Approaches to the Translation of Memory Future Directions Related Topics References 31 Community Translation as Social Action Introduction Definitions Historical Perspectives Critical Issues and Topics Role and Social Agency Accessibility Professionalism and Quality Current Contributions and Research Future Directions Acknowledgement Related Topics References 32 Translation, Gender and Sexuality Key Concepts The Sociology of Sex Gender Sexuality Historical Perspectives Engendering Translation Feminist Approaches Queering Translation Critical Issues and Topics Concepts and Terms Rebellious Subverting of Phallocentricism Speaking for the Subaltern Current Contributions and Research A Paradigmatic Shift Moving Beyond Verbum-Centred Research Future Directions Related Topics References 33 Translation as a Professional Project Introduction Key Concepts A Brief Historical Sketch of the Translation Professional Project Critical Issues and Topics Indications of Institutionalization A Breach in the Translation Professional Project? Interaction of Human Agency and Technology Within TPP Future Directions Related Topics Notes References 34 Translator Training and Professional Socialisation The Key Concepts Translator Training Professionalisation Vs. Professional Socialisation Action Research and Translator Training Critical Discourse Analysis and Translator Training Historical Perspectives Critical Issues and Topics Professionalisation and Professional Associations Translator Training and Activism Translators and Other Social Agents: Self-Concept and Improving the Image of Translators Through Translator Training Current Contributions and Research Foci Translators as Constructive Agents Producing Texts Translators as Socially Constructed Agents Future Directions Related Topics References 35 Translation and Project Management Introduction, Definitions and Concepts Historical Perspectives Key Works, Critical Issues and Topics Current Contributions and Research Socio-cognitive Models Technology Economics Competences and Training Main Research Methods Recommendations for Future Research Related Topics References Index