˜Theœ Routledge handbook of translation and religion

__The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Religion__ is the first to bring together an extensive interdisciplinary engagement with the multiple ways in which the concepts and practices of translation and religion intersect. The book engages a number of scholarly disciplines in conversation with each other, including the study of translation and interpreting, religion, philosophy, anthropology, history, art history, and area studies. A range of leading and emerging international specialists critically engage with changing understandings of the key categories ‘translation’ and ‘religion’ as discursive constructs, thus contributing to the development of a new field of academic study, translation and religion. The 28 contributions, divided into six parts, analyze how translation constructs ideas, texts, or objects as ‘sacred’ or for ‘religious purposes’, often in competition with what is categorized as ‘non-religious.’ The part played by faith communities is treated as integral to analyses of the role of translation and religion. It investigates how or why translation functions in re-constructing and transforming religion(s) and for whom and examines a range of ‘sacred texts’ in translation— from the written to the spoken, manuscript to print, paper to digital, architectural form to objects of sacred art, intersemiotic scriptural texts, and where commentary, exegesis and translation interweave. This __Handbook__ is an indispensable scholarly resource for researchers in translation studies and the study of religions. Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction Suspicions: Translation(s), Religion(s), Text(s), Language(s) Intersections: Translation and Religion Spotlights: Issues, Topics and Oganization Notes References Part I Disciplinary Frameworks 1 Religion, Translation, Semantics The Folk-Conception of Translation Problems With the Folk-Conception Beyond the Folk-Conception Implications for the Study of Religions Concepts and Categories Ineffables and Insiders Sui Generis Religion Webs Not Words Conclusion – Business as Usual? Notes Further Reading References 2 Untranslatability and the Canonical Text Integrity Saturation Paronomasia Untranslatables Conclusion Further Reading References 3 Translating the Sacred Books of the East: Friedrich Max Müller and the Orient Introduction Scope of the SBE, Selection of the Sacred Texts and Translation Difficulties Ideas On Translation “Hideous and Repellent” Translation and the Construction of World Religions Comparison and Spiritualization Textualization of Religion Incongruity Between Ancient and Modern: The Question of Authority Reception Conclusion Thanks and Acknowledgements Further Reading References 4 ‘An Equivocal Position’: Anthropology, Evans-Pritchard, and the Spirit of Translation Introduction Translating Spirit Interior States Anthropological Contexts Promises and Perils How to Know? Notes Further Reading References 5 The Religion of Translation Nations and Narrations Plus De Mots The Growth of Religion Notes Further Reading References Part II Concepts, Approaches and Methods 6 Interface of the Deep: Design Cues for Engaging New Media and Machine Translation With Religious Scriptures Face to Face: Translation as Ethical Encounter Face of the Deep: Interface Design Deep Learning: Translation in Conversation With Machines After Word: Translation and Scriptural Cultures Beyond the Book Notes Further Reading References 7 Interpreting and Religion Introduction Contextualizing and in Dialogue With Other Disciplines: Christian Mission and Orality Defining Terms and Representative Settings Historical Developments Tupi Territories and the Kongo Kingdom: Hearing Confessions Through Interpreters Key Concepts in Current Issues Fusion Interpreting Trust and Adequate Meaning Transfer Involvement, Visibility and Co-Construction Co-preaching Shifts in Mission and Language Use Performance Evaluation, Preparation and Profile Future Directions Notes Further Reading References 8 Collaborative Translation and the Transmission of Buddhism: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives Introduction/Definitions Historical Perspectives Contemporary Activity: Critical Issues Methodological Issues Future Directions Further Reading References 9 Women, Sacred Texts, Translation Introduction Women and the Sacred, Through the Lens of Translation Assigning Gender: The Divine, Humans, and Language (In Translation) The Body as Locus of Religious Experience (In Translation) Responses to Translations By Or Involving Women Conclusion Notes Further Reading References 10 Paratexts and Sacred Translation: The Noble Qur’an in English Introduction: Translation and Paratext Qur’an Translation and Paratext External Presentation: Dust Jackets and Calligraphy External Textual Materials Titles Dedications Endorsements Visual Materials Layout Illustrations and Decorations Internal Textual Materials Introduction Notes Conclusion Further Reading References 11 On Mantras and Other ‘Untranslatable’ Forms of Religious Language Overview: Understanding Magic Words and Frozen Religious Language Mantras: From Liturgical Markers to Cosmic Diagrams Magic Words and Divine Names Divine Names as Frozen Forms Magic Words Recoded as Divine Names Example 1: Jesus the Magician Example 2: The Muqatta’at Example 3: Redundant Place Names What Kinds of Signs Are Divine Names? Conclusions Notes Further Reading References Part III Inter-Semiotic Translation and Religion: Materiality, Performance and Experiencing the Sacred 12 Bodies of Words: Translating Sacred Text Into Sacred Architecture in East Asian Buddhism Introduction China: Puzzling Variations On Merit By Design Korea: Miniaturisation and Memorialisation Japan: The Efflorescence of the Jewelled Pagoda Mandala Conclusion Notes Further Reading References 13 Conceptional and Intersemiotic Transpositions: Between Autochthonous Latin American Religions Introduction: Latin American Religions, Semiotic Systems, and Languages Sources and Methodologies for the Study of Translation Between Latin American Religions Scriptura Franca (Intersemiotic) and Linguistic Transpositions of Mesoamerican and Andean Religions Iconographic, Intersemiotic and Linguistic Translations of Deities Iconographic and Linguistic Translation of ‘Nagualism’ and Ritual Impersonation of Deities Scriptura Francae (Intersemiotic) and Linguistic Systems Translating Religion Intersemiotic and Linguistic Transposition Between Latin American Religions Notes Further Reading References 14 Translating Sikh Scripture and Sikh Lifeworlds Language and Multilingualism in the Sikh Tradition Sikh Diasporic (Dis)Enchantment and Translation Technology I Sikh Diasporic (Dis)Enchantment and Translation Technologies II Gurbani, Gurmat and Identity Translatology 1: The Anglo-Vernacular Regime of Representation Translatology 2: Reconfiguring Gurmat and Sikh Identity in the Colonial Period Conclusion Notes Acknowledgment Further Reading References 15 Materializing Jesus’ Nazareth: Translation as Imagineering Translation and Material Religion D.C.’s Nazareth Biblical Imagineering From Nazareth Village to Nazareth Experiential Strategies Artifacts Parables Sensory Indexicality Intertextual Gaps Conclusion Notes Further Reading References Part IV Translation and Competing Religious Cultures 16 From Sumerian Into Akkadian: Translations, Sacred Texts and Canonicity in Ancient Mesopotamia Introduction Status Quaestionis and Prospects: The Scholarship So Far Literary Bilingualism in Ancient Mesopotamia: Cultural and Textual Contexts The Outcomes of Literary Bilingualism: Bilingual Lexical Lists, Grammatical Texts and Literary Translations Translating ‘Sacred’ Concepts Literary Translation and the Formation of a Canon The Afterlife of Ninurta’s Mythology in Translations The Poem Enuma Elish as a Political and Theological Turning Point: The Rise of the Babylonian God Marduk as New Leader ... Ninurta as the Anti-Marduk? Cuneiform Writing and the Babylonian Theory of Translation The Practice of Translation and the ‘Manipulations’ of the Source Text Different Kinds of Manipulations and Their Philological Grounds The Mesopotamian Terminology for ‘Translating’: Translation Or Interpretation? Translation as Updating of the Source Text: Ideological and Theological Adjustments The Translation of Lugal-E as the Response to Enuma Elish? Canonicity Versus ‘Stream of Tradition’: Is the Term ‘Sacred Texts’ Suitable for Mesopotamian Literature? Constructing a Unique Truth Through Translation Conclusions Notes Further Reading References 17 Greek Texts in Arabic Translations: Quranic Language, Christian Translators, and Muslim Audiences Introduction Why Did Christian Translators Translate ‘Pagan’ Scientific Texts for a Muslim Audience? The Beginnings of Translating Into Arabic in the Umayyad Period An Interreligious Endeavour: Christian Translators and Their Muslim Readers in the Abbasid Period Conclusions Notes Further Reading References 18 Jesuit Translation: The Ciceronian Legacy Introduction A War of Rhetoric Power and Directionality Jesuit Translation Strategy Demise Notes Further Reading References 19 Sacred Tongue, Translated People: Translation in the Jewish Tradition Hebrew as Origin, Translation as Idol Translation and Border Crossings Beyond Hebrew and the Bible The Translational Turn in the Humanities, the Jewish Turn in Translation Notes Further Reading References 20 Translation and the Construction of Conversion Narratives: Language Strategies of Russian Converts to Islam Introduction Islam in Post-Soviet Russia Russian as a New Islamic Lingua Franca Ethnic Russian Converts to Islam Conversion Narratives Analyzed Translating Islam Into Russian Linguistic Practices Constructing a Different Islam Translating ‘Russianness’ Beyond Traditional Religious Labels Translation as Negotiation Conclusion Notes Further Reading References Part V Religions in New Contexts: Translation and Construction 21 Straddling the Himalayas: Translating Buddhism Into Chinese Introduction Translation Procedures and Problems Native Encounters With Indian Scripts and Languages The Politics of Translation Translation in Other Directions A Final Burst of Translation Notes Further Reading References 22 Bahá’í Translation in Early Twentieth-Century China: A Historical Survey and Critical Issues Introduction A Historical Overview A Bahá’í Leaflet A Bahá’í Booklet Cao’s Pioneering Translations Liao Carries On the Translation Project Critical Issues Translatability of Sacred Texts Literary Versus Vernacular Chinese ‘The Term Question’ Paratexts and Political Ideology Future Directions Acknowledgements Further Reading References 23 Translating Sacred Scriptures: The S ́veta ̄mbara Jain Tradition Introduction: Orality, Scriptures, Languages Commentary as Translation: Explanatory Phases of the S ́veta ̄mbara Jain Canonical Scriptures and Languages Practice of Translation: Rendering of Word-Meanings Practice of Translation: Sentence Rendering, Paraphrases Language Gap and New Interpretations ‘Trans-creation’: Jaya ̄ca ̄rya’s Rajasthani Rendering of the Vya ̄khya ̄prajn ̃apti S ́veta ̄mbara Jain Translations of Their Scriptures in Modern Times The Untranslatable Concluding Remarks Notes Further Reading References 24 Grammar and Art of Translation as Expressions of Muslim Faith: Translational Practices in West Africa Introduction Inimitability of the Qur’an and Its Translation Transmission of Knowledge and Faith Through Translational Practices Qur’an Translations: Borno Qur’ans Oral Quranic Exegesis in Tarjumo Oral Quranic Exegesis in Other Languages of West Africa Translations of Non-Quranic Texts Conclusions Notes Further Reading References Part VI Translating Sacred Texts: Critical Perspectives From Translators 25 Simultaneous Interpreting in a Pentecostal Church: Encountering the Sacred Introduction Denominational Context: Pentecostalism Interpreting a Pentecostal Service: A Practitioner’s Perspective Theoretical Discussion: Two Theological Concepts Priesthood of All Believers Personal Religious Experience Conclusions Further Reading References 26 Reflecting Infinities: Translating the Zohar’s Sacred Revelations Introduction Who Is the Reader of a Sacred Text in Translation? The ‘Voice’ of Revelation in Hebraic Literature What Is ‘The Zohar’? The Confirmation of ‘Meaning’ Tiqqunei Ha-Zohar (TZ) The Pressure of Philology and the Urge to Poetics The Pleonastic Paradigm of Poetics Source to Target Lexical Disparity Formal Interventions: Translating Into English the ‘Experience’ of Reading the Aramaic Zohar Buberian Leitwort Meschonnic Rhythm Rosenzweig’s Cola Formal Intervention as Poetic Signifier Conclusion Notes Further Reading References 27 The Ramayana in Translation On Retelling an Endless Story On Translating (And Not Translating) Texts Notes Further Reading References 28 Translating Sikh Scripture: Rebounding Sound and Sense Introduction: The Sikh Scripture Key Translation Challenges: Sacred Symbolism and Tropes Early English Translations of the Guru Granth Sahib My Translation Journey Translating Key Themes in the Guru Granth Sahib Translating Gender Translating the Figure ‘Sita’ Translating Divine Names Translating Sufi Thought Conclusion: Attending to Aesthetics Notes Further Reading References Index