The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Censorship

The Routledge Handbook of Translation and Censorship is the first handbook to provide a comprehensive overview of the topic, offering broad geographic and historical coverage, and extending the political contexts to incorporate colonial and postcolonial viewpoints, as well as pluralistic societies. It examines key cultural texts of all kinds as well as audio-visual translation, comics, drama and videogames. With over 30 chapters, the Handbook highlights commonalities and differences across the various contexts, encouraging comparative approaches to the topic of translation and censorship. Edited and authored by leading figures in the field of Translation Studies, the chapters provide a critical mapping of the current research and suggest future directions. With an introductory chapter by the editors on theorizing censorship, the Handbook is an essential reference and resource for advanced students, scholars and researchers in translation studies, comparative literature and related fields. Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents List of Contributors Introduction: Theorizing Translation and Censorship Organization of the Volume References Part I Illiberal and Religious Contexts 1 Translation and Censorship in the Arab World and Its Diasporas 1.1 Introduction and Definitions 1.1.1 Contextualising Translation and Censorship 1.1.2 What Is Censorship (In Arabic)? 1.1.3 Mechanisms of Censorship in Translation 1.2 Historical Perspectives 1.2.1 Literary Translation and Censorship 1.2.2 Children’s Literature Translation and Censorship 1.2.3 Translation and Media Censorship 1.2.4 Audio-Visual Translation and Censorship 1.2.5 Subtitling and Censorship 1.2.6 Dubbing and Censorship 1.3 Core Issues 1.3.1 Social Translation and Its Censorship In/of the Arab World 1.4 Future Directions Notes References 2 Suppression and Defiance: Translation and Censorship in Germany 2.2 Historical Perspectives 2.3 Core Issues and Topics 2.4 Recent Concepts of Censorship and the Role of Translation 2.5 Summary 2.6 Outlook and New Debates References 3 Censorship in Modern Iran 3.1 Core Issues 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Definitions 3.2 Historical Perspectives: Publishing, Literature, Translation 3.2.1 Pahlavi Dynasty 3.2.2 Under the Islamic Republic 3.3 New Debates 3.3.1 How to Subvert Censorship in Iran 3.3.2 Cultural and Artistic Activities: Film 3.3.3 Iranian Cinema Before the Revolution 3.3.4 Iranian Cinema After the Revolution 3.3.5 Theatre and Music in Modern-Day Iran 3.4 Potential Research Avenues Notes References 4 Censorship in Russia: Tsarist, Soviet and Post-Soviet Contexts 4.1 Core Issues 4.2 The Tsarist Period 4.3 The Soviet Period 4.4 The Post-Soviet Period 4.5 Future Directions References 5 Censorship of Translated Books in Turkey: An Overview 5.2 Historical Perspectives 5.3 Core Issues and Topics 5.3.1 Censorship On the Grounds of Communist Propaganda 5.3.2 Censorship On the Grounds of Obscenity 5.3.3 Censorship On Other Grounds 5.4 New Debates 5.5 New Perspectives for Research Note References Part II Colonial and Postcolonial Contexts 6 Cold War Politics in East Africa: Between Translation and Censorship 6.1 Core Issues and Topics 6.2 Censorship in East Africa: an Overview 6.3 Translation and Censorship During the Cold War Period 6.4 New Debates 6.5 Conclusion Note References 7 Translation and Censorship in the History of Estonia: Multilingualism, Linguistic Hierarchies and Centres of Power 7.2 Historical Perspectives 7.3 1535–1710: Linguistico-Theological Bans 7.4 1710–1918: Tsarist Censorship and the Birth of Literary Estonian Through Translation 7.5 1918–1940: the Republic of Estonia 7.6 1940–1991: the Soviet Period 7.7 Core Issues and Topics 7.8 New Debates Acknowledgements References 8 Censorship and Translation in Hispanic South America: The First Translation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 8.2 Historical Perspectives: Historiography as Rewriting 8.3 Core Issues and Topics 8.3.1 Political Censorship: the Spanish Monarchy 8.3.2 Religious Censorship: the Inquisition 8.3.3 Circulation of Non-Literary Texts in Imperial Spain and Its American Colony 8.3.4 The First Translation Into Spanish of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen 8.4 New Debates 8.5 Conclusion Note References 9 Censorship of Translations in Latvia: A Historical Perspective 9.1 Core Topics 9.2 Historical Perspectives 9.2.1 Tsarist Censorship 9.2.2 Independence 9.2.3 First Soviet Occupation 9.2.4 German Occupation 9.2.5 Second Soviet Occupation: the Stalin Years 9.2.6 Second Soviet Occupation: the Thaw 9.2.7 Second Soviet Occupation: Stagnation 9.2.8 Second Soviet Occupation: the Late Soviet and Post-Soviet Periods 9.3 New Debates 9.4 Directions for Future Research Notes References 10 Censorship and Translation of Slovene Texts in the Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 10.2 Historical Perspectives 10.2.1 Counter-Reformation 10.2.2 Enlightened Despotism (1751–1848) 10.2.3 March Revolution of 1848 and Its Aftermath (1848–1914) 10.2.4 Between the First and Second World Wars (1914–1945) 10.3 Core Issues and Topics 10.4 New Debates Acknowledgements References 11 Translation and Censorship in Ukraine Under Russian and Austrian Rule, 1800–1917 11.1 Historical Perspectives 11.2 Core Issues and Topics 11.3 New Debates Notes References Part III Communist/Socialist Contexts 12 Censorship and Translation in China 12.2 Historical Perspectives 12.3 Core Issues and Topics 12.4 New Debates References 13 Censorship in Disguise: The Multiple Layers of Censorship of Literary Works in the GDR 13.2 Historical Perspectives 13.3 Core Issues and Topics 13.3.1 Further Censorship Mechanisms 13.3.1.1 Centralisation 13.3.1.2 Planning 13.3.2 Distribution and Circulation 13.3.2.1 Book Trade 13.3.2.2 Libraries 13.3.3 Censorship Criteria 13.3.4 Importance of Paratexts 13.4 New Debates 13.4.1 Investigation of Actors 13.4.2 Cadre Politics 13.4.3 Specialised Translation and Interpreting 13.4.4 Ideological Training 13.5 Conclusion Note References 14 Communist Censorship in Hungary and Beyond 14.2 Core Issues and Topics 14.2.1 Withdrawal Lists (1949–1950) 14.2.2 The Mechanisms and Institutions of Censorship 14.2.3 Some Literatures Are More Equal Than Others 14.3 Historical Perspective 14.4 New Debates 14.5 Conclusion Notes References 15 Institutional Censorship and Literary Translation in Communist Poland, 1945–1958 15.2 Historical Perspectives 15.3 Critical Issues and Topics 15.4 New Debates 15.4.1 General Methods of Censoring Translations 15.4.1.1 Procedure 15.4.1.2 Text Selection 15.4.2 Author-Based Censorship 15.4.3 Censorship Because of the Translator 15.4.4 Interventions and Rejections 15.4.5 Interventions and Detentions 15.5 Case Studies 15.5.1 Russian 15.5.2 German 15.5.3 English 15.5.4 French 15.6 Potential Research Avenues References 16 Translation and Censorship in Soviet and Independent Ukraine 16.1 Historical Perspectives 16.1.1 Translation and Censorship in Soviet Ukraine Between the World Wars (1922–1939) 16.1.2 Translation and Censorship in Soviet Ukraine From WWII to the Collapse of the USSR 16.1.3 Translation and Censorship in Independent Ukraine 16.2 Core Issues and Topics 16.3 New Debates Notes References 17 Translation and Censorship in Romania 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Historical Perspectives 17.2.1 Beginnings of Modern Censorship (Late Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries) 17.2.2 The Twentieth Century: Democracy Between the Two World Wars 17.2.3 The Communist Period (1945–1989) 17.2.3.1 Beginnings of Communism (1945–1958) 17.2.3.2 First Signs of Political Emancipation (1958–1965) 17.2.3.3 (Relative) Liberalisation (1965–1974) 17.2.3.4 The Last Years of Communist Dictatorship (1975–1989) 17.2.4 Post-Communism 17.3 Core Issues and Topics 17.3.1 ‘Paradoxes’ of Communist Censorship 17.3.1.1 Cultural Isolation? 17.3.1.2 Editorial Censorship: Vigilance and Collusion 17.3.1.3 Productive Censorship 17.3.2 Textual Censorship 17.3.3 Censorship, Manipulation and Imagology 17.3.4 Censorship and Theatre Repertoire 17.3.5 The ‘Distant Reading’ Perspective 17.4 New Debates and Future Pathways 17.4.1 Revisiting (Post)-Communist Censorship 17.5 Conclusion References 18 Censorship Under Communism in Socialist Slovenia 18.2 Historical Perspectives 18.2.1 The Second World War 18.2.2 The Socialist Federal Republic of Slovenia (1941991) 18.2.2.1 The Early Years of Total Control (19451952) 18.2.2.2 From 1952 to 1990 18.2.2.3 The Post-Socialist Period After 1991 18.3 Core Issues and Topics 18.4 New Debates Acknowledgements Notes References Part IV Democratic Capitalist Contexts 19 Censorship and Ideological Manipulation in Intralingual Literary Translation 19.1 Intralingual Translation: A Cultural, Historical and Political Endeavour 19.2 Core Issues and Methodology 19.2.1 Defining Intralingual Literary Translation 19.2.2 Examining Intralingual Censorship and Ideological Manipulation 19.3 Case Studies 19.3.1 Modernising Language in William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet 19.3.2 Rewriting Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein; Or, The Modern Prometheus for Young Readers 19.3.3 A US Version of a British Novel: Philip Pullman’s The Amber Spyglass 19.4 Future Debates References 20 Censorship and Language Policy: The Case of Canada and Québec 20.1 Definitions 20.2 Core Issues and Topics 20.2.1 Federal Versus Provincial Jurisdiction 20.2.2 Canada and Québec: Different Legal Traditions 20.2.3 Criminal Code of Canada 20.2.4 Canadian Definitions of Obscene Material 20.2.5 First Nations, Métis and Inuit 20.2.6 Canada’s and Québec’s Young Publishing Industry 20.3 Historical Perspectives 20.3.1 Federal and Provincial Language Politics and Policies 20.3.2 The Criminal Code and Customs 20.3.3 1868–1959 The Hicklin Test, Communist and Socialist Writings and Crime Comics 20.3.4 1959–1992 The Fulton Test 20.3.5 1992 Regina V Butler: Limits of Freedom of Expression 20.3.6 Québec In Peacetime 20.4 Current Debates References 21 Market Censorship and Translation 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Core Issues and Topics 21.3 Historical Perspectives 21.3.1 The Joke 21.3.2 Protest 21.3.3 Self-Censorship and the Market 21.3.4 Consumer Censorship 21.4 New Debates Notes References 22 Translation and Censorship in Wartime: The Case of Canada and the United States of America 22.1 Core Issues and Topics 22.2 Historical Perspectives 22.2.1 Canada 22.2.1.1 World War I 22.2.1.2 World War II 22.2.1.3 The Front De La Libération Du Québec (FLQ) [Québec Liberation Front] and the October Crisis of 1970 22.2.2 The US Context 22.2.2.1 World War I 22.2.2.2 World War II 22.3 Current Debates References Part V Fascist Contexts 23 Translating the Enemy in Fascist Italy: The Anthology Americana 23.1 Core Issues 23.2 Fascist Policy On Translations 23.2.1 The Invasion of Translations 23.2.2 The Reaction of the Regime 23.2.2.1 Preventive Censorship of Books 23.2.2.2 First Measures Targeting Translations 23.2.2.3 The Commission for the Purging of Books 23.2.2.4 A Translation Quota 23.2.2.5 Policy Towards Translations of Anglo-American Literature 23.3 The Anthology Americana 23.3.1 First Edition V.1 (Vittorini 1941): With Introductory Notes By Vittorini 23.3.2 First Edition V.2 (Vittorini 1942a): With a Preface By Cecchi and Introductory Notes By Vittorini 23.3.3 First Edition V.3 (Vittorini 1942b): With a Preface and Introductory Notes Compiled By Cecchi 23.3.4 The Final Act 23.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements Archival Sources Notes References 24 The Censorship of Translations and Foreign Books During the Portuguese Dictatorship (1934–1974) 24.1 Core Issues and Topics 24.1.1 The Institutions of Censorship (1934–1974) 24.1.1.1 The Estado Novo 24.1.1.2 Legislation 24.1.1.3 The Agents: the Censors (‘Readers’ and ‘Decision-Makers’) 24.1.1.4 Procedures 24.1.2 General Perceptions of Translation During the Estado Novo 24.1.3 Corpus and Methodology 24.1.4 The Fear of Translation: Ideas Regarding Translation in the Censorship 24.2 Historical Perspectives: General Trends By Decade 24.3 New Debates Notes References 25 Censorship and Performed Translated Drama in Portugal During the Estado Novo (1950–1970) 25.1 Core Issues and Topics 25.1.1 Theatre, Theatre Translation and Censorship During the Estado Novo in Portugal 25.2 Historical Perspectives 25.2.1 Translated Theatre in Experimental Theatre Companies and University Theatre Groups Repertoires 25.2.2 Under the Wing of Pirandello 25.2.3 The Avant-Garde, Absurdism and Brecht’s Influence 25.2.4 University Theatre Groups 25.3 New Debates Notes References 26 Translation and Censorship in Spain: Focus On Francoism 26.1 Conceptualising Translation and Censorship in Franco’s Spain 26.2 Historical Perspectives 26.2.1 Contextual Framework: Spain in the 1939–1975 Period 26.2.2 Official Censorship 26.2.3 The Franco Dictatorship and the Church 26.3 Core Issues and Topics 26.3.1 Cultural Planning Under Franco’s Dictatorship: the Turn of the Screw in Narrative Fiction and Film 26.3.2 Translation and Censorship Across Genres 26.3.2.1 Narrative Fiction 26.3.2.2 Cinema 26.3.2.3 Theatre 26.3.2.4 Poetry 26.4 New Debates: ‘Franco Dies Slowly’ and Potential Research Avenues Notes References 27 Censoring Sexuality in Translation: An Overview of Research On Spain (English–Spanish) 27.2 Historical Perspectives 27.3 Core Issues and Topics 27.4 New Debates, New Challenges and Future Prospects References Appendix 28 Censoring Women’s Writing in Translation in Franco’s Spain: A View From the Archive 28.2 Previous Studies and Methodologies 28.3 Censorship 28.3.1 Types of Censorship in Francoist Spain 28.3.2 Context 28.3.3 Bureaucratic Process 28.3.4 Criteria 28.4 Analysis 28.5 Field Research 28.6 Conclusions References Part VI Genre- and Mode-Specific Contexts 29 Religious Texts, Translation, and Censorship 29.2 Historical Perspectives 29.3 Core Issues and Topics 29.3.1 Various Forms of Control 29.3.1.1 Canonisation of Religious Texts as the Foundation for Censorship 29.3.2 Manifestations of Censorship 29.4 New Debates References 30 On Translation and Censorship of Children’s Literature During the Cold War in Europe 30.2 Historical Perspectives 30.3 Core Issues and Topics 30.3.1 The Image of the Child and Writing for Children 30.3.2 Mechanisms of Censorship 30.3.3 The Role of Children’s Literature in Eastern and Nordic Europe 30.3.4 Censoring Multimodal Texts 30.3.5 Retranslating and Rewriting 30.4 New Debates 30.4.1 Censorship of Comics in Europe 30.4.2 To Censor Folk Tales Or Not Acknowledgements References 31 The Censorship of Comics in Translation: The Case of Disney Comics 31.2 Historical Perspectives: Disney Comics in Translation 31.3 Core Issues 31.3.1 Institutional Censorship 31.3.2 Self-Censorship 31.4 Current Debates Notes References 32 Censorship in Video Game Localisation 32.1 Core Issues and Topics 32.1.1 Introduction 32.1.2 Cultural Distance and Culturalisation 32.1.3 Applied Public Censorship and National Policies 32.1.3.1 China 32.1.3.2 Iran 32.1.3.3 Germany 32.2 Historical Perspectives 32.3 New Debates References Index