The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition (Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy)

The ancient philosophy of stoicism has been a crucial and formative influence on the development of Western thought since its inception through to the present day. It is not only an important area of study in philosophy and classics, but also in theology and literature. The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition is the first volume of its kind, and an outstanding guide and reference source to the nature and continuing significance of stoicism. Comprising twenty-six chapters by a team of international contributors and organised chronologically, the Handbook is divided into four parts: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, including stoicism in Rome; stoicism in early Christianity; the Platonic response to stoicism; and stoic influences in the late Middle Ages Renaissance and Reformation, addressing the impact of stoicism on the Italian Renaissance, Reformation thought, and early modern English literature including Shakespeare Early Modern Europe, including stoicism and early modern French thought; the stoic influence on Spinoza and Leibniz; stoicism and the French and Scottish Enlightenment; and Kant and stoic ethics The Modern World, including stoicism in nineteenth century German philosophy; stoicism in Victorian culture; stoicism in America; stoic themes in contemporary Anglo-American ethics; and the stoic influence on modern psychotherapy. An invaluable resource for anyone interested in the philosophical history and impact of stoic thought, The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition is essential reading for all students and researchers working on the subject. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 8 Copyright Page 9 Dedication 10 Table of Contents 12 Acknowledgements 15 Abbreviations 16 List of contributors 18 Introduction 22 Part I: Antiquity and the Middle Ages 36 1. Stoicism in Rome 38 Seneca 42 Musonius Rufus 44 Epictetus 45 Marcus Aurelius 47 Hierocles 47 Coda 48 References 49 2. Stoicism in early Christianity: The Apostle Paul and the Evangelist John as Stoics 50 Paul on how to overcome akrasia: two questions for Romans 7:7–8:13 51 John on how to overcome Jesus’ death: John 13:31–17:26 55 Answering the philosophical question 59 Jesus and the Paraclete: the immediate and the distant future 60 Conclusion on Paul and John as Stoics 61 Stoicism in early Christianity beyond the New Testament 61 Notes 62 Further reading 63 References 63 3. Plotinus and the Platonic response to Stoicism 65 Introduction 65 Materialism and mechanism 66 Epistemology 68 Free will, determinism, and moral responsibility 70 Happiness 72 Conclusion 74 Notes 75 References 76 4. Augustine’s debt to Stoicism in the Confessions 77 Self-affiliation 78 Maturation of self-affiliation: social bonds 80 Augustine’s self-critiques: distorted impulses, social immaturity, failures in “proper functions” 83 Conclusions 86 Notes 86 Further reading 89 References 89 5. Boethius and Stoicism 91 Boethius’s criticism of Stoicism in his logical commentaries 92 The presence of Stoicism in the Consolation 96 “Canine spiritedness”: a psychological foundation for Stoicism 96 Stoicism: anesthetic to apparent goods and evils 98 Stoicism: thinking within the horizon of “a rational, mortal animal, and nothing more” 101 Notes 102 References 104 6. Stoic themes in Peter Abelard and John of Salisbury 106 Abelard 106 John of Salisbury 114 Notes 117 Further reading 118 References 118 7. Stoic influences in the later Middle Ages 120 Stoicism was “everywhere and nowhere” 121 Ethics: a history of texts and translators 121 Receiving Aristotle: William of Auxerre, prudence as discretio 124 Interpreting Aristotle: Albert the Great and phronêsis 126 Integrating Aristotle: Thomas Aquinas and recta ratio agibilium 129 Conclusions 131 Notes 133 Further reading 134 References 134 Part II: Renaissance and Reformation 136 8. The recovery of Stoicism in the Renaissance 138 Spuria and forgeries 139 Syncretism and conflation 141 Foremost on the virtues 143 Chronology of textual multiplication 145 Notes 151 Further reading 152 References 152 9. Stoicism in the philosophy of the Italian Renaissance 154 The early fifteenth century 154 The mid-fifteenth century 156 The late fifteenth century 156 The early sixteenth century 161 Notes 163 Further reading 164 References 164 10. Erasmus, Calvin, and the faces of Stoicism in Renaissance and Reformation thought 166 Contexts for Erasmus’s and Calvin’s conceptions of Stoicism 167 Erasmus’s and Calvin’s editions of Seneca 168 Erasmus 169 Calvin 171 Conclusion 175 Notes 176 Further reading 177 References 177 11. Justus Lipsius and Neostoicism 181 Lipsius’s life 181 Physics, metaphysics, and natural theology 182 Anthropology and morality 185 Politics and history 190 Conclusion 192 Notes 193 References 194 12. Shakespeare and early modern English literature 195 Notes 206 References 206 Part III: Early modern Europe 208 13. Medicine of the mind in early modern philosophy 210 Introduction: a Baconian legacy 210 Francis Bacon: a cure for intellectual self-delusion 213 Descartes: the self-healing power of the mind 216 Spinoza: from machina intellectus to automa spirituale 218 Conclusion 221 Acknowledgement 222 Notes 223 References 223 14. Stoic themes in early modern French thought 225 Guillaume du Vair 226 Montaigne 227 Charron 228 Descartes 229 Stoicism outside moral philosophy 231 Anti-Stoicism 232 Malebranche 235 Antoine Le Grand 235 Notes 236 Further reading 236 References 237 15. Spinoza and the Stoics 239 The similarities between Stoicism and Spinozism 239 Spinoza’s interest in Stoicism 242 How Spinoza formulated a Stoic system 244 Acknowledgements 245 Notes 245 Further reading 246 References 246 16. Leibniz and the Stoics: fate, freedom, and providence 247 Against “the sect of the new Stoics” 247 Metaphysical rationalism: the identity of indiscernibles and the “Stoic connectedness” 247 Against indeterminist freedom 249 The idle argument 250 Future contingents 251 Spontaneity 252 Intelligence as the “soul of freedom” and the freedom of the sage 254 Providence and evil 255 Notes 258 Further reading 261 References 262 17. The Epicurean Stoicism of the French Enlightenment 264 Montesquieu 265 Diderot and La Mettrie 266 Diderot and Rousseau 269 Diderot’s Seneca 270 Conclusion 272 Note 273 References 273 18. Stoicism and the Scottish Enlightenment 275 Christianity and Stoicism in Scotland before the Enlightenment 276 At the dawn of the Enlightenment: Stoicism and Christianity in Hutcheson’s ethics of benevolence 278 The Skeptic Hume on the Stoics and religion 281 Smith and Christian Stoicism: conscience, self-command, and humanity 284 Concluding remarks 287 Acknowledgements 288 Notes 288 Further reading 288 References 288 19. Kant and Stoic ethics 291 Introduction 291 What is good? The internal determination the will as the source of value 292 Nature, reason, and normativity 294 Moral development: virtue, apathy, and inner attitude in struggle 296 The highest good: virtue and happiness as the complete object of the faculty of desire 298 Cicero, Garve, and Kant on perfect and imperfect duties 300 Conclusion 301 Acknowledgements 302 Notes 302 Further reading 303 References 303 Part IV: The modern world 306 20. Stoicism in nineteenth-century German philosophy 308 Hegel 308 Schopenhauer 310 Nietzsche 312 Notes 321 References 322 21. Stoicism and Romantic literature 324 Eighteenth-century legacies: the rise of “literature” 325 Revolution and radicalism 329 Wordsworth and Coleridge 333 Beyond 337 Note 338 References 338 22. Stoicism in Victorian culture 340 Stoicism in Victorian scholarship 341 Stoicism and Christianity 341 Marcus Aurelius and the Meditations 342 Stoicism in popular discourse 346 The limitations of “social Stoicism” 348 Notes 350 References 350 23. Stoicism in America 352 Stoicism in early America 352 Nineteenth-century Stoicism 354 Twentieth-century Stoicism 359 Conclusion 362 Acknowledgements 362 Notes 362 Further reading 363 References 363 24. Stoic themes in contemporary Anglo-American ethics 367 Ethical theory 367 Practical ethics 375 Note 379 References 379 25. Stoicism and twentieth-century French philosophy 381 Alain: the Stoic discovery of the will 382 Sartre: is Stoicism compatible with existentialism? 383 Canguilhem against Sartre: ethics as logic 384 Stoicism as a logic of events and a system: Brochard, Bréhier, Goldschmidt, Vuillemin 385 Deleuze: the Stoic ontology of sense as event 387 Foucault: Stoicism as part of the Hellenistic and Roman “culture of the self” 388 Foucault, Deleuze and philosophy as a Stoic art of events 389 Acknowledgements 392 Notes 392 Further reading 393 References 393 26. The Stoic influence on modern psychotherapy 395 Introduction 395 Early psychotherapy and the Serenity Prayer 397 Rational-emotive behavior therapy 398 Rational emotions, “preference,” and the “reserve clause” 400 Rational-emotive imagery and praemeditatio malorum 402 Cognitive-behavioral therapy 403 “Mindfulness” and “third-wave” CBT 404 Conclusion 407 Note 408 Further reading 408 References 408 Index 410 The Ancient Philosophy Of Stoicism Has Been A Crucial And Formative Influence On The Development Of Western Though Since Its Inception Through To The Present Day. It Is Not Only An Important Area Of Study In Philosophy And Classics, But Also In Theology And Literature. The Routledge Handbook Of The Stoic Tradition Is The First Volume Of Its Kind, And An Outstanding Guide And Reference Source To The Nature And Continuing Significance Of Stoicism. Comprising Twenty-six Chapters By A Team Of International Contributors And Organized Chronologically, The Handbook Is Divided Into Four Parts: Antiquity And The Middle Ages, Including Stoicism In Rome; Stoicism In Early Christianity; The Platonic Response To Stoicism; And Stoic Influences In The Late Middle Ages; Renaissance And Reformation, Addressing The Impact Of Stoicism On The Italian Renaissance, Reformation Thought, And Early Modern English Literature Including Shakespeare. Early Modern Europe, Including Stoicism And Early Modern French Thought; And The Stoic Influence On Spinoza And Leibniz; Stoicism And The French And Scottish Enlightenments; And Kant And Stoic Ethics. The Modern World, Including Stoicism In Nineteenth-century German Philosophy; Stoicism In Victorian Culture; Stocisim In America; Stoic Themes In Contemporary Anglo-american Ethics; And The Stoic Influence On Modern Psychotherapy. -- From Back Cover. Part I: Antiquity And The Middle Ages -- Stoicism In Rome / Gretchen Reydams-schils -- Stoicism In Early Christianity: The Apostle Paul And The Evangelist John As Stoics / Troels Engberg-pedersen -- Plotinus And The Platonic Response To Stoicism / Lloyd P. Gerson -- Augustine's Debt To Stoicism In The Confessions / Sarah Catherine Byers -- Boethius And Stoicism / Matthew D. Walz -- Stoic Themes In Peter Abelard And John Of Salisbury / Kevin Guilfoy -- Stoic Influences In The Later Middle Ages / Mary Beth Ingham -- Part Ii: Renaissance And Reformation -- The Recovery Of Stoicism In The Renaissance / Ada Palmer -- Stoicism In The Philosophy Of The Italian Renaissance / Jill Kraye -- Erasmus, Calvin, And The Faces Of Stoicism In Renaissance And Reformation Thought / Barbara Pitkin -- Justus Lipsius And Neostoicism / Jacqueline Lagrée -- Shakespeare And Early Modern English Literature / Andrew Shifflett -- Part Iii: Early Modern Europe -- Medicine Of The Mind In Early Modern Philosophy / Guido Giglioni -- Stoic Themes In Early Modern French Thought / Michael Moriarty -- Spinoza And The Stoics / Jon Miller -- Leibniz And The Stoics: Fate, Freedom, And Providence / David Forman -- The Epicurean Stoicism Of The French Enlightenment / Edward Andrew -- Stoicism And The Scottish Enlightenment / Christian Maurer -- Kant And Stoic Ethics / Daniel Doyle And José M. Torrabla -- Part Iv. The Modern World -- Stoicism In Nineteenth-century German Philosophy / Michael Ure -- Stoicism And Romantic Literature / Simon Swift -- Stoicism In Victorian Culture / Heather Ellis -- Stoicism In America / Kenneth S. Sacks -- Stoic Themes In Contemporary Anglo-american Ethics / Christopher Gill -- Stoicism And Twentieth-century French Philosophy / Thomas Bénatouïl -- The Stoic Influence On Modern Psychotherapy / Donald J. Robertson. Edited By John Sellars. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. Introduction John Sellars Part 1: Antiquity and the Middle Ages 1. Stoicism in Rome Gretchen Reydams-Schils 2. Stoicism in Early Christianity Troels Engberg-Pedersen 3. Plotinus and the Platonic Response to Stoicism Lloyd Gerson 4. Augustine’s Debt to Stoicism in the Confessions Sarah Byers 5. Boethius and Stoicism Matthew Walz 6. Stoic Themes in Peter Abelard and John of Salisbury Kevin Guilfoy 7. Stoic Influences in the Later Middle Ages Mary Beth Ingham Part 2: Renaissance and Reformation 8. The Recovery of Stoicism in the Renaissance Ada Palmer 9. Stoicism in the Philosophy of the Italian Renaissance Jill Kraye 10. Erasmus, Calvin, and the Faces of Stoicism in Renaissance and Reformation Thought Barbara Pitkin 11. Justus Lipsius and Neostoicism Jacqueline Lagrée 12. Shakespeare and Early Modern English Literature Andrew Shifflett Part 3: Early Modern Europe 13. Medicine of the Mind in Early Modern Philosophy Guido Giglioni 14. Stoic Themes in Early Modern French Thought Michael Moriarty 15. Spinoza and Stoicism Jon Miller 16. Leibniz and the Stoics: Fate, Freedom, and Providence David Forman 17. The Epicurean Stoicism of the French Enlightenment Edward Andrew 18. Stoicism and the Scottish Enlightenment Christian Maurer 19. Kant and Stoic Ethics José Torralba and Daniel Doyle Part 4: The Modern World 20. Stoicism in Nineteenth Century German Philosophy Michael Ure 21. Stoicism and Romantic Literature Simon Swift 22. Stoicism in Victorian Culture Heather Ellis 23. Stoicism in America Kenneth Sacks 24. Stoic Themes in Contemporary Anglo-American Ethics Christopher Gill 25. Stoicism and Twentieth Century French Philosophy Thomas Bénatouïl 26. The Stoic Influence on Modern Psychotherapy Donald Robertson. Index The ancient philosophy of stoicism has been a crucial and formative influence on the development of Western thought since its inception through to the present day. It is not only an important area of study in philosophy and classics, but also in theology and literature. The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition is the first volume of its kind, and an outstanding guide and reference source to the nature and continuing significance of stoicism. Comprising twenty-six chapters by a team of international contributors and organised chronologically, the __Handbook__ is divided into four parts: * Antiquity and the Middle Ages, __including stoicism in Rome; stoicism in early Christianity; the Platonic response to stoicism; and stoic influences in the late Middle Ages__ * Renaissance and Reformation, __addressing the impact of stoicism on the Italian Renaissance, Reformation thought, and early modern English literature including Shakespeare__ * Early Modern Europe, __including stoicism and early modern French thought; the stoic influence on Spinoza and Leibniz; stoicism and the French and Scottish Enlightenment; and Kant and stoic ethics__ * The Modern World, __including stoicism in nineteenth century German philosophy; stoicism in Victorian culture; stoicism in America; stoic themes in contemporary Anglo-American ethics; and the stoic influence on modern psychotherapy.__ The ancient philosophy of Stoicism has been a crucial and formative influence on the development of Western though since its inception through to the present day. It is not only an important area of study in philosophy and classics, but also in theology and literature. The Routledge Handbook of the Stoic Tradition is the first volume of its kind, and an outstanding guide and reference source to the nature and continuing significance of Stoicism. Comprising twenty-six chapters by a team of international contributors and organized chronologically, the Handbook is divided into four parts: Antiquity and the Middle Ages, including Stoicism in Rome; Stoicism in early Christianity; the Platonic response to Stoicism; and Stoic influences in the late Middle Ages; Renaissance and Reformation, addressing the impact of Stoicism on the Italian Renaissance, Reformation thought, and early modern English literature including Shakespeare. Early modern Europe, including Stoicism and early modern French thought; and the Stoic influence on Spinoza and Leibniz; Stoicism and the French and Scottish Enlightenments; and Kant and Stoic ethics. The modern world, including Stoicism in nineteenth-century German philosophy; Stoicism in Victorian culture; Stoicism in America; Stoic themes in contemporary Anglo-American ethics; and the Stoic influence on modern psychotherapy. -- from back cover