The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Pain (Routledge Handbooks in Philosophy)

The phenomenon of pain presents problems and puzzles for philosophers who want to understand its nature. Though pain might seem simple, there has been disagreement since Aristotle about whether pain is an emotion, sensation, perception, or disturbed state of the body. Despite advances in psychology, neuroscience, and medicine, pain is still poorly understood and multiple theories of pain abound. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Pain is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems and debates in this exciting and interdisciplinary subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising over thirty chapters by a team of international contributors the Handbook is divided into nine clear parts: Modelling pain in philosophy; Modelling pain in neuroscience; Modelling pain in psychology; Pain in philosophy of mind; Pain in epistemology; Pain in philosophy of religion; Pain in ethics; Pain in medicine; Pain in law. As well as fundamental topics in the philosophy of pain such as the nature, role, and value of pain, many other important topics are covered including the neurological pathways involved in pain processing, biopsychosocial and cognitive behavioural models of pain; chronic pain; pain and non-human animals; pain and knowledge; controlled substances for pain; pain and placebo effects; and pain and physician assisted suicide.;A brief and potted overview on the philosophical theories of pain / Valerie Gray Hardcastle -- Pain and representation / Brian Cutter -- Evaluativist accounts of pain's unpleasantness / David Bain -- Imperativism / Colin Klein -- Fault lines in familiar concepts of pain / Christopher S. Hill -- Advances in the neuroscience of pain / Vania Apkarian -- Neuromatrix theory of pain / Mathieu Roy and Tor D. Wager -- A neurobiological view of pain as a homeostatic emotion / Irina A. Strigo and Arthur D. Craig -- A view of pain based on sensations, meanings, and emotions / Donald D. Price -- Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic pain / Mick Thacker and Lorimer Moseley -- Psychological models of pain / Amanda C. de C. Williams -- Biopsychosocial models of pain / Thomas Hadjistavropoulos -- Psychogenic pain: old and new / Mark D. Sullivan -- Pain, voluntary action, and the sense of agency / Brianna Beck and Patrick Haggard -- The lives of others: pain in non-human animals / Paula Droege -- Robot pain / Pete Mandik -- Pain and consciousness / David Pereplyotchik -- Pain: perception or introspection / Murat Aydede -- Pain and rationality / Jonathan Cohen and Matthew Fulkerson -- Pain and incorrigibility / Peter Langland-Hassan -- Can I see your pain? An evaluative model of pain perception / Frédérique de Vignemont -- Pain and cognitive penetrability / Hilla Jacobson -- Sacred pain: the use of self-inflicted pain in religion / Ariel Glucklich -- The role of pain in Buddhism: the conquest of suffering / Palden Gyal and Owen Flanagan -- Pain and the divine / Trent Dougherty -- The problem of pain in the philosophy of religion / Steve Layman -- Bad by nature: an axiological theory of pain / Olivier Massin -- Pain and torture / Michael Davis -- Pain and education / Avi I. Mintz -- Pain and justified evaluative belief / Robert Cowan -- An introduction to the IASP's definition of pain / Andrew Wright -- Philosophy and "placebo" analgesia / Daniel E. Moerman -- Pain management / Carolyn Berryman, Mark Catley and Lorimer Moseley -- Pain and the law / Ben A. Rich -- Pain and controlled pain-relieving substances / Sunil Kumar Aggarwal and Katherine Pettus -- Fetal pain and the law: abortion laws and their relationship to ideas about pain and fetal pain / Stuart W.G. Derbyshire -- Pain, mental suffering and physician-assisted death / Daniel Weinstock. Cover 1 Half Title 2 Title Page 4 Copyright Page 5 Dedication 6 Table of Contents 8 List of illustrations 12 List of contributors 14 Acknowledgements 20 Introduction: Pain research: where we are and why it matters 22 1 Controversy 22 2 Contents 26 3 Conclusion 33 SECTION I: The nature of pain – what is pain? 36 Part I-I: Modeling pain in philosophy 38 1. A brief and potted overview on the philosophical theories of pain 40 1 Representationalism 41 2 The phenomenology of pain 42 3 Eliminativism 44 4 Folk conceptions of pain 46 Related topics 46 Acknowledgements 46 Notes 47 References 47 2. Pain and representation 50 1 Introduction 50 2 Does pain have representational content? 51 3 The intentionalist view of pain 54 4 Conclusion 58 Related topics 59 Acknowledgements 59 Notes 59 References 59 3. Evaluativist accounts of pain’s unpleasantness 61 1 Locating evaluativism 61 2 Motivating evaluativism 63 3 Challenges 65 Related topics 69 Acknowledgements 70 Notes 70 References 70 4. Imperativism 72 1 Imperativism 72 2 Why imperativism? 73 3 Varieties of imperativism 74 4 Issues with imperativism 76 5 Future directions 78 6 Conclusion 79 Related topics 79 Notes 79 References 79 5. Fault lines in familiar concepts of pain 81 1 The bodily disturbance model 82 2 The intensity objection 86 3 The central state model 87 4 A paradox and its resolution 89 Related topics 89 References 90 Part I-II: Modeling pain in neuroscience 92 6. Advances in the neuroscience of pain 94 1 Introduction 94 2 Conscious pain, subconscious nociception, and blindness to pain 95 3 Pain psychophysics obeys mathematical rules 96 4 Neural elements of nociception and acute pain 97 5 Cortical encoding of acute pain, in contrast to vision 97 6 Pain as emotion or sensation 100 7 Pain as salience 101 8 Chronic pain 101 9 Animal models, and peripheral and spinal cord reorganization 102 10 Malleability of the cortex with chronic pain 103 11 Predictability of chronic pain 103 12 Memory and chronic pain 104 13 Concluding remarks 104 Related topics 104 References 105 7. Neuromatrix theory of pain 108 1 Pain, nociception, neurosignatures, and the body–self neuromatrix 108 2 From neuron to voxels: a brief history of brain imaging of pain 109 3 From voxels to pain: reverse inference and the problem of pain specificity 110 4 From voxels to signatures: identifying the cerebral representation of pain 112 Related topics 116 References 116 8. A neurobiological view of pain as a homeostatic emotion 119 1 Introduction 119 2 The ascending homeostatic sensory pathway 119 3 Homeostatic sensory projections to the primate forebrain 121 4 Interoceptive integration in the insula underlies all subjective feelings 122 5 A sensorimotor architecture for emotion in the cortex 124 6 Pain is a homeostatic emotion 125 7 A theoretical model for the generation of feelings 126 8 Emotional pain in clinical patients 127 9 Abnormal activation in the anterior insula in depression 128 10 Emotional asymmetry, depression, and pain 129 Related topics 129 Notes 129 References 130 9. A view of pain based on sensations, meanings, and emotions 134 1 Defining pain through a perspective of direct experience 134 2 Unique sensory qualities of pain 135 3 Exteroceptive and interoceptive functions of sensory qualities of pain 135 4 Immediate pain-related emotional feelings 137 5 Characteristics of pain-related emotions 137 6 Multisensory contributions to immediate pain unpleasantness 138 7 How do pain sensation and immediate pain unpleasantness/ disturbance interact? 138 8 Suffering: extended pain-related emotions based on reflection/ rumination 139 9 Neural processing of pain: types of nociceptive neurons and ascending pathways 141 10 Pain-related neurons involved in exteroceptive, interoceptive, sensory, and affective functions 142 Related topics 143 Further reading 143 References 143 10. Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic pain 145 1 Neuroplastic mechanisms of the central nervous system 145 2 Functional plasticity 147 3 Supraspinal functional plasticity 152 4 Structural plasticity 154 5 Conclusion 155 Related topics 156 References 156 Part I-III: Modeling pain in psychology 162 11. Psychological models of pain 164 1 Definition of pain 164 2 Neurophysiology of pain: the basis for psychological models 165 3 The behavioral model 166 4 Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral models 167 5 The Third Wave 169 6 Problems with evidence 169 7 Philosophical observations on pain 171 8 Conclusions 171 Related topics: 171 References 172 12. Biopsychosocial models of pain 175 1 The gate-control theory of pain 175 2 Biopsychosocial models 176 3 Clinical applications of biopsychosocial ideas 180 4 Conclusion and future directions 182 Related topics 182 References 183 13. Psychogenic pain: Old and new 186 1 Introduction 186 2 History of psychogenic pain concepts 187 3 Modern pain psychology 189 4 Role of psychological trauma in chronic pain 190 5 Physical and social pain arise from similar neurophysiological processes 191 6 Explaining pain without reference to psychogenic or somatogenic categories 192 7 Conclusion 193 Related topics 193 References 193 14. Pain, voluntary action, and the sense of agency 196 1 Self-administration of pain 197 2 Effects of voluntary movement and motor preparation on pain processing 198 3 Effects of control and predictability on pain processing 199 4 Pain and the sense of agency 200 5 Conclusions 202 Related topics 203 Acknowledgements 203 Note 203 References 203 SECTION II: Theoretical implications – why does pain matter, theoretically? 208 Part II-I: Pain in philosophy of mind 210 15. The lives of others: Pain in non-human animals 212 1 The problem of evidence across alternative taxonomic groups 212 2 Nociception in animals 213 3 Learning and emotion 214 4 The question of consciousness 215 5 Pain and animal welfare 217 6 Conclusion 218 Related topics 218 Acknowledgements 219 Notes 219 References 220 16. Robot pain 221 1 Introduction: suffering robots 221 2 Chinese rooms and the case against robot pain 222 3 Prosthetic neurons and the case for robot pains 225 4 Concluding comparative assessment 227 Related topics 229 Acknowledgements 230 Notes 230 References 230 17. Pain and consciousness 231 1 Introduction 231 2 Consciousness 233 3 Pain and consciousness 235 4 Relevant cases 237 5 Conclusion 239 Related topics 239 Acknowledgements 240 References 240 18. Pain: Perception or introspection? 242 Related topics 250 Acknowledgements 250 Notes 250 References 252 Part II-II: Pain in epistemology 254 19. Pain and rationality 256 1 Introduction 256 2 Motivational internalism: from reasons to pain? 257 3 Pain and justifying reasons 260 Related topics 263 Notes 263 References 264 20. Pain and incorrigibility 266 1 Introduction 266 2 The incorrigible and the self-intimating 266 3 Consciousness 267 4 Pains-as-sensations versus pains-as-tissue-damage 267 5 An argument from the appearance/reality distinction 268 6 Sensations and beliefs 270 7 Pain as assessment-dependent 271 8 Pain as a complex phenomenon: implications for incorrigibility 272 Related topics 274 Acknowledgements 274 Notes 274 References 275 21. Can I see your pain? An evaluative model of pain perception 276 1 How direct? 276 2 The non-epistemic hypothesis of pain perception 277 3 The epistemic hypothesis of pain perception 280 4 The evaluative model of pain perception 282 5 Conclusion 284 Related topics 285 Notes 285 References 285 22. Pain and cognitive penetrability 287 1 CP and perceptual experience – a general characterization 287 2 Cognitive penetrability and pain – an initial application 290 3 Cognitive penetrability and pain – implications 291 Related topics 295 Notes 295 References 296 Part II-III: Pain in philosophy of religion 298 23. Sacred pain: The use of self-inflicted pain in religion 300 1 Introduction 300 2 Involuntary pain and suffering 301 3 Voluntary pain 302 4 The agent and the telos 305 5 Conclusion 307 Related topics 307 References 307 24. The role of pain in Buddhism: The conquest of suffering 309 1 The Four Noble Truths 310 2 A study of existential pain 311 3 The cause of suffering 313 4 Conclusion 316 Related topics 317 Further reading 317 References 317 25. Pain and the divine 318 1 Introduction 318 2 On omnisubjectivity 320 3 Conclusion 326 Related topics 326 Notes 326 References 327 26. The problem of pain in the philosophy of religion 328 1 Rowe’s formulation 328 2 Types of theistic responses 329 3 The soul-making theodicy 330 4 The comparative response illustrated 332 5 Theism and mental causation 335 Related topics 336 Notes 337 Further reading 337 References 337 SECTION III: Practical implications – why does pain matter, practically? 338 Part III-I: Pain in ethics 340 27. Bad by nature: An axiological theory of pain 342 1 Two dogmas about pain 342 2 The Axiological Theory of Pain 344 3 The ATP and the paradox of pain 347 4 Tackling Privacy 348 5 Tackling Self-Intimacy 349 6 Tackling Incorrigibility 350 Related topics 351 Acknowledgements 352 Notes 352 References 352 28. Pain and torture 355 1 Some inadequacies of the standard legal definition 355 2 The alternative definition 358 3 Some unsatisfactory alternatives 361 Related topics 363 Notes 363 References 364 29. Pain and education 365 1 Pains of learning in teaching and parenting 365 2 The case of corporal punishment as a pain of learning 366 3 From corporal punishment to other educational pains 368 4 Justifiable and productive educational pains 369 5 Promoting productive responses to the pains of learning 371 6 Conclusion: why thinking about educational pain matters 372 Related topics 373 Notes 373 References 373 30. Pain and justified evaluative belief 375 1 Pain Evaluativism 376 2 Two epistemologies 377 3 Pain Presentationalism 378 4 Pain Reliabilism 379 5 What evaluative content? 380 6 Moral pain 382 Related topics 384 Acknowledgements 384 Notes 384 References 385 Part III-II: Pain in medicine 386 31. An introduction to the IASP’s definition of pain 388 1 The need for a taxonomy 388 2 Taxonomic appropriateness 390 3 Clarity 392 4 Narrow Scope, Broad Scope and Brevity 394 5 Concluding remarks – the utility of the definition 396 Related topics 397 Notes 397 References 398 32. Philosophy and “placebo” analgesia 399 1 Pain is in the brain 399 2 Placebos and pain 399 3 Active and inert treatments: what is the difference? 399 4 The classic experiment 400 5 Beyond pain 401 6 Colorful pills 402 7 Open–hidden experiments 402 8 Factors causing the placebo effect meaning response to vary: genes and/or gender 403 9 Some philosophical considerations 404 10 Discussion 405 Related topics 406 Acknowledgements 406 Notes 406 References 407 33. Pain management 409 1 Introduction 409 2 What is the aim of pain management? 410 3 Delivering optimal pain management 410 4 Measuring outcomes 411 5 Screening tools 411 6 Pharmacological strategies 411 7 Psychological strategies 412 8 Therapeutic neuroscience education 413 9 Operant learning theory: graded activity and pacing 413 10 Hypnosis 414 11 Physical, complementary and alternative medicine strategies 414 12 Training the brain 415 13 Surgical interventions and imaging 415 14 Self-management and virtual strategies 416 Related topics 416 References 416 Part III-III: Pain in law 422 34. Pain and the law 424 1 Introduction 424 2 “Pain and suffering” in the law of torts – semantics over substance 425 3 The politics of pain management: opioid analgesics for chronic noncancer pain 426 4 Law and the pursuit of a peaceful death 429 Related topics 432 Notes 432 References 433 35. Pain and controlled pain-relieving substances 435 1 Background 437 2 The legal framework of the pandemic 437 3 Ideological roots of the contemporary pandemic 439 4 A right to pain relief and palliative care 442 5 Conclusion 443 Related topics 444 Further reading 444 References 444 36. Fetal pain and the law: Abortion laws and their relationship to ideas about pain and fetal pain 446 1 Early abortion laws 446 2 Early twentieth century 447 3 Later twentieth-century UK law reform 447 4 Later twentieth-century US law reform 448 5 Fetal pain science 449 6 The neural structures necessary for pain 450 7 Fetal pain laws in the US 452 8 Fetal pain laws in the UK 453 9 Can science resolve the issue of abortion? 453 Related topics 454 References 455 37. Pain, mental suffering and physician-assisted death 457 1 458 2 460 3 463 4 Conclusion 464 Related topics 464 Notes 464 References 465 Index 466 The phenomenon of pain presents problems and puzzles for philosophers who want to understand its nature. Though pain might seem simple, there has been disagreement since Aristotle about whether pain is an emotion, sensation, perception, or disturbed state of the body. Despite advances in psychology, neuroscience, and medicine, pain is still poorly understood and multiple theories of pain abound. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Pain is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems, and debates in this exciting and interdisciplinary subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising over thirty chapters by a team of international contributors the Handbook is divided into nine clear parts: Modeling pain in philosophy Modeling pain in neuroscience Modeling pain in psychology Pain in philosophy of mind Pain in epistemology Pain in philosophy of religion Pain in ethics Pain in medicine Pain in law As well as fundamental topics in the philosophy of pain such as the nature, role, and value of pain, many other important topics are covered including the neurological pathways involved in pain processing; biopsychosocial and cognitive-behavioural models of pain; chronic pain; pain and non-human animals; pain and knowledge; controlled substances for pain; pain and placebo effects; and pain and physician-assisted suicide. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Pain is essential reading for students and researchers in philosophy of mind, philosophy of psychology and ethics. It will also be very useful to researchers of pain from any field, especially those in psychology, medicine, and health studies. The phenomenon of pain presents problems and puzzles for philosophers who want to understand its nature. Though pain might seem simple, there has been disagreement since Aristotle about whether pain is an emotion, sensation, perception, or disturbed state of the body. Despite advances in psychology, neuroscience, and medicine, pain is still poorly understood and multiple theories of pain abound. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Pain is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems and debates in this exciting and interdisciplinary subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising over thirty chapters by a team of international contributors the Handbook is divided into nine clear parts: Modelling pain in philosophy; Modelling pain in neuroscience; Modelling pain in psychology; Pain in philosophy of mind; Pain in epistemology; Pain in philosophy of religion; Pain in ethics; Pain in medicine; Pain in law. As well as fundamental topics in the philosophy of pain such as the nature, role, and value of pain, many other important topics are covered including the neurological pathways involved in pain processing, biopsychosocial and cognitive behavioural models of pain; chronic pain; pain and non-human animals; pain and knowledge; controlled substances for pain; pain and placebo effects; and pain and physician assisted suicide. edited by Jennifer Corns. Includes bibliographical references and index. "The phenomenon of pain presents problems and puzzles for philosophers who want to understand its nature. Though pain might seem simple, there has been disagreement since Aristotle about whether pain is an emotion, sensation, perception, or disturbed state of the body. Despite advances in psychology, neuroscience, and medicine, pain is still poorly understood and multiple theories of pain abound. The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Pain is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, problems and debates in this exciting and interdisciplinary subject and is the first collection of its kind. Comprising over thirty chapters by a team of international contributors the Handbook is divided into nine clear parts: Modelling pain in philosophy; Modelling pain in neuroscience; Modelling pain in psychology; Pain in philosophy of mind; Pain in epistemology; Pain in philosophy of religion; Pain in ethics; Pain in medicine; Pain in law. As well as fundamental topics in the philosophy of pain such as the nature, role, and value of pain, many other important topics are covered including the neurological pathways involved in pain processing, biopsychosocial and cognitive behavioural models of pain; chronic pain; pain and non-human animals; pain and knowledge; controlled substances for pain; pain and placebo effects; and pain and physician assisted suicide."--Page 4 de la couverture