The Routledge Companion to Terrorism Studies: New Perspectives and Topics

Although the literature on terrorism is vast, there are many holes in it. This book helps to fill these lacunae with entries from top terrorism scholars and counterterrorism practitioners in the world. Grouped thematically by terrorist actors, conflict zones, major attacks, terrorist behaviors, militant group dynamics, terrorist consequences, and counterterrorism approaches, the entries cover a range of topics fundamental to understanding the contemporary terrorism threat and approaches to combating it. Truly global in scope, the book is an ideal reference for anyone interested in these topics from a variety of disciplinary perspectives. Providing incisive analysis on timely topics related to terrorism and counterterrorism, this volume will be essential reading for students, scholars, and practitioners in security studies. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents List of Contributors Introduction Part I: Reconceptualizing Terrorism Chapter 1: Defining Terrorism: Why It Matters Introduction History of the Term “Terrorism” The Psychology of Terror: The Threat and Fear Factors Distinguishing Terrorism from Other Types of Political Violence Definition Power Terrorist Definition Definitions by Mass Media and Social Media National Governments United Nations Academic Definitions Conclusion References Chapter 2: Terrorism and Research Design: How to Avoid Common Pitfalls and Learn to Spot Them Introduction Divergent Definitions of Terrorism Selection Endogeneity Conclusions References Chapter 3: The Social History of Political Violence I II III References Chapter 4: State Terrorism: The Elephant in the Room Conceptualising State Terrorism State Terrorism: Types and Examples Why Do States Employ Terrorism? State Terrorism: Effects and Consequences Responding to State Terrorism References Chapter 5: Terrorism and Mass Shootings Introduction Definitions and Types of Mass Shootings Comparisons between Terrorists and Public Mass Shooters Conclusion References Chapter 6: Terrorism during Civil War Introduction Definitions of Terrorism during Civil War Findings on Terrorism during Civil War Conclusion Notes References Part II: Understudied Terrorists Chapter 7: Militant Islamist Extremism in Southeast Asia The Philippines Indonesia JI JAT MIT JAD Thailand Note References Chapter 8: Terrorism in the Sahel Introduction The Sahel: A Favorable Ground for Terrorist Groups The Nature and Causes of the Terrorism Threat in the Sahel Perpetrators of Terrorism in the Sahel Responses to the Terrorism Threat in the Sahel The Future of Terrorism in the Sahel? References Chapter 9: Terrorism in Latin America: A Neglected Region in Terrorism Studies Introduction Revolutionary Groups and Terrorism Counterrevolutionary Groups and Terrorism Criminal Groups and Terrorism Organization and Technological Innovation Islamic Terrorism Prospects References Chapter 10: The Ustasha Regime, 1941–1945: An Understudied Case Study in Terrorism Studies Origins of the Ustasha Movement The Terrorist State and Mass Killing References Chapter 11: Women’s Engagement with Political Violence and Terrorism Introduction A Widespread Phenomenon Variation by Ideology Why Militant Groups Recruit Women Remaining Attentive to Gender Dimensions in Terrorism References Chapter 12: Terrorism’s Gender Dynamics: Women, Men, and Da’esh Introduction Masculinities, Misogyny, and Political Violence Women and Political Violence Women Joining Daesh After the Defeat of Da’esh in Iraq and Syria Conclusions References Chapter 13: Far-Right Terrorism: The History, Present, and Future Introduction Ideological Drivers of Far-Right Terrorism The Organization of Far-Right Terrorism The Operational Characteristics of Far-Right Terrorism References Part III: Terrorist Innovations Chapter 14: Terrorist Groups and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Growing Threat Introduction Theories of Adoption How Terrorists Use Drones History of Terrorist Drone Use The Future of Terrorist Drone Usage References Chapter 15: New and Emerging Technologies for Terrorists Introduction New Technologies for Traditional and New Battlespaces Technological Innovation in Modern Warfare The Vulnerabilities Posed by Drones Artificial Intelligence as Force Multiplier Conclusion References Chapter 16: Terrorism and Information Warfare Generating Appeal and Support Using Fear as a Coercive Tool The Information Battle Note References Chapter 17: Terrorism and Social Media Introduction Twitter Facebook YouTube Concluding Thoughts References Chapter 18: Cyberterrorism: How Terror Groups Use Cyberspace Introduction Computer Network Exploitation Computer Network Influence Computer Network Attacks State Actors and Cyberterrorism Responding to Cyberterrorism References Part IV: New Topics in Terrorism Studies Chapter 19: The Social Ecology of Trauma and Extremist Violence Introduction Trauma and Violent Extremism Four Dimensions of Trauma Effects of Exposure to Trauma on Individuals Future Avenues of Research in Trauma and Extremism Notes References Chapter 20: Terrorism and Foreign Interference Introduction Foreign Interventions to Increase Terrorism Foreign Interventions That Can Inadvertently Increase Terrorism Conclusion References Chapter 21: Terrorism and the United Nations Introduction Pre-9/11 Terrorism and Counterterrorism Post-9/11 Counterterrorism Regime Complexity Conclusion Notes References Chapter 22: The Great Replacement Theory Introduction What Is a Conspiracy Theory? GRT as a Modern Conspiracy Research on GRT The Political Challenges Ahead References Chapter 23: The Crime-Terror Nexus: A Burgeoning Research Area Introduction Definitional Background What Is the Crime-Terror Nexus? The Role of the State Responses to the Crime-Terror Nexus Conclusion References Chapter 24: Vying to Win: Understanding Terrorist Competition Introduction Defining and Measuring Competition Measuring Competition Competition and Violence: Assessing the Outbidding Logic Competition and Its Effects on Group Outcome Conclusion References Chapter 25: Terrorism and Publicity: Is the Conventional Wisdom Changing? Introduction The Link between Terrorism and Publicity Scholarly Works Linking Terrorism and Publicity Problematizing the Link between Terrorism and Publicity Scholarly Works Problematizing Terrorism and Publicity Conclusion Note References Part V: How Much Has Terrorism Really Evolved? Chapter 26: Is the “New” Terrorism of Today Truly New? References Chapter 27: The Evolution of Modern Terrorism Introduction The Rise and Relevance of “Traditional” Terrorism The Palestine Liberation Organization Invents “Globalized” Terror The Emergence of “New Terrorism” Conclusion References Chapter 28: The Irish Republican Army: Implications for Terrorism Studies I II III IV References Chapter 29: Islamist Political Violence: Deconstructing the Threat Introduction Defining Islamism Ideological Justifications for Islamist Political Violence Strategies of Violent Islamists Revolutionary Islamists Islamic Nationalists Transnational Jihadists Sectarian Islamists Conclusion References Chapter 30: Black September and Its Enduring Counterterrorism Legacy Introduction When Terrorism Went Global Operational Successes of BSO Munich: A Catalyst for Change Increasing Operational Tempo and Targets Post-Munich Games The Shadow War Ratchets Up Impact on U.S. Government and Intelligence Community The End of BSO Notes References Chapter 31: The Evolution of Hezbollah Introduction The Emergence of Hezbollah Three Distinct Stages of Conflict Notes Bibliography Chapter 32: Palestinian Terrorism: How Is It Different? Background Ten Important Characteristics of Palestinian Terrorism Evolution of Palestinian Terrorism References Part VI: Responses to Terrorism Chapter 33: Is Terrorism an Effective Tactic?: Evolution in the Conventional Wisdom References Chapter 34: Terrorism and Overreaction Introduction Why and How to Avoid Overreacting to Terrorism Conclusion References Chapter 35: Human Rights and Terrorism References Chapter 36: Targeted Killing: Weighing the Pros and Cons Introduction The Expansion of U.S. Targeted Killing Targeted Killing as an Effective Tool Assessing the Drawbacks and Consequences Conclusion References Chapter 37: The War on Terror: The Past and Future Problem Introduction Terrorism as a National Security Threat Why Did the War on Terror Occur? The Strategy of the War on Terror and the Moral Hazard Problem The Future of the War on Terror References