مسیر فرانک‌ها: سفر آرچ‌بی‌شاپ سیگرک در آستانه هزاره اول میلادی

The Route of the Franks presents a scientific study of the journey that Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury undertook at the end of the first millennium from the British Isles to Rome, focussing on the segment included in the territory of modern France. It not only reconstructs the route that Sigeric followed here but also takes an archaeological snapshot of the urban and architectural developments in the centres crossed by this route at the twilight of the first millennium AD. Sigeric's journey, undertaken for reasons connected to his office, is framed within the historical context of the contemporary Anglo-Saxon world. The special relationship connecting Rome and Canterbury during the Early Middle Ages is also analysed and an archaeological overview of the archbishop's town is attempted. Sigeric's experience is framed in the historical context of medieval journeys from England to Rome and the Holy Land. Building upon the literature, culture and narratives of travel, the modalities and practicalities of this type of movement in the Middle Ages are reconstructed, reviewing the many other possible routes across France and the reasons which determined Sigeric's choice. This brings the author to a new conceptualisation of travel in the past and to study how it affected the identity of the traveller, how individuals and groups interacted in the peculiar framework of displacement, introducing sociological and anthropological perspectives. By applying theoretical frameworks developed in the fields of geography, social sciences, anthropology, environmental behavioural studies, phenomenology, spatial analysis, ICTs and cognitive studies, the book reveals how movement affects the perception of landscapes and how mobility patterns socio-cultural phenomena. This book presents a scientific study of the journey that Archbishop Sigeric of Canterbury undertook at the end of the first millennium from the British Isles to Rome, focussing on the segment included in the territory of modern France. It not only reconstructs the route that Sigeric followed here but also takes an archaeological snapshot of the urban and architectural developments of the centres crossed by this route at the twilight of the first millennium AD. Sigeric’s journey, undertaken for reasons connected to his office, is framed within the historical context of the contemporary Anglo-Saxon world. The special relationship joining Rome and Canterbury during the Early Middle Ages is also analysed and an archaeological overview of the archbishop’s town is attempted. Sigeric’s experience is framed in the historical context of medieval journeys from England to Rome and the Holy Land. Building upon the literature, culture and narratives of travel, the modalities and practicalities of this type of movement in the Middle Ages is attempted, reviewing the many other possible routes across France and the reasons which determined Sigeric’s choice. This brings the author to a new conceptualisation of travel in the past, and to study how it affected the identity of the traveller, how individuals and groups interacted in the peculiar framework of displacement, introducing sociological and anthropological perspectives. With this study she radically innovates the study of mobility in the past. By applying theoretical frameworks developed in the fields of geography, social sciences, anthropology, environmental behavioural studies, phenomenology, spatial analysis, ICTs and cognitive studies, she reveals how movement affects the perception of landscapes and how mobility patterns socio-cultural phenomena. Cover 1 Title Page 3 Copyright page 4 Contents Page 7 List of Figures 9 Fig. 0.1: Canterbury, Christ Church. The milestone indicating the start of the Via Francigena to Rome. Photo Author. 15 Fig. 2.1: The Frankish expansion 356-795. After Hallam 1980: fig. 1.2. 38 Fig. 2.2: The empire of Charlemagne. Elaboration A. Panarello after Duby 1988: 194. 40 Fig. 2.3: Division of Charlemagne’s kingdom after 843 (Treaty of Verdun). Elaboration A. Panarello after Duby 1987: 18. 41 Fig. 2.4: The rise of territorial principalities in the French Kingdom of the tenth century. Elaboration A. Panarello. 44 Fig. 2.5: The effective control of Hugh Capet over the Kingdom of France at the end of his reign (dotted) vs the areas of influence of the Counts of Blois and of Vermandois (grey). Elaboration A. Panarello after Duby 1987: 19, map 3. 45 Fig. 2.6: The political division of Europe around the year 1000. Elaboration A. Panarello after Duby 1987: 42. 47 Fig. 3.1: Sigeric’s itinerary manuscript: British Library, Cotton MS Tiberius B.V, f.23v. © The British Library, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/itinerary-of-archbishop-sigeric#. Public Domain. 55 Fig. 3.2: Canterbury. Schematic map of the town around the time of Sigeric’s election. The Marlowe area is highlighted in grey. Elaboration Author after Brooks 2000: fig. 28. 62 Fig. 3.3: Canterbury, cathedral. Hypothetical reconstruction of the plan and section of the earlier Anglo-Saxon phase (2A). After Blockley 2000: fig. 16. 63 Fig. 3.4: Canterbury, cathedral. Phased plan of Anglo-Saxon remains (periods 2A-2C). After Blockley 2000: fig. 6. 64 Fig. 3.5: Canterbury, St Augustine’s Abbey. General plan with location of the mound at the south-eastern edge. After Jenkins 1991: 2, fig. 1. 65 Fig. 3.6: Canterbury, St Augustine’s Abbey. Reconstruction of the churches of SS Peter and Paul and of St Mary. A: seventh century; B: beginning of the eleventh century. After Gem 1992: 60, 62, figs. 5-6. 66 Fig. 3.7: Canterbury, St Augustine’s Abbey. Plan of the excavated structures attributable to the Anglo-Saxon period (seventh-eleventh centuries). After Gem 1992: 58, fig. 4. 67 Fig. 3.8: Canterbury. Comparative table with the plans of the churches of Christ Church (A), St Martin (B), SS Peter and Paul (C) and St Pancras (D). After Blockey 2000: fig. 14. Courtesy of Durham University e-theses service. 68 Fig. 4.1 Schematic map of the road network in north-western France and the river Seine basin during the Carolingian age, with indication of the main centres (dot: centre, vicus), religious settlements (cross: abbey, monastic borough), smaller monastic set 74 Fig. 4.2: Schematic map of the river Seine basin during the Carolingian age, with indication of the main centres (dot: centre, vicus), religious settlements (cross: monastery, monastic borough), smaller monastic settlements (triangle) and route toponyms ( 75 Fig. 4.3: Schematic map of the road network in Burgundy during the Carolingian age, with indication of the main centres (dot: centre, vicus), religious settlements (cross: monastery, monastic borough), smaller monastic settlements (triangle) and route top 76 Fig. 4.4: Plan of Canterbury Cathedral and its priory (Cambridge, Trinity College, MS R. 17, 1 ff. 284v-285). The earliest known English map of a monumental complex, produced at Canterbury in the mid-twelfth century, although very detailed and functional 87 Fig. 4.5: Nevern, Wales (UK). A cross carved in the rock along the path leading to St David’s shrine. © Creative Commons Licensed. 88 Fig. 4.6: Segment of the facsimile by Miller 1887 of the Tabula Peutingeriana, showing a large part of Gallia in the central portion. Original in the Biblioteca Augustana der Fachhochschule Augsburg; © Creative commons Licensed (http://www.fh-augsburg.de/ 89 Fig. 4.7: Matthew Paris, Chronica maiora, the itinerary from London to Beauvais. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 26, f. 1r. After Sansone 2009, fig. 2. Courtesy of S. Sansone, Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo. 92 Fig. 4.8: Matthew Paris, Chronica maiora, the itinerary from Mâcon to Montcenisio. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 26, f. 2r. After Sansone 2009, fig. 5. Courtesy of S. Sansone, Istituto Storico Italiano per il Medioevo. 93 Fig. 4.9: Matthew Paris, Chronica maiora, the itinerary from Pontremoli to Sicily. London, British Library, MS Royal 14 C VII, f. 4r. © The British Library, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/matthew-paris-itinerary-map. Public Domain. 94 Fig. 5.1: Schematic overview of Sigeric’s itinerary across France. Elaboration A. Panarello. 111 Fig. 5.2: The itinerary from A: Saint-Maurice d’Agaune to St Benignus of Dijon; B: from Pontarlier to Salins via the Chaux d’Arlier. After Malfroy, Olivier and Guiraud 1985: 25, fig. 4. 113 Fig. 5.3: The area around Pontarlier in LiDAR imagery, with small (A) and large (B) scale territorial frames. 1: Protohistoric necropolis of Arlier; 2: Merovingian necropolis of Grande Oye; 3: ancient settlement of Ariorica; 4: strongholds of Joux and Mah 114 Fig. 5.4: The area around Pontarlier in LiDAR imagery, with indication of traces of ancient roads in the plain. After Bichet et al. 2019: fig. 5. 115 Fig. 5.5: Schematic map of the road network between Jougne and Besançon. Elaboration Author after Jeannin 1972: 182, fig. 4. 116 Fig. 5.6: The ancient road network around Besançon. Elaboration Author after Frézouls 1988: 118, fig. 4. 117 Fig. 5.7: Besançon. Schematic map of the town inside the ‘Boucle’, with indication of the most important monuments. Elaboration A. Panarello. 118 Fig. 5.8: Besançon. Hypothetical reconstruction of the cathedral in the ninth century. Elaboration Author after Tournier 1967. 120 Fig. 5.9: Schematic map of the road network between Besançon and Châlons-en-Champagne. Elaboration Author after Nouvel 2010: 13, fig. 4. 122 Fig. 5.10: St Geosmes. Plan of the church in phases I-III. Elaboration Author after Thévenard 1996. 123 Fig. 5.11: Bar-sur-Aube. Schematic archaeological map of the town and its surrounding. 1: town, 2: western suburbium, 3: val de Thors, 4: oppidum of St Germain, 5: valleys of Queue de Renard and Provenchevaux, 6: Roman villa of Etifontaine. Elaboration Au 124 Fig. 5.12: Brienne-la-Vieille. Extent of the Gallo-Roman settlement, crossed by the road linking Langres to Reims. After Tomasson 1994a: 205, fig. 5. 125 Fig. 5.13: The communication network in the Marne region in Roman times. Elaboration A. Panarello after Chossenot 2004: 123, fig 34. 126 Fig. 5.14: Châlons-en-Champagne. The so-called Plan Varin, an ancient map of the town by Nicolet Picard 1661. After Chossenot 2004: 285, fig. 173. 128 Fig. 5.15: Châlons-en-Champagne. The church of Notre-Dame-en-Vaux in the eleventh century. Elaboration Author after Collin et al. 1981: 192. 131 Fig. 5.16: Châlons-en-Champagne. Plan of the excavations in the area of the Hôtel-Dieu. Elaboration Author after Chossenot and Lenoble 1992: 274, fig. 2. 132 Fig. 5.17: Reims. Schematic plan of the Roman road network. Elaboration A. Panarello after Chossenot 2004: 139, fig. 46. 133 Fig. 5.18: Reims. Schematic plan of Reims and its suburbium during Late Antiquity. A: first cathedral of the Apostles; B: second cathedral; C: bishop’s residence; D: Porte de Mars; E: Porte Bazée. Possible location of the funerary churches of 1: St Christ 134 Fig. 5.19: Reims. Schematic plan of the old town and the new borough in the Middle Ages. After Heers 1990: 196, fig. 60. 135 Fig. 5.20: Reims. Schematic map of the old town with indication of the location of the main monuments and of the different wall circuits. 1: cathedral; 2: St Remigius; 3: St Nicaise. The dotted line indicates the limits of the castellum, the dashed line t 136 Fig. 5.21: Reims. Hypothetical reconstruction of the cathedral. A: Schematic reconstruction of the succession of the three late antique (grey rectangle in the middle), Carolingian (smaller church with dashed apse) and high medieval churches (outer church 138 Fig. 5.22: Reims. The episcopal palace ‘Tau’. 9 indicates the Great Hall, 11 the chapel. After Crepin-Leblond 1994: 168, fig. 1. 139 Fig. 5.23: Laon. Schematic map of the town at the beginning of the thirteenth century. After Saint-Denis 1983: plate 1. 142 Fig. 5.24: Arras. Schematic map of the Gallo-Roman oppidum with 1: the cathedral; 2: the borough with the Abbey of St Vaast; 3: petit place; 4: grand place. After Chédeville 1980: 110. 144 Fig. 5.26: Thérouanne. Schematic plan of the episcopal complex, with hypothetical indication of the ramparts according to Bernard. After Ajot et al. 1998: 276. 147 Fig. 5.25: Thérouanne. Sketch of the town in the seventeenth century by Malbrancq J. De Morinis et Morinorum rebus, Tornaci Nerviorum, 1647, reporting on some ‘excavations’ carried out in the sixteenth century. After Bernard 1985: fig. 1A. 146 Acknowledgments 12 Introduction 13 Clearing the ground. Archaeological research vs merchandising and branding 13 Note 17 Chapter 1. Conceptualising the Journey 19 Theoretical framework and methodological issues: Defining ‘travelscapes’ 19 Conceptualising the journey 23 Landscapes of movement 24 Phenomenology of travel: Landscapes of the mind 25 Landscape perception and space representation 27 Conceptual geography: A one-dimensionality of space? 28 Epistemology of space and time: the cultural perception of distance 29 On the way... of constructing an identity 31 Identity vs ethnicity 32 The feeling of alienation 32 Certifying identity 32 An insight into the confrontation of groups of different nature 32 Sociological aspects and cultural challenges 32 Social otherness and sameness 33 Impassable linguistic boundaries? 33 Hospitality and protection grants 34 Pilgrimage 34 On the edge of danger 35 Chapter 2. The Historical Framework 37 The geo-cultural definition 37 The Franks 37 The Carolingians 39 The Treaty of Verdun 40 The Vikings 42 After 887 42 The tenth century 43 Before and after the year 1000 45 The socio-political scenario 45 The Kingdom and the Duchy of Burgundy 46 The relationship between the royal houses and the Church 48 Economic and cultural matters 48 The communication network 49 Chapter 3. Sigeric and Canterbury 51 Archbishop Sigeric and his time: Eschatology for the end of a millennium and the Anglo-Saxon kingdom 51 Primary sources for Sigeric’s life and historical context 54 The text: Its transmission and editions 54 The text: Its authorship and content 56 Paving the way: Sigeric’s predecessors and epigones 57 Canterbury calls Rome: Building an identity 59 Canterbury in the Early and High Middle Ages 61 Chapter 4. Travel in Early Medieval Europe: Modalities, Practice, Exploration 72 Routes, roads and infrastructure 72 Travels from England to Rome 75 A range of possibilities: Routes and roads through medieval France 82 Orienteering and mapping 85 Itineraries and guides 97 Motivations for reporting 99 Scheduling, duration, distance, pauses, means of transport: The routine of travel 101 Hospitality and accommodation 105 Rome 108 Internal structure and composition of the parties 109 Chapter 5. In the Footsteps of Sigeric 110 On the (Roman) road. The itinerary across modern France 110 LVI Antifern 112 LVII Pontarlier (Punterlin) 112 LVIII Nods (Nos) 115 LIX Besançon (Bysiceon) 115 The road around Besançon-les Buis 115 The town 116 The suburbium 119 LX Cussey-sur-l’Ognon (Cuscei) 121 LXI Seveux-sur-Saône (Sefui) 121 LXIII Oisma 121 LXIV Blessonville (Blæcuile) 123 LXV Bar-sur-Aube (Bar) 123 LXVI Brienne-la-Vieille (Breone) 124 LXVII Donnement-sur-Meldançon (Domaniant) 125 LXIX Châlons-en-Champagne (Catheluns) 125 LXX Reims (Rems) 132 The city centre 136 The cathedral 137 The canons’ cloister 140 The school 140 The suburbium 140 LXXI Corbény (Corbunei) 141 LXXII Laon (Mundlothuin) 141 LXXIII Martinwæꝺ/Martinwaeth (Martini Vadum) = Seraucourt-le-Grand? 143 LXXIV Doingt-sur-la-Cologne (Duin) 143 LXXV Arras (Aꝺerats/Atherats) 143 LXXVII Thérouanne 145 LXXVIII Guînes (Guisnes, Gisne) 147 LXXIX Sombre (Sumeran) 148 Chapter 6. A Cross-section of Continental Europe at the End of the First Millennium AD 149 Towns and centres 149 Episcopal complexes 149 Fortifications 150 Palaces 150 Suburbia 150 Trade and exchange 151 Churches, abbeys, sanctuaries and artistic trends 151 France 151 England 152 The cultural scenario 153 Around the year 1000. At the dawn of a new era? 153 Conclusion. Landscapes of movement at the twilight of the first millennium 154 The road network 154 Sigeric’s choices 155 Journey as exploration 155 Landscape perception and medieval journey 157 Bibliography 159 Primary Sources Editions And Commentaries 174 Index of Geographical, Ethnical and Personal Names 176 Index of Ancient and Medieval Sources 188 Index of Manuscripts 189 medieval travel,Archbishop Sigeric,Canterbury,medieval France,medieval communication networks,archaeology of roads