The Role of the Ocean in Global Cycling of Persistent Organic Contaminants: Refinement and Application of a Global Multicompartment Chemistry-Transport Model (Hamburg Studies on Maritime Affairs, 18)

Persistent organic contaminants, which are bioaccumulative and toxic are a concern for the ecosystems and human health and are regulated under international law (global and regional conventions, besides other). If semivolatile, they cycle in different environmental compartments and follow complex transport pathways. The ocean is believed to play a key role in the cycling by accumulating and storing the contaminant and providing a transport medium. But substance fate in the marine environment is not fully understood yet. Here, the global multicompartment chemistry-transport model MPI-MCTM is used to study the fate of organic pollutants in the marine and total environment. For the first time historical emission data are used in spatially-resolved long-term simulations of an insecticide, DDT, and an industrial chemical, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The model results give new insights into the cycling of these substances as different spatial and process resolutions were tested. E.g. for DDT the model results show saturation and reversal of air-sea exchange, which was not indicated by any other study before. Unknown Foreword Preface Contents Acronyms Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Persistent organic contaminants 1.2 Global cycling of persistent organic contaminants 1.3 Modelling approaches 1.4 Objectives and outline of the thesis 1.5 Current state of the model Chapter 2 Model development 2.1 Introduction nements 2.2 Model re 2.3 Impact of the horizontal resolution on the representation of continental shelves 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Methodology 2.3.3 Results and discussion 2.3.4 Summary 2.4 Sensitivity of long-range transport of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane to marine organic matter 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Experimental setup 2.4.3 Results and discussion 2.4.4 Summary 2.5 Sensitivity of volatitilisation of DDT from the ocean to climate parameters 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2 Experimental setup 2.5.3 Results and discussion 2.5.4 Summary Chapter 3 Model application 3.1 Environmental fate and distribution of DDT: Model simulation with transient historical applications 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Experimental setup 3.1.3 Results and discussion 3.1.4 Summary uoroctanoic acid 3.2 Environmental fate and distribution of per 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Experimental setup 3.2.3 Results and discussion 3.2.4 Summary Chapter 4 Conclusions and outlook Appendix A Impact of the horizontal resolution on the representation of continental shelves Appendix B Sensitivity of volatilisation of DDT from the ocean to climate parameters Figures References Index