نقش لکتور در جامعه مصر باستان (مصرشناسی آرکئوپرس)

The lector is first attested during the 2nd Dynasty and is subsequently recognised throughout ancient Egypt history. In previous studies the lector is considered to be one of the categories of the ancient Egyptian priesthood. He is perceived to be responsible for the correct performance of rites, to recite invocations during temple and state ritual, and to carry out recitations and perform ritual actions during private apotropaic magic and funerary rites. Previous treatments of the lector have rarely considered the full extent of his activities, either focusing on specific aspects of his work or making general comments about his role. This present study challenges this selective approach and explores his diverse functions in a wide ranging review of the relevant evidence. Why did he accompany state organised military, trading and mining expeditions and what was his role in healing? In the temple sphere he not only executed a variety of ritual actions but he also directed ritual practices. What responsibilities did he fulfil when sitting on legal assemblies, both temple-based and in the community? Activities such as these that encompassed many aspects of ancient Egyptian life are discussed in this volume. Table of Contents Introduction Chapter 1: Recognition, Origin and Hieroglyphic Representation Chapter 2: Magic and Performance Chapter 3: Equipment of the Lector Chapter 4: Remuneration Chapter 5: Temple and Festival Ritual Chapter 6: Royal Involvement Chapter 7: Funerary Ritual and Provisioning the Dead Chapter 8: The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony Chapter 9: The Involvement of the Lector in Healing Chapter 10: The Title of Lector Recorded in Expedition Inscriptions Chapter 11: The Lector and the Law Chapter 12: Literary Evidence Summary and Conclusions Bibliography. Book cover Title page Copyright page Table of contents List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The ‘lector priest’ 2. Previous Studies Relating to the Lector 3. Methodology Chapter 1 Recognition, Origin and Hieroglyphic Representation 1. Recognition 2. Origin and Evolution of the Role of the Lector 3. Hieroglyphs Chapter 2 Magic and Performance 1. Magic 2. Word, ‘Spell’ 3. Performance 4. Execration Rituals Chapter 3 Equipment of the Lector 1. Old Kingdom Inscriptional Evidence 2. The Burial Assemblage of Tomb No. 5 at the Ramesseum Chapter 4 Remuneration 1. Introduction 2. Old Kingdom 3. Middle Kingdom 4. New Kingdom 5. Late and Ptolemaic Periods 6. Conclusion Chapter 5 Temple and Festival Ritual 1. Introduction 2. Temple Ritual 3. Festival Rituals Chapter 6 Royal Involvement 1. Introduction 2. The Lector in the Royal Palace 3. The King and the Sons of the King Acting as Lector 4. Role of the Lector in Establishing the Royal Titulary 5. Role in Royal Purification 6. The Sed-Festival Chapter 7 Funerary Ritual and Provisioning the Dead 1. Introduction 2. Old Kingdom 3. Middle Kingdom 4. New Kingdom 5. Post-New Kingdom 6. Transfiguration and the Nature of Texts used by the Lector 7. Interpretation and Conclusion Chapter 8 The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony 1. Introduction 2. History and Development of the Ritual 3. New Kingdom Version of ‘Opening of the Mouth’ 4. Actors/Officiants 5. Ritual Implements 6. Choice of Scenes in Stelae and in Tomb Depictions 7. Case Study: 8. Opening of the Mouth in Other Tomb Scenes 9. Conclusion Chapter 9 The Involvement of the Lector in Healing 1. Introduction 2. Medical Papyri 3. Temple Evidence 4. Documentary Evidence 5. Literary Evidence 6. Summary and Conclusion Chapter 10 The Title of Lector Recorded in Expedition Inscriptions 1. Introduction 2. Trading and Military Expeditions 3. Mining Inscriptions 4. Interpretation Chapter 11 The Lector and the Law 1. Introduction to the Ancient Egyptian Legal System 2. The Role of the Lector on Temple Councils 3. The Lector as a Judge 4. The Harem Conspiracy 5. The Lector as a Witness - ‘A marriage settlement’ 6. ‘Great Tomb-Robberies of the 20th Dynasty’ 7. Summary and Conclusion Chapter 12 Literary Evidence 1. Introduction 2. Papyrus Westcar (tales of wonder at the court of King Khufu) 3. Papyrus St. Petersburg (the prophecies of Neferty) 4. Papyrus Vandier (the tale of Meryre) 5. Papyrus Cairo 30646 and Papyrus British Museum 604 (Setna Khaemwase Cycle) 6. Papyrus Chester Beatty Summary and Conclusions Appendix 1 The objects comprising the burial assemblage of Tomb No. 5 at the Ramesseum Appendix 2 The papyri from the burial assemblage of Tomb No. 5 at the Ramesseum Appendix 3 List of the books inscribed on the walls of the ‘House of Books’ (pr-mDAt) at Edfu Temple Appendix 4 Occurrences of a lector performing rituals during water crossings Appendix 5 Episodes in the Opening of the Mouth Ritual in which it is possible to identify the presence of the lector Appendix 6 Presence of the episodes of the Opening of the Mouth ceremony in the seven major sources Appendix 7 Lectors who additionally carried the title of physician Appendix 8 Lectors present on mining expeditions Appendix 9 Papyrus BM 10054 Bibliography Fig. 1: Wilkinson’s illustration of a procession of priests Fig. 2: Representations of lectors Fig. 3: Scene from the Middle Kingdom tomb-chapel of Ukh-hotep Fig. 4: Falcon-headed bronze statue, a ‘Soul of Pe’ from the Late Period Fig. 5: A group of three lectors depicted in the characteristic hnw-gesture. Fig. 6: Middle Kingdom tomb of Amenemhat Fig. 7: A depiction of the sem-priest meditating on a couch Fig. 8: Fragment of a 2nd Dynasty vase showing the earliest attested inscription of a lector Fig. 9: Scene from the Temple of Sahure Fig. 10: Sarenput I, a chief lector inspecting the cattle count Fig. 11: Wall-scene from the pyramid temple of Pepy II Fig. 12: Tomb No. 2, Beni Hasan. Fig. 13: A chief lector skewering figures before the king Fig. 14: Detail of the ‘skewering’ in figure 13 Fig. 15: Wall inscription in the south burial chamber of the 6th Dynasty tomb Fig. 16: Frieze from the Middle Kingdom coffin of Netjeruhotep displaying red vessels Fig. 17: Breaking the red pots as depicted in the tomb of Horemheb at Saqqara Fig. 18 Vignette showing destruction of political and divine enemies ‘in vile jug’ Fig. 19: Schematic drawing of the ‘vile jug’. Fig. 20: Funerary procession from the 6th Dynasty Mastaba of Mereruka Fig. 21: Detail from fig. 20 above showing equipment and goods stacked on the ‘landing stage’ Fig. 22: Funeral scene from the tomb of Qar (G 7101) Fig. 23 Funeral scene from the tomb of Pepyankh Heny-Kem Fig. 24: Funeral scene from tomb of Idu (G 7102) Fig. 25: The funeral procession of Sneferu-Inshetef Fig. 26: Plan of the Ramesseum Fig. 27: Objects found in Tomb No. 5 Fig. 28: Squatting baboon Fig. 29: Small squatting baboon Fig. 30: Lion Fig. 31: Fragment of an apotropaic wand Fig. 32: Fragments of an apotropaic wand Fig. 33: Apotropaic wand Fig. 34: Apotropaic wand Fig. 35: Wooden figurine Fig. 36: Serpent Wand Fig. 37: Female fertility figurine Fig. 38: Female fertility figurine Fig. 39: Female fertility figurine Fig. 40: Female fertility figurine Fig. 41: Flat wooden preformal figure Fig. 42: Statuette of a naked dwarf Fig. 43: White faience cucumber Fig. 44: Bunch of grapes/body of an animal Fig. 45: Miniature blue faience lotus shaped cup Fig. 46: Ivory clapper Fig. 47: Ivory clapper Fig. 48: Pair of ivory clappers Fig. 49: Section of ivory magical rod Fig. 50: Glazed steatite magic rod from a 12th Dynasty tomb near Heliopolis, adorned with figures of animals. Fig. 51: Ivory djed column Fig. 52: Burnisher Fig. 53: Scribe’s outfit, Tomb 37 Fig. 54: Plan of the Temple of Horus at Edfu Fig. 55: Relief from the sun-temple of Niuserre depicting a possible purification scene Fig. 56: The purification of Djehutyhotep Fig. 57: The tomb of Sennefer (TT 96) Fig. 58: A scene from the Hypostyle Hall of the Temple of Amun at Karnak, Fig. 59: Foundation ceremony at the sun-temple of Niuserre Fig. 60: The king presents offerings to Sokar Fig. 61: The king performs a censing for deities Fig. 62: The king performs a ‘Litany of Offerings to Sokar in all his forms’ Fig. 63: The king follows the bark of Sokar in procession Fig. 64: The lector reciting from a scroll whilst following the symbol of Nefertum Fig. 65: The ceremonies of the feast of Sokar Fig. 66: The king wearing the Sed-robe accompanied by his attendants and priests Fig. 67: Anointing/presenting the standards in front of the king Fig. 68: Enthronement of the king in the pavilions of Upper and Lower Egypt Fig. 69: Upper Egypt procession scene Fig. 70: The king and queen going to the palace preceded by the chief lector, Nebmerutef Fig. 71: Chief lector reciting the Htp-di-nsw formula before the king Fig. 72: Chief lector, Nebmerutef before the king Fig. 73: Chief lector, Nebmerutef holding a clepsydra before the king Fig. 74: The king offering the clepsydra to Nekhbet Fig. 75: Image of a ‘Clepsydra’ - Karnak Fig. 76: Image of a ‘Clepsydra’ - Dendera Fig. 77: A scene from the tomb of Kheruef (TT 192) showing the Sed-festival Fig. 78: Schematic representation of the walls Fig. 79: Showing a figure (assumed to be a lector) passing a clepsydra to the king (Wall A) Fig. 80: Showing a figure (assumed to be a lector) passing a clepsydra to the king (Wall D) Fig. 81: The lector in front of the king, shown bent slightly forwards Fig. 82: The lector in front of the king Fig. 83: The chief lector with hand outstretched Fig. 84: The lector immediately in front of the king Fig. 85: The lector in a procession Fig. 86: Two groups of lectors, the right group is without papyrus rolls Fig. 87: Two lectors in procession without papyrus rolls Fig. 88: Two princesses gesturing to the lector Fig. 89: The lector receiving/recording the offerings Fig. 90: Funeral Procession of the vizier Mereruka Fig. 91: The funeral procession of Ankhmahor Fig. 92: The funeral procession of Qar Fig. 93: The funeral procession of Nebkau-Hor Fig. 94: The funeral procession of Sneferu-Inshetef Fig. 95: The false door of Ptahhotep from his tomb at Saqqara Fig. 96: Detail from the above figure Fig. 97: Water voyage from the tomb of Djau with a lector in the first boat being towed Fig. 98: Funeral procession from the tomb of Qar showing the wabet Fig. 99: Funeral scene from the tomb of Debehen at Giza Fig. 100: Scene of the offering rite from the tomb of Kagemni Fig. 101: Various actions performed by the officiants in the offering ritual Fig. 102: Offering scene from the tomb of Antefoker Fig. 103: ‘Removing the Foot’ in the tomb of Qar Fig. 104: A section of the offering rite from the tomb of Kagemni depicting the ka-priest censing Fig. 105: Offering scene from the tomb of Rawer Fig. 106: Butchery scene from the tomb of Mereruka Fig. 107: Tomb of Montuherkhopshef Fig. 108: Offering scene from the tomb of Amenemhat at Beni Hasan Fig. 109: Offering scene in the tomb chapel of Ukhhotep at Meir Fig. 110: Offering scene in the tomb chapel of Ukhhotep’s son Senbi Fig. 111: Scene from the tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hasan Fig. 112: Nile boat under sail towing a papyrus skiff. Fig. 113: Journey across the river - funeral procession of Rekhmire Fig. 114: Journey of the coffin to the wabet - from the tomb of Rekhmire Fig. 115: Ritual voyage to Sais - tomb of Rekhmire Fig. 116: Dragging the coffin to the tomb of Rekhmire Fig. 117: Dragging the coffin to the tomb of Rekhmire Fig. 118: The lector welcomes the funeral cortège at the tomb of Rekhmire Fig. 119: Dragging the hearse - tomb of Amenemhat Fig. 120: Funeral scenes from the tomb of Amenemhat Fig. 121: Lector and other officiants offering transfigurations and recitations Fig. 122: Voyage to Abydos from the tomb of Amenemhat Fig. 123: Funeral scene from the tomb of Huya Fig. 124: The stela of Ramose from Deir el-Medina (TT 250) Fig. 125: Stela, Louvre E 25496, unknown provenance. Fig. 126: Opening of the Mouth Ritual as seen on the chapel north wall of the Tomb of Rekhmire Fig. 127: Depiction of the lector with arms at his side from the Tomb of Rekhmire Fig. 128: Depiction of the lector from the tomb of Rekhmire Fig. 129: Depiction of the lector holding a kherep-sceptre and giving the order for the slaughter of a bull of Fig. 130: ‘Instruments’ carved on the enclosure wall of the Ptolemaic temple at Kom Ombo Fig. 131: Basalt Statue of Peftuaneith Fig. 132: Quartzite statues of Nakhthoreb Fig. 133: East wall of the main room of the Mastaba of Queen Meresankh III Fig. 134: A scene from the tomb of Khnumhotep (Tomb No. 3 at Beni Hasan) Table 1: Transliteration of the hieroglyphs on the doorway of the tomb of Iyroy Table 2: Lectors associated with deities Table 3: Lectors associated with temples Table 4: Lectors associated with localities Table 5: Temple accounts from the reign of King Teti Table 6: Accounting document indicating a daily list of meat pieces distributed to temple personnel Table 7: Contract 3 - amounts of bread and beer given by the listed individuals as offerings to the statue of Hapidjefa on the day of the Wag-festival Table 8: Priestly income from the funerary temple of Senwosret II Table 9: Percentage of Theban documents involving priests or temple personnel Table 10: Scenes which include a depiction of the lector with relevant plate numbers Table 11: Repeated episodes Table 12: The primary sources for the conspiracy against Ramesses III Table 13: List of witnesses relating to the marriage contract of Amenkhau Bookmark 264 The Lector Is First Attested During The 2nd Dynasty And Is Subsequently Recognised Throughout Ancient Egypt History. In Previous Studies The Lector Is Considered To Be One Of The Categories Of The Ancient Egyptian Priesthood. He Is Perceived To Be Responsible For The Correct Performance Of Rites, To Recite Invocations During Temple And State Ritual, And To Carry Out Recitations And Perform Ritual Actions During Private Apotropaic Magic And Funerary Rites. This Study Explores A Lector's Diverse Functions In A Wide Ranging Review Of The Relevant Evidence. Why Did He Accompany State Organised Military, Trading And Mining Expeditions And What Was His Role In Healing? In The Temple Sphere He Not Only Executed A Variety Of Ritual Actions But He Also Directed Ritual Practices. What Responsibilities Did He Fulfill When Sitting On Legal Assemblies, Both Temple-based And In The Community? Introduction -- 1. Recognition, Origin And Hieroglyphic Representation -- 2. Magic And Performance -- 3. Equipment Of The Lector -- 4. Remuneration -- 5. Temple And Festival Ritual -- 6. Royal Involvement -- 7. Funerary Ritual And Provisioning The Dead -- 8. The Opening Of The Mouth Ceremony -- 9. The Involvement Of The Lector In Healing -- 10. The Title Of Lector Recorded In Expedition Inscriptions -- 11. The Lector And The Law -- 12. Literary Evidence -- Summary And Conclusions -- Bibliography. Roger Forshaw. Revised Edition Of The Author's Doctoral Thesis. Includes Bibliographical References (p. 151-165). The lector is first attested during the 2nd Dynasty and is subsequently recognised throughout ancient Egypt history. In previous studies the lector is considered to be one of the categories of the ancient Egyptian priesthood. He is perceived to be responsible for the correct performance of rites, to recite invocations during temple and state ritual, and to carry out recitations and perform ritual actions during private apotropaic magic and funerary rites. Previous treatments of the lector have rarely considered the full extent of his activities, either focusing on specific aspects of his work or making general comments about his role. This present study challenges this selective approach and explores his diverse functions in a wide ranging review of the relevant evidence. Why did he accompany state organised military, trading and mining expeditions and what was his role in healing? In the temple sphere he not only executed a variety of ritual actions but he also directed ritual practices. What responsibilities did he fulfil when sitting on legal assemblies, both temple-based and in the community? Activities such as these that encompassed many aspects of ancient Egyptian life are discussed in this volume. ;,Egypt;,Bronze,Age,Egypt;,lector Egypt,Bronze Age Egypt,lector The lector is first attested during the 2nd Dynasty and is subsequently recognised throughout ancient Egypt history. This study challenges previous approaches to studies on the Lector and explores his diverse functions in a wide ranging review of the relevant evidence.