The Role of the Electric Vehicle in the Energy Transition: A Multidimensional Approach (Green Energy and Technology)

This book explores the part that electric vehicles can play in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Further, it explains the impact of public support, technological advances, lower costs and better battery performance in making electric vehicles a viable alternative. The book begins by analyzing the international context of electric vehicles and how they are being developed in different countries, and by offering a forecast of the electricity demand they may create. It then discusses technological innovations in electric vehicle recharging systems. The book is concerned not only with the economic potential of electric vehicles, but also with environmental aspects; consequently, it examines the raw materials supply chain and performs a lifecycle assessment. The book concludes with a chapter on alternative energies in transport, which may also help to facilitate the energy transition. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students, policymakers and industry professionals interested in the energy transition and transport. Foreword 6 Acknowledgements 9 Introduction 10 Contents 12 EV International Landscape 13 1 Introduction 13 2 EU Regulatory Context 15 2.1 Overview of Regulation About EV Charging in Different Countries 18 2.2 E-Mobility Stakeholders 28 2.3 DSO Roles 30 2.4 Interoperability and Business Models 33 References 33 Forecast of EV Derived Electrical Demand. The Spanish Case 36 1 Introduction 36 2 Data 37 2.1 Spanish Vehicle Fleet 37 2.2 Use and Consumption 39 3 Results 44 3.1 Equivalent Fleet 45 3.2 Penetration Scenarios 46 3.3 Use and Charge of Vehicles 47 3.4 Impact on the Grid 50 3.5 Environmental Impact 51 4 Conclusions 53 References 54 EV Recharging Systems: Technological Review and Impact on the Electric System 55 1 Introduction 55 2 Basic Aspects of an EV Charging Station 56 3 Standardized EV Chargers 58 4 Conclusions 67 References 68 Success Factors in EV Deployment: An Economic Analysis 71 1 Introduction 71 2 International Comparison. Data Description 73 3 Stochastic Frontier Panel Data Model. Estimation by Countries 84 4 Conclusions and Industrial Policy Recommendations 89 References 90 Economic Analysis of Recharging Electric Vehicles 91 1 Introduction 91 2 Main Hypotheses 92 3 Income Estimate 93 4 Estimation of Operating Costs 95 4.1 Variable Costs—Energy Purchase 95 4.2 Fixed Costs 96 5 Results Simulation 97 6 Conclusions 100 References 101 Environmental Aspects of the Electric Vehicle 103 1 Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of Electric Vehicles 104 2 Environmental Effects in the Manufacturing Process of EVs 107 3 Environmental Effects in the Use of EVs 111 4 Environmental Effect Associated with the End of Life of EVs 114 5 Overall Environmental-Global Impact of EVs 115 References 117 A Macroeconomic Contribution: Extended Environmental Input–Output Analysis 119 1 Introduction 119 2 Database 120 3 Methodology 121 4 Results 124 5 Conclusions 132 Annex 132 References 142 The Interest of Mineral Raw Materials in the Development of Electric Vehicles 143 1 Introduction to Electric Vehicles 143 2 An Introduction to EV Components 144 2.1 Batteries 145 2.2 Demand for Electric Vehicles and Batteries 146 2.3 Supply of Metals Used in EV Power Accumulators 147 2.4 Considerations on Production Concentration: The Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (I) 154 2.5 The Formation of Supply Chains and the Problems of Secure Supply 155 3 Conclusions 164 References 165 Alternative Energies in Transport in the Context of Energy Transitions 167 1 Purpose and Scope 167 2 Energy Transitions. Concepts, European Approach, and Relevant Cases 168 2.1 Cases: Germany, France, Netherlands, Norway, The UK, and Spain 171 3 Road Transport in Europe—General Policies 175 3.1 Strategies and Policies Related to Mobility 176 4 Alternative and Conventional Energies. Economic and Environmental Aspects 183 4.1 Economic Aspects 185 4.2 Environmental Aspects 187 4.3 Batteries for Electric Vehicles 189 5 Situation and Perspectives of the Penetration of Alternative Energies 191 5.1 Europe: The EU 192 5.2 Cases: Germany, France, Netherlands, Norway, The UK, and Spain 194 6 Summary and Conclusions 196 References 198 Descripción del editor: "This book explores the part that electric vehicles can play in reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Further, it explains the impact of public support, technological advances, lower costs and better battery performance in making electric vehicles a viable alternative. The book begins by analyzing the international context of electric vehicles and how they are being developed in different countries, and by offering a forecast of the electricity demand they may create. It then discusses technological innovations in electric vehicle recharging systems. The book is concerned not only with the economic potential of electric vehicles, but also with environmental aspects; consequently, it examines the raw materials supply chain and performs a lifecycle assessment. The book concludes with a chapter on alternative energies in transport, which may also help to facilitate the energy transition.Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for researchers, graduate students, policymakers and industry professionals interested in the energy transition and transport. " (Springer)