The Role of Nanoparticles in Plant Nutrition under Soil Pollution: Nanoscience in Nutrient Use Efficiency (Sustainable Plant Nutrition in a Changing World)

Nanotechnology has shown great potential in all spheres of life. With the increasing pressure to meet the food demands of rapidly increasing population, thus, novel innovation and research are required in agriculture. The principles of nanotechnology can be implemented to meet the challenges faced by agricultural demands. Major challenges include the loss of nutrients in the soil and nutrient-deficient plants, which result in a lower crop yield and quality. Subsequently, consumption of such crops leads to malnourishment in humans, especially in underprivileged and rural populations. One convenient approach to tackle nutrient deficiency in plants is via the use of fertilizers; however, this method suffers from lower uptake efficiency in plants. Another approach to combat nutrient deficiency in humans is via the use of supplements and diet modifications; however, these approaches are less affordably viable in economically challenged communities and in rural areas. Therefore, the use of nano-fertilizers to combat this problem holds the greatest potential. Additionally, nanotechnology can be used to meet other challenges in agriculture including enhancing crop yield, protection from insect pests and animals, and by use of nano-pesticides and nano-biosensors to carry out the remediation of polluted soils. The future use of nanomaterials in soil ecosystems will be influenced by their capability to interact with soil constituents and the route of nanoparticles into the environment includes both natural and anthropogenic sources. The last decade has provided increasing research on the impact and use of nanoparticles in plants, animals, microbes, and soils, and yet these studies often lacked data involving the impact of nanoparticles on biotic and abiotic stress factors. This book provides significant recent research on the use of nano-fertilizers, which can have a major impact on components of an ecosystem. This work should provide a basis to further study these potential key areas in order to achieve sustainable and safe application of nanoparticles in agriculture. Preface Contents About the Editors Chapter 1: Global Importance and Cycling of Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Global Importance of Nanoparticles 2.1 Soil Remediation 2.2 Water Treatment 2.3 Air Pollution Control 2.4 Agriculture and Crop Productivity 2.5 Reducing Heavy Metal Contamination 2.6 Clean Energy and Environment 3 Global Production and Cycling of Nanoparticles 3.1 Guidelines for the Management of Nanoparticles Proper Funding and Manufacturing Setting National and International Standards Safe Use Disposal 4 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Nanoparticles: Physiology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry 1 Introduction 2 Entry and Translocation of Nanoparticles (NPs) in Plant System 3 Physiological Alterations in Plants in Response to Nanoparticles 4 Molecular and Biochemical Changes in Plants in Response to Cellular Internalization of Nanoparticles 5 Biochemical Alterations in Primary and Secondary Metabolites 6 Effect of Nanoparticles in Rhizospheric Environment 7 Major Concerns 8 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Impact of Nanoparticles on Soil Ecosystems 1 Introduction 2 Effect of Nanoparticles on Soil Physiochemical Properties 3 Effect of Nanoparticles on Plant Growth and Development 3.1 Absorption and Accumulation of Nanoparticles in Plants 3.2 Impact of Nanoparticles on Plant Growth and Development and Interaction Mechanisms Impact of Nanoparticles on Plant Growth and Development Promoting Mechanisms Inhibiting Mechanisms 3.3 Impact of Nanoparticles on Soil Fauna Uptake and Accumulation of Nanoparticles in Terrestrial Animals Short-term Acute Toxic Effect of Nanoparticles on Terrestrial Animals Long-term Toxic Effect of Nanoparticles on Terrestrial Animals 3.4 Impact of Nanoparticles on Soil Microbial Communities Effect of Nanoparticles on the Structure of Soil Microbial Communities Effect of Nanoparticles on the Function of Soil Microbial Communities Effect of Nanoparticles on Rhizosphere Microbial Communities 4 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Chapter 4: Influence of Nanoparticles on the Plant Rhizosphere Microbiome 1 Introduction 2 Source and Impacts of NPs on Soil Properties 3 Effects of NPs on Rhizospheric Microbiome Functionality 4 Interactions of Nanoenabled Agrochemicals with Soil Microbiome 4.1 Nanopesticides 4.2 Nanofertilizers 5 Impacts of NPs on Plant-Microbiome Interaction 6 Future Prospective 7 Conclusions References Chapter 5: Nanoparticles: Uptake, Translocation, Physiological, Biochemical Effects in Plants and their Molecular Aspects 1 Introduction 1.1 Nature and Mechanism of Uptake and Translocation 2 Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Nanoparticles in Plants 2.1 Biochemical Aspect 2.2 Physiological Aspects 3 Molecular Aspects: Long- and Short-term Changes 4 How are Uptake, Translocation, and Presence Measured and Assessed? 4.1 Insightful Experiments on Plant Uptake of Nanoparticles 5 Differences in Natural and Manufactured Nanoparticles 6 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Mechanism of Nanoparticles-Mediated Alleviating Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Agricultural Crops: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives 1 Introduction 2 Commonly Used NPs and Their Synthesis 3 Absorption, Translocation, and Accumulation of NPs into Plant System 4 Mode of Action of NPs to Counter Harmful Effects of Environmental Stresses 5 Biotic Stress: A Major Problem in Agricultural Crops 5.1 Role of NPs to Deal with Biotic Stress in Crops 6 Advances in Abiotic Stress Mitigation by NPs 6.1 Drought Stress 6.2 Salinity Stress 6.3 Heavy Metal Stress 6.4 UV-Irradiation 6.5 Chilling Stress 6.6 Heat Stress 7 Conclusion References Chapter 7: Deciphering the Enigmatic Praxis of Nano-fertilizers in Agro-food Industrial Landscape 1 Introduction 2 Nano-fertilizers 3 Manufacturing of NFs 3.1 Entrapment or Encapsulation Within the Nanomaterials 3.2 Coating with a Layer of Nanomaterials 3.3 Formation of Nano-emulsions 4 Classification of NFs 4.1 Macronutrient NFs Nitrogen NFs Phosphorus NFs Potassium NFs Magnesium NFs Sulphur NFs Calcium NFs 4.2 Micronutrient NFs Iron NFs Zinc NFs Copper NFs Boron NFs Manganese NFs Nickel NFs Molybdenum NFs Selenium NFs 4.3 Nanomaterial-Enhanced Fertilizers (NEF) 4.4 Nano-biofertilizers (NBFs) 5 Advantages of NFs over Conventional Fertilizers 6 Limitations and Risk Management of NFs 7 Conclusions and Perspectives References Chapter 8: Nanomaterials for Plants: From Ecophysiology to Signaling Mechanisms and Nutrient Uptake 1 Introduction 2 Impact of Nanoparticles on Soil Biomass 3 Effects of NPs on Plant Growth and Development 3.1 ZnO Nanoparticles 3.2 TiO2 Nanoparticles 3.3 SiO2 Nanoparticles 3.4 Other Nanoparticles 4 Nutritional Status of Major Food Crops 4.1 Nutritional Status of Cucumber After Treated with CeO2 and ZnO NPs 4.2 Nutrition Status of Tomato After Treated with TiO2 NPs 4.3 Nutritional Status of Maize After Treated with Silica Nanoparticles 5 Natural Biopolymers and Their Nano-Formulations and Use in Modern Agriculture 6 Conclusion References Chapter 9: Nano-biosensors for Plant Biomass: Concept and Applications 1 Introduction 2 Nano-inspired Biosensors: An Innovative Approach 3 Applications of Nano-inspired Biosensors 3.1 Detection of Pathogenic Infections Detection of Bacterial Pathogenic Infections Detection of Fungal Pathogenic Infections Detection of Viral Pathogenic Infections 3.2 Monitoring Plant Growth 3.3 Detection of Abiotic Stress 3.4 Detection of Genetically Modified Plants 3.5 Detection of Pesticides 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 10: Applications and Implications of Nanoparticles in Food Industries 1 Introduction 2 Nanomaterial in the Food Industries 2.1 Inorganic Nanomaterials 2.2 Surface-Functionalized Nanomaterials 2.3 Organic Nanomaterials 3 Food Processing and Nanotechnology 4 Nanotechnology in Food Packaging 4.1 Active Food Packaging Antimicrobial Food Packaging 5 Nano-sensor for Pathogen Detection 6 Health Safety and Environmental Issues 7 Conclusion 8 Future Perspective References Chapter 11: Environmental Emissions of Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Domestic and Natural Sources of Nanoparticles 2.1 Domestic Sources Cigarette Smoking Building Construction and Demolition Nanoparticles from Vehicular Exhaust 2.2 Natural Sources Nanoparticles from Dust Storms and Volcanoes Geochemical Cycling and Forest Fires 3 Industrial Source of Nanoparticles 3.1 Cosmetic Industries 3.2 Textile Industries 3.3 Chemical Manufacturing Industries 3.4 Automotive Industry 3.5 Agriculture Industries 3.6 Food Industry 3.7 Energy Harvesting Industry 3.8 Nanomedicine 4 Nanoparticles in the Food Web 5 Nanoparticles as Pollutants 5.1 Nanoparticles in Water 5.2 Nanoparticles in the Soil 5.3 Nanoparticles in the Air 6 Life Cycle of Nanoparticles in the Environment 7 Occurrence and Exposure of Nanoparticles 8 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 12: Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Metal-Based Nanoparticles 1 Introduction 2 Fate and Distribution of Nanoparticles 2.1 Nanoparticles in Soil 2.2 Water 2.3 Fate of Contaminants 3 Ecotoxicology of Nanoparticles 3.1 Effect on Aquatic Animals 3.2 Effect on Terrestrial Animals 3.3 Effects on Beneficial Soil Microbiome 4 Toxicology of Nanoparticles on Human Health 4.1 Cu-/CuO NPs 4.2 TiO2 NPs 4.3 Mg/MgO NPs 4.4 Cr NPs 4.5 Mn-NPs 4.6 Co-NPs 4.7 Zn-NPs 4.8 Other Metallic NPs 5 Future Prospect and Path Forward References Chapter 13: Interaction of Nanoparticles to Soil Pollutants 1 Introduction 2 Soil Pollution and Soil Pollutants 3 Nanoparticles and Their Interactions 4 Natural Nanoparticles 4.1 Nanoparticles in Microorganisms 4.2 Nanoparticles in Plants 4.3 Nanoparticles in Insects 4.4 Nanoparticles in Animals and Birds 4.5 Nanoparticles in Humans 4.6 Clay Minerals 4.7 Short-Range-Order Minerals 4.8 Metal Oxides, Hydroxides, and Oxyhydroxides 5 Synthesized Nanoparticles 6 Other Categories of Nanomaterials 7 Nanoremediation and Nanobioremediation 7.1 Principles of Nanobioremediation 7.2 Bioremediation Based on Nanotechnology 8 Examples and Case Studies 9 Future Prospects 10 Conclusion References Chapter 14: Nanoparticles and Their Effects on Growth, Yield, and Crop Quality Cultivated Under Polluted Soil 1 Introduction 1.1 Nanoparticle Use in Agriculture 1.2 Pollutants/Contaminants in Soil 1.3 Use of Nanoparticles in Soil Pollution Remediation 2 Effect of NPs on the Growth of Crop Plants 2.1 Positive Aspects Concerning the Growth 2.2 Negative Aspects Concerning the Growth 2.3 No Effect Concerning the Growth 3 Effect of NPs on the Yield of Crop Plants 3.1 Positive Aspects Concerning Yield 3.2 Negative Aspects Concerning Yield 3.3 No Effect Concerning Yield 4 Effect of NPs on the Quality of Crop Plants 4.1 Positive Aspects Concerning Quality 4.2 Negative Aspects Concerning Quality 4.3 No Effect Concerning the Quality 5 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Chapter 15: Role of Nanoparticles in Remediation of Contaminated Soil 1 Introduction 2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles 3 Nanobioremediation 4 Mechanism of Nanobioremediation 4.1 Adsorption 4.2 Redox Reaction 5 Factors Affecting Reactivity of Nanoparticles 5.1 Mobility 5.2 Aggregation 5.3 Stabilizers 5.4 Longevity 6 Nanoparticles and Their Associated Risks 7 Conclusion and Future Prospects References Chapter 16: Risks and Concerns of Use of Nanoparticles in Agriculture 1 Introduction 2 Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 2.1 Nanofertilizers 2.2 Nanopesticides 2.3 Nanobiosensor Use in Agriculture 2.4 Nanotechnology for Bioremediation 3 Fate of Nanoparticles in Soil and Transport in Plant 4 Risks and Uncertainties of Nanotechnology 5 Challenges and Barriers in Agro-nanotechnology 6 Ethics of Nanotechnology in Agriculture 7 Conclusions References