The Role of Microbes in Autoimmune Diseases : New Mechanisms of Microbial Initiation of Autoimmunity

This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of the state of knowledge on the role of microbes in inducing autoimmune diseases. The initial chapters address the basic concept and clinical implications of immunology, while the following section discusses the role of genetics, epigenetics, hormones, stochastic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. The third section introduces readers to various autoimmune disorders and presents the cellular and molecular mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. In closing, the book examines the role of intestinal flora in the development of autoimmune diseases, delineates the underlying mechanism responsible for autoimmunity onset, and examines the potential of microbial therapeutics in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable asset for all scientists and clinicians working in immunology, rheumatology and autoimmune diseases. Preface Acknowledgments Contents Abbreviations List of Figures 1: Immunology: Principles and Applications 1.1 Immunology: Principles and Applications 1.1.1 Introduction to Immunology 1.2 Cellular Components of Immune System 1.3 Principles of Immunological Reactions 1.4 Clinical Implications of Immunology References 2: Immunology and Microbes 2.1 Immunology and Microbes 2.1.1 Immunology and Flora 2.1.2 Immunology and Pathogens 2.1.3 Microbiology and Immunological Regulatory Mechanisms 2.1.4 Signal Pathway of Microbial Dietary Metabolites 2.1.5 Immunology and Biofilms 2.1.6 The Role of Viral Hepatitis, EBV, and CMV in Autoimmunity References 3: Types of Hypersensitivities (Updates) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Type I Hypersensitivity 3.3 Type II Hypersensitivity: Antibody-Dependent 3.4 Type III: Immunological Complex 3.5 Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cell-Mediated Reaction 3.6 Type V Hypersensitivity Reactions References 4: Autoimmunity 4.1 Introduction to Autoimmunity 4.2 Autoimmunity Classification 4.3 Autoimmunity Factors 4.3.1 Genetic Variables 4.3.2 Gender 4.3.3 Factors in the Environment 4.4 Autoimmunity Pathogenesis 4.5 Molecular Mimicry 4.6 Idiotype Cross-Reaction 4.7 Cytokine Dysregulation 4.8 Apoptosis of Dendritic Cells 4.9 Epitope Spreading or Epitope Drift 4.10 Epitope Alteration or Cryptic Epitope Exposure References 5: Autoimmunity and Diseases 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Diabetes Type 1 and Autoimmunity 5.3 Immune-Mediated Beta Cell Destruction and Autophagy 5.4 Therapies That Target the Immune System 5.5 Diabetes Type 2 and Autoimmunity 5.6 T2DM, B Cells, and Inflammation 5.7 The Involvement of Autoimmunity in Cancer 5.8 Gastric Cancer and Autoimmune Gastritis 5.9 Autoimmunity and Neurological Diseases 5.10 Clinical Characteristics Triggering Autoimmune Diseases 5.11 B Cells Play a Key Role in Nervous System Autoimmune Diseases 5.12 CNS Autoimmune Disorders 5.12.1 Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 5.12.2 Neuro-Myelitis Optica Spectrum Disease (NMOSD) 5.12.3 Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) Antibody-Associated Disease 5.12.4 NMDAR Encephalitis 5.12.5 PNS Autoimmune Disorders 5.12.6 Myopathies Caused by the Immune System 5.12.7 Immune-Mediated Neuropathies 5.12.8 Autoimmunity and Liver Disease 5.12.9 Rheumatoid Arthritis 5.12.9.1 Autoantibodies in RA 5.12.10 Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies 5.12.11 Anti-Carbamylated Protein Antibodies 5.12.12 Anti-Acetylated Protein Antibodies 5.13 Pathogenic Potential of Autoantibodies 5.14 Binding to Fc Receptors 5.15 Complement Activation References 6: Intestinal Flora as Initiatives of Autoimmunity 6.1 Mechanisms Linking Intestinal Flora with Autoimmunity 6.2 Intestinal Microbiota 6.3 Intestinal Flora: Autoimmunity-Neurological Diseases 6.4 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 6.5 Atopic Dermatitis (AD) 6.6 Psoriasis (PS) 6.7 Alopecia Areata (AA) 6.8 Microbial Therapeutics for Halting and Prevention of Autoimmune Disease 6.9 Rationales for IL-2 Therapy in Autoimmune and Rheumatic Diseases 6.10 The Crosstalk Between Intestinal Microbiome and Host and Adaptive Immunity References 7: Our Perception of Autoimmunity and Microbes 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Expression of Estrogen Receptor and Bcl2 in Candida albicans May Represent Removal of Functional Barriers Among Eukary... 7.3 Expression and Releasing of Cell Cycle Proteins by Candida albicans into Surrounding Tissue: New Perspectives of the Relat... 7.4 Non-classical Roles of Microbes 7.5 Proposed Model Explaining the Initiation of Autoimmunity by Microbes References