The Road to Democratic Development Statehood in Africa : The Cases of Ethiopia, Mauritius, and Rwanda

This book interrogates Africas pursuit of the Democratic Developmental State model by drawing on the experiences of Mauritius, Ethiopia, and Rwanda. It comprises of five parts: Part I, consisting of two chapters, outlines the key conceptual and theoretical approaches used throughout the books discussions. The proceeding parts II, III and IV critically analyses the three case studies under review. Each part is subdivided into two chapters wherein a historical state-societal approach is employed in interrogating the extent to which Mauritius, Ethiopia, and Rwanda have been able to successfully achieve democratic development, on the one hand, and, conversely, inclusive economic growth and development, on the other. Part V, and Chapter 10 in particular, debuts the concept and model of the Developmental Civil Society (DCS). The DCS serves as a theoretical bridge designed to respond to the challenges which African states face in the full application of the Democratic Developmental State model. Marcel Felicity Nagar is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the NRF SARChI Chair: African Diplomacy and Foreign Policy at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. She holds a DLitt et Phil in Political Studies from the University of Johannesburg, and her research interests include Democratic Developmental States and African Political Economy Preface Acknowledgements Contents Key Abbreviations and Acronyms List of Figures 1 Introduction References Part I The (Democratic) Developmental State: Key Theoretical Concepts and Approaches 2 Key Conceptual Definitions Unpacking Democracy and Development in Africa Defining Development Defining Democracy Defining Anocracy The Democracy–Development Nexus in Africa Unpacking the Developmental State and Related Concepts The Twentieth-Century Developmental State The Twenty-First-Century Democratic Developmental State Democratic Developmental Typologies: Dominant-Party and Coalitional Developmental Patrimonialism: A Deviant Variant References 3 The (Democratic) Developmental State: A Theoretical Overview—Underlying Internal Relations and Inherent Entrepreneurial Logic Exploring Evolving State–Society Relations Within (Democratic) Developmental States Defining State–Society Relations State–Society Relations Within Twentieth-Century Developmental States State–Society Relations Within Twenty-First-Century Democratic Developmental States Investigating the Entrepreneurial Logic of the Developmental State Defining State Entrepreneurship The Entrepreneurial Logic of the East Asian Developmental State Debunking the Neoclassical Economics Critique References Part II Mauritius: Africa’s Democratic Developmental Darling? 4 Colonial Island State Formation and Patterns of Democratic Development in Mauritius Introduction The Historical Evolution of Mauritius’ Democratic Development French Colonial Rule (1721–1810) British Colonial Rule (1810–1968) Grand Morcellement and Shifting State–Society Relations (1870–1920) The Terminal Phase of British Colonial Rule and It Accompanying Political Reforms (1930s–1960s) Decolonisation and Independence (1968) Democracy in Contemporary Mauritius (1968–2020) Conclusion References 5 Inclusive Economic Growth and Development of the African Cub-Tiger Introduction Phases of Mauritius’ Economic Growth Trajectory The Growth of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in Mauritius (1960s–1970s) Adjustment, Stabilisation and Expansion of EPZ (1980s–1990s) The Rise of the Tourism and Service Sectors and Value-Addition Within the Sugar Sector (1990s–2010s) In Pursuit of a Second Mauritian Economic Miracle (2015–2020) The Nature of State–Societal Relations and Inclusive Economic Growth in Mauritius Trade Support Institutions (TSIs) and Networks Underpinning Mauritius’ Economic Growth Participatory Governance Institutions and Processes in Mauritius The Quest for Economic Democracy Within Mauritius Conclusion References Part III Ethiopia: The ‘African Lion’: A Leader of the Continental Pack? 6 The Emergence of an Empire and Evolution of Federal Democracy in Ethiopia Introduction The Historical Evolution of Ethiopian Federal Democracy The Ethiopian Empire (Twentieth Century) Selassie: Modernised Monarchy and the End of an Empire (1930–1974) The First Republic (1974–1991) The Post-1991 Ethiopian Political Order Conclusion References 7 Inclusive Economic Growth and Development of the “African Lion” Introduction Meles Zenawi’s Democratic Developmental Dream Deferred? The Pursuit of Inclusive Economic Growth and Development within an Agrarian Developmental State Ethiopia’s Agricultural Developmental Policy Participatory Governance and the Re-emergence of Agricultural Co-operatives Conclusion References Part IV Rwanda: An African Model for Post-Conflict Democratic Development? 8 From PreColonial Conquest to Political Chaos and Back Again: The Development of Democracy in Rwanda Introduction The PreColonial Kingdom of Rwanda German Colonial Rule (1895–1914) Belgian Colonial Rule (1916–1959) Decolonisation, Social Revolution and Independence (1959–1962) The First Republic (1962–1973) The Second Republic (1973–1994) The Fall of the Second Republic: The Rwandan Civil War and Genocide (1990–1994) The Post-1994 RPF Regime Participatory Governance in the Post-1994 Political Order Conclusion References 9 Inclusive Economic Growth and Development of a War-Ravaged State Introduction Agricultural Development During the Second Republic The Importance of Coffee to Rwanda’s Agricultural Sector The 1989 Collapse of the Coffee Market, Structural Adjustment and the Civil War Rwanda’s Post-1994 Development Strategy “Party-Statals” and Private Sector Development Tri-Star Investment (TSI)/Crystal Venture Ltd (CVL) Horizon Group Rwanda Investment Group (RIG) Developmental Patrimonialism and Rwanda’s “Party-Statals”: A Critique Rwanda’s Market Liberalisation Strategy The Liberalisation of Rwanda’s Coffee Sector Rwanda’s 2005 Land Law Inclusive Economic Growth and Development Through “Home Grown Initiatives” Ubudehe Girinka Project Umuganda Imihigo Assessing the Impact of “Home Grown Initiatives” Conclusion References Part V Introducing the Concept and Model of the Developmental Civil Society (DCS) 10 The Concept and Model of the Developmental Civil Society (DCS): A Theoretical Bridge Introduction Untangling the Fundamental Institutional and Political Factors Behind Africa’s Postcolonial Development Woes Another Fad? A Critique of the Democratic Developmental State Model in Africa Introducing the Developmental Civil Society Developmental Civil Society (DCS) Theoretical Assumptions Conceptual Definition Strategy and Structure Strategy: Inter-sectoral and Coordinated Approach Structure: Developmental Network Society Conclusion References 11 Conclusion: The Significance of a Developmental Civil Society (DCS) in a Post-Pandemic World References Index