ظهور حق دانستن: سیاست و فرهنگ شفافیت، ۱۹۴۵-۱۹۷۵

The American founders did not endorse a citizen's right to know. More openness in government, more frankness in a doctor's communication with patients, more disclosure in a food manufacturer's package labeling, and more public notice of actions that might damage the environment emerged in our own time. As Michael Schudson shows in modern transparency dates to the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s--well before the Internet--as reform-oriented politicians, journalists, watchdog groups, and social movements won new leverage. At the same time, the rapid growth of higher education after 1945, together with its expansive ethos of inquiry and criticism, fostered both insight and oversight as public values. Schudson provides case studies of precedent-setting disclosure practices: the Freedom of Information Act (1966), reforms of supermarket labeling (1970s), sunshine legislation in the Congress (1970), the complicated conceptual and legislative origin of the "environmental impact statement," and newsroom changes that increased the independence and analytical sophistication of news coverage after 1968. These changes brought a "right to know" into political life and helped define a new era for representative democracy--less focus on parties and elections, more pluralism and more players, year-round monitoring of government, and a blurring line between politics and society, public and private. The rise of openness marks a new stage in self-government. The American Founders Did Not Endorse A Citizen's Right To Know. More Openness In Government, More Frankness In A Doctor's Communication With Patients, More Disclosure In A Food Manufacturer's Package Labeling, And More Public Notice Of Actions That Might Damage The Environment Emerged In Our Own Time. As Michael Schudson Shows In The Rise Of The Right To Know, Modern Transparency Dates To The 1950s, 1960s, And 1970s - Well Before The Internet - As Reform-oriented Politicians, Journalists, Watchdog Groups, And Social Movements Won New Leverage. At The Same Time, The Rapid Growth Of Higher Education After 1945, Together With Its Expansive Ethos Of Inquiry And Criticism, Fostered Both Insight And Oversight As Public Values. Schudson Provides Case Studies Of Precedent-setting Disclosure Practices: The Freedom Of Information Act (1966), Reforms Of Supermarket Labeling (19702), Sunshine Legislation In The Congress (1970), The Complicated Conceptual And Legislative Origin Of The 'environmental Impact Statement,'and Newsroom Changes That Increased The Independence And Analytical Sophistication Of News Coverage After 1968. These Changes Brought A 'right To Know' Into Political Life And Helped Define A New Era For Representative Democracy - Less Focus On Parties And Elections More Pluralism And More Players, Year-round Monitoring Of Government, And A Blurring Line Between Politics And Society, Public And Private. The Rise Of Openness Marks A New Stage In Self-government--unedited Summary From Book Jacket. A Cultural Right To Know -- Origins Of The Freedom Of Information Act -- The Consumer's Right To Be Informed -- Opening Up Congress -- The Media's Presence -- To Let People Know In Time -- Transparency In A Transformed Democracy -- Disclosure And Its Discontents. Michael Schudson. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. "The American founders did not endorse a citizen's right to know. More openness in government, more frankness in a doctor's communication with patients, more disclosure in a food manufacturer's package labeling, and more public notice of actions that might damage the environment emerged in our own time. As Michael Schudson shows in The Rise of the Right to Know, modern transparency dates to the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s - well before the Internet - as reform-oriented politicians, journalists, watchdog groups, and social movements won new leverage. At the same time, the rapid growth of higher education after 1945, together with its expansive ethos of inquiry and criticism, fostered both insight and oversight as public values. Schudson provides case studies of precedent-setting disclosure practices: the Freedom of Information Act (1966), reforms of supermarket labeling (19702), sunshine legislation in the Congress (1970), the complicated conceptual and legislative origin of the 'environmental impact statement, 'and newsroom changes that increased the independence and analytical sophistication of news coverage after 1968. These changes brought a 'right to know' into political life and helped define a new era for representative democracy - less focus on parties and elections more pluralism and more players, year-round monitoring of government, and a blurring line between politics and society, public and private. The rise of openness marks a new stage in self-government"--Unedited summary from book jacket The American founders did not endorse a citizens right to know. More openness in government, more frankness in a doctors communication with patients, more disclosure in a food manufacturers package labeling, and more public notice of actions that might damage the environment emerged in our own time. As Michael Schudson shows in The Rise of the Right to Know, modern transparency dates to the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970swell before the Internetas reform-oriented politicians, journalists, watchdog groups, and social movements won new leverage. At the same time, the rapid growth of higher education after 1945, together with its expansive ethos of inquiry and criticism, fostered both insight and oversight as public values. Schudson provides case studies of precedent-setting disclosure the Freedom of Information Act (1966), reforms of supermarket labeling (1970s), sunshine legislation in the Congress (1970), the complicated conceptual and legislative origin of the environmental impact statement, and newsroom changes that increased the independence and analytical sophistication of news coverage after 1968. These changes brought a right to know into political life and helped define a new era for representative democracyless focus on parties and elections, more pluralism and more players, year-round monitoring of government, and a blurring line between politics and society, public and private. The rise of openness marks a new stage in self-government. The American founders did not endorse a citizen's right to know. More openness in government, more frankness in a doctor's communication with patients, more disclosure in a food manufacturer's package labeling, and more public notice of actions that might damage the environment emerged in our own time.As Michael Schudson shows in The Rise of the Right to Know, modern transparency dates to the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s—well before the Internet—as reform-oriented politicians, journalists, watchdog groups, and social movements won new leverage. At the same time, the rapid growth of higher education after 1945, together with its expansive ethos of inquiry and criticism, fostered both insight and oversight as public values.“One of the many strengths of The Rise of the Right To Know is its insistent emphasis on culture and its interaction with law...What Schudson shows is that enforceable access to official information creates a momentum towards a better use of what is disclosed and a refinement of how disclosure is best done.”—George Brock, Times Literary Supplement“This book is a reminder that the right to know is not an automatic right. It was hard-won, and fought for by many unknown political soldiers.”—Monica Horten, LSE Review of Books "Modern transparency dates to the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s--well before the Internet. Michael Schudson shows how the "right to know" has defined a new era for democracy--less focus on parties and elections, more pluralism and more players, year-round monitoring of government, and a blurring line between politics and society, public and private."--Provided by publisher Contents One - A Cultural Right to Know Two - Origins of the Freedom of Information Act Three - The Consumer’s Right to Be Informed Four - Opening Up Congress Five - The Media’s Presence Six - “To Let People Know in Time” Seven - Transparency in a Transformed Democracy Eight - Disclosure and Its Discontents Notes Acknowledgments Index