The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union: 1917-1991 (Sources in History)

Book Cover Title Copyright Contents Series editor's preface Glossary of Russian terms and abbreviations Acknowledgements Introduction 1 Russia and the rise of Bolshevism Marx and the Russian Road Document 1.1 Vera Zasulich’s Letter to Marx Honoured Citizen, Document 1.2 Marx’s Reply to Zasulich Document 1.3 Later Thoughts The Emergence of Bolshevism Document 1.4 Manifesto of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDWP) Document 1.5 Lenin-What is to be Done? Document 1.6 Lenin—One Step Forward, Two Steps Backwards Early Critics of Leninism Document 1.7 Luxemburg—Leninism or Marxism? Document 1.7 Trotsky—Our Political Tasks 1905 and Beyond Document 1.8 Lenin on the 1905 Revolution Document 1.9 Trotsky and ‘Permanent Revolution’ Document 1.10 Lenin on Party-mindedness in Literature Document 1.11 Lenin on ‘Democratic Centralism’ The Intelligentsia and Revolution Document 1.12 Bakunin—Statism and Anarchy Document 1.13 Machajski—The Intelligentsia and Socialism Document 1.14 Bogdanov on Truth Document 1.15 Lenin on Eternal Verities Document 1.16 The Vekhi Response—Struve Nationalism, Imperialism and the Great War Document 1.17 Lenin on National Self-determination Document 1.18 Lenin—Socialism and Self- determination Document 1.19 But Self-determination Did Not Mean Secession Document 1.20 Lenin and the ‘United States of Europe’ Document 1.21 Lenin on Imperialism Preface to the French and German Editions, 6 July 1920 Document 1.22 Bukharin on the Imperialist State 2 1917: From revolution to revolution Document 2.1 Order No. 1 The Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies resolves: Document 2.2 Lenin’s ‘April Theses’ Document 2.3 Lenin and the Imperialist War Policy Issues and the Way Ahead Document 2.4 Tsereteli at the First Congress of Soviets Document 2.5 Lenin Addresses the First Congress of Soviets, 4 June 1917 Document 2.6 Kerensky’s Response Comrades: Document 2.7 Lenin’s State and Revolution The Road to Power Document 2.8 The Kornilov ‘Revolt’ Document 2.9 Lenin—The Bolsheviks Must Seize Power Document 2.10 Lenin’s ‘Marxism and Insurrection’ Document 2.11 Lenin—‘Can the Bolsheviks Retain State Power?’ Document 2.12 Lenin Again Calls for the Seizure of Power Document 2.13 Kamenev and Zinoviev Denounce Lenin’s Plans for Insurrection The Seizure of Power Document 2.14 John Reed on the Second Congress of Soviets, 25 October (7 November) 1917 Document 2.15 ‘To the Citizens of Russia’ Document 2.16 Lenin on the Significance of the Revolution One of our immediate tasks is the necessity of ending the war at once. But in Document 2.17 More Warnings Bolsheviks in Power—First Steps Document 2.17 Decree on Peace Document 2.18 Decree on Land Peasant Mandate on Land Document 2.19 The Sovnarkom ‘Decree on the Press’ General Regulations on the Press Document 2.20 Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia Reactions to the Bolshevik Coup Document 2.21 Plekhanov on the Bolshevik Revolution Yours, G. Plekhanov Document 2.22 Maksim Gorky and the Bolshevik Revolution Document 2.23 Bogdanov on the Bolshevik Revolution The Struggle for a Coalition Government Document 2.24 Attempts to Create a Coalition Government Document 2.25 Session of the Petersburg Committee of the RSDLP(b) Document 2.26 The Central Committee on Opposition Within the Party Document 2.27 The Resignation of a Group of People’s Commissars Document 2.28 Lenin on the Rebels Document 2.29 Lenin Defends the Bolsheviks Going it Alone Comrades! 1917 in Perspective Document 2.30 Trotsky Writes about the Revolution Document 2.31 Semyon Frank on the Meaning of the Russian Revolution 3 The birth of the Soviet state, 1917-1921 The Consolidation of Power Document 3.1 Establishment of the Secret Police Document 3.2 Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly Document 3.3 From the ‘Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited People’ Document 3.4 Church and State Peace and War Document 3.6 Lenin on the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty Document 3.7 The Left Communists Condemn the Brest-Litovsk Peace Document 3.8 Trotsky and the Red Army Industrial Democracy and State Capitalism Document 3.9 Workers’ Control Document 3.10 Lenin and ‘State Capitalism’ Document 3.11 The Left Communists and Economic Management Document 3.12 Workers Protest Against Bolshevik Dictatorship over Workers Comrade workers, Critics of the Bolshevik Revolution Document 3.13 Luxemburg on the Russian Revolution Document 3.14 Kautsky on the Russian Revolution Document 3.15 Lenin’s Response to Kautsky How Kautsky Turned Marx into a, Common Liberal War Communism and its Critics Document 3.16 The Party Programme of 1919 Document 3.17 The ABC of Communism Document 3.18 Trotsky on Terror and Militarisation Document 3.19 The Democratic Centralists Document 3.20 Lenin Condemns Leftist ‘lnfantilism’ Bolshevism Abroad Document 3.21 Discipline in the Comintern From Reform to Kronstadt Document 3.22 Attempts at Party Reform Document 3.23 Kollontai’s The Workers’ Opposition Document 3.24 Programme of the Kronstadt Insurgents: ‘What We Are Fighting For’ Document 3.25 Bolshevik Bureaucratism Condemned Document 3.26 ‘The Party’ and the People One might ask why the Bolsheviks, while suppressing all free soviets, still Putting the Lid on the Opposition Document 3.27 The ‘Ban on Factions’ Document 3.28 The End of the Trade Union Debate Bolshevism in Perspective Document 3.29 Sukhanov, Notes on the Revolution Document 3.30 Communism and the Salvation of Society 4 The paths diverge, 1921-1929 Launching the New Economic Policy Document 4.1 ‘On the Replacement of Requisitioning by a Tax in Kind’ Document 4.2 Lenin on the ‘Tax in Kind’ Document 4.3 Lenin Puts NEP in Perspective Document 4.4 Lenin Attacks the Church Strictly secret To Comrade Molotov for the Members of the Politburo Document 4.5 Establishing the ‘Ministry of Censorship’ Political Controversy Document 4.6 Lukacs on Party Organisation Document 4.7 The Declaration of the Twenty-Two Dear Comrades: Document 4.8 Appeal of the ‘Workers’ Truth’ Group Message to the Revolutionary Proletariat and to All Revolutionary Elements Who Remain Faithful to the Struggling Working Class: The Formation of the USSR Document 4.9 Autonomisation versus Federalism Document 4.10 Amended Plans for the Union Document 4.11 The 1924 USSR Constitution Part I: Declaration Part II: Treaty Chapter II: Sovereign Rights of the Member Republics Lenin’s Bequest Document 4.12 Lenin’s Style of Politics In the original letter in the archives this takes on a far more bloodthirsty tone: Lenin writes: Soloukhin comments as follows: Document 4.13 Lenin’s Last Testament 23 December 1922 Postscript, 4 January 1923 Document 4.14 Lenin’s Advocacy of Co-operatives Document 4.15 Lenin on the Possibility of Socialism in Russia Document 4.16 Lenin’s ‘Better Fewer, But Better’ The ‘New Course’ Debate Document 4.17 Trotsky’s Letter to the CC Document 4.18 Declaration of the Forty-Six Document 4.19 Trotsky,The New Course Document 4.20 The End of the ‘New Course’ Creating ‘Stalinism’ Document 4.21 Soviet Law—Pashukanis Document 4.22 Stalin—on Leninism, the Party and Dictatorship Document 4.23 Stalin—Against ‘Permanent Revolution’ Document 4.24 Stalin—‘Socialism in One Country’ The End of NEP Document 4.25 Preobrazhenskii, ‘Primary Socialist Accumulation’ Document 4.26 Stalin and the Grain Crisis Document 4.27 Bukharin Warns against Stalin Kamenev: Is the struggle really serious? Document 4.28 Bukharin—Notes of an Economist Document 4.29 Nadezhda Mandelstam—‘Hope Abandoned’ 5 Building socialism, 1929-1939 Foreign Policy Document 5.1 The ‘Third Period’ Document 5.2 The Popular Front Policy Collectivisation Document 5.3 Stalin on ‘The Liquidation of the Kulaks as a Class’ Document 5.4 Horror in the Village Document 5.5 Stalin—‘Dizzy with Success’ Document 5.6 Declaration of the Bolshevik-Leninist Opposition The Party Leadership and the Party Regime ‘Declaration of April 1930’, C. Rakovsky, V. Kossior, N. Muralov, V. Kasparova Industrialisation and the Creation of a New Intelligentsia Document 5.7 Stalin on Industrialisation Document 5.8 Against Wage Equality and the Creation of a New Intelligentsia Document 5.9 The Stakhanovite Movement Cultural Transformation Document 5.10 Bringing History to Order Dear Comrades! Document 5.11 Teaching History Document 5.12 Socialist Realism Social Conservatism Document 5.13 Social Policy Document 5.14 Consolidating Soviet Nationalism Document 5.15 The Assault on Religion Continues Document 5.16 The Defeat of Time Anticipating the Terror Document 5.17 The ‘Ryutin Group’ Stalin and the Crisis of the Proletarian Dictatorship I In the party sphere. II In the state sphere. III In the sphere of industrialisation. Document 5.18 ‘The Congress of Victors’ Document 5.19 The Murder of Kirov Document 5.20 Bukharin’s Assessment of Kirov and Stalin Document 5.21 Bukharin on Humanism Document 5.22 The 1936 Constitution Chapter I: The Structure of Society Chapter II: The Structure of the State Chapter X: Basic Rights and Duties of Citizens Chapter XI: The Electoral System The Great Terror Document 5.23 The Purge Plenum Document 5.24 Vyshinsky and the Show Trials Document 5.25 The Show Trials—an American View The New ‘Civilisation’ Document 5.26 Trotsky—The Revolution Betrayed Document 5.27 Berdyaev on the Russian Revolution Document 5.28 Berdyaev on the Origins of Russian Communism Document 5.29 Sidney and Beatrice Webb The New Civilisation Is Stalin a Dictator? Is the USSR a Political Democracy? Document 5.30 Raskolnikov’s Letter to Stalin Document 5.31 The God that Failed Document 5.32 Anna Akhmatova Requiem INSTEAD OF A PREFACE DEDICATION INTRODUCTION 6 The road to Berlin, 1939-1945 The Diet of Dictators Document 6.1 Stalin Provokes the War Document 6.2 Treaty on Non-Aggression between Germany and the Soviet Union Document 6.3 Secret Supplementary Protocol to the Nazi-Soviet Pact Document 6.4 The Soviet Occupation of Eastern Poland Document 6.5 German-Soviet Treaty on Friendship and Borders between the USSR and Germany Document 6.6 The Deportation of the Poles: The Dark Side of the Moon Document 6.7 Churchill’s Radio Broadcast of 1 October 1939 Document 6.8 The Winter War Document 6.9 Stalin’s Attitude to Alliance with Hitler Document 6.10 The Incorporation of the Baltic Republics Document 6.11 Katyn Beria’s Memorandum to Stalin Comrade Stalin, The Titans Go To War 6.12 Hitler’s War Aims 6.13 ‘None so Deaf as Will Not Hear’ Document 6.14 ‘Secret Number One’ 6.15 More Disclaimers Document 6.16 Molotov’s Radio Broadcast of 22 June 1941 Citizens of the Soviet Union! Document 6.17 Stalin’s Radio Broadcast of 3 July 1941 Document 6.18 Stalin’s Conduct of the War Document 6.19 The Unexpected War Document 6.20 Hitler’s Conduct of the War Document 6.21 The ‘Final Solution’ in the USSR The Soviet War Document 6.22 From the Supreme Command of the Red Army, 16 August 1941 Document 6.23 Stalin’s Speech, 6 November 1941 Document 6.24 The People’s War Document 6.25 From the Head of the Gulag of the USSR NKVD Document 6.26 ‘Plans for Imprisonment’ Document 6.27 Dissolution of the Comintern Document 6.28 The War and the Orthodox Church Document 6.29 Stalingrad, Life and Fate Document 6.30 The Fruits of Industrialisation and Assistance from the West Document 6.31 The Deportations Document 6.32 Beria on the Crimean Tatars Towards the Post-war Order Document 6.33 Declaration of the Three Powers of 1 December 1943 Document 6.34 The Percentages Agreement, 9 October 1944 Document 6.35 Yalta: Peace and Betrayal I World Organisation II Declaration on Liberated Europe III Dismemberment of Germany IV Zone of Occupation for the French and Control Council for Germany V Reparation VI Major War Criminals VII Poland Agreement Regarding Entry of the Soviet Union into the War agninst Japan Document 6.36 Stalin on Poland at Yalta Flag over Berlin Document 6.37 ‘The Prague Manifesto’ of the Vlasov Movement Fellow-countrymen! Brothers and Sisters! Document 6.38 Denikin on the Anniversary of the Volunteer Army Document 6.39 Stalin’s Victory Toast Comrades, permit me to propose one more, last toast. 7 The cold peace, 1945-1953 The Onset of the Cold War Document 7.1 Djilas on Stalin Document 7.2 Stalin’s ‘Two Camps’ Speech, 9 February 1946 Comrades! Document 7.3 Kennan’s ‘Long Telegram’ of 22 February 1946 Document 7.4 Churchill’s ‘lron Curtain’ speech Document 7.5 Stalin’s Response to Churchill’s Speech Reimposing Orthodoxy Document 7.6 ‘The Most Progressive Literature in the World’ Document 7.7 Party Distortion of Science—Genetics Document 7.8 The Attack Against ‘Cosmopolitanism’ National Relations Document 7.9 Stalin on the Nationality Question Document 7.10 On Deportations and ‘Pacification’ Stalinism Abroad Document 7.11 Stalinism in Germany Antifascists were also jailed For the sake of plan target figures From cold and hunger You’ll suffer more from your own people… Document 7.12 Djilas on the Soviet-Yugoslav Split Containment and Beyond Document 7.13 Kennan’s ‘Mr X’ Article Document 7.14 Stalin’s Final Bequest—War 8 Khrushchev and reform, 1953-1964 The New Course and Agricultural Problems Document 8.1 The New Course Document 8.2 The Legacy of Stalinist Collectivisation: ‘Crab Meat and Green Peas’ Document 8.3 Khrushchev and the Virgin Lands Scheme Destalinisation Document 8.4 Khrushchev’s ‘Secret Speech’ Document 8.5 Togliatti on Destalinisation Document 8.6 The Impact of the Secret Speech in Georgia Document 8.7 The ‘Anti-Party’ Group Document 8.8 Yevtushenko, ‘The Heirs of Stalin’ National Relations Document 8.9 The Transfer of Crimea from Russia to Ukraine Document 8.10 Partial Lifting of Deportation Orders Document 8.11 The New Party Programme and the National Question The Full-scale Building of Socialism Document 8.12 1961 Party Programme on Achieving Communism Communism-The Bright Future of All Mankind III The Tasks of the Party in the Spheres of State Development and the Further Promotion of Socialist Democracy VII The Party in the Period of Full-scale Communist Construction Intellectual Critique Document 8.13 The Marxist Revisionist Critique Document 8.14 The ‘New Class’ Cultural Thaw and its Limits Example 8.15 Solzhenitsyn Emerges Khrushchev’s Foreign Policy—to the Brink Document 8.16 Khrushchev and ‘Peaceful Coexistence’ Document 8.17 Khrushchev and the Threat from Imperialism Document 8.18 To the Brink—Cuba Decline and Fall Document 8.19 Khrushchev’s Ouster Document 8.20 Suslov’s Denunciation of Khrushchev Document 8.21 Communiqué of the Central Committee 9 Brezhnev and stagnation, 1964-1985 The Brezhnevite System Document 9.1 The 1965 Reforms Document 9.2 Brezhnev on the Party and the People Document 9.3 Detente and the Helsinki Accords I Sovereign equality, respectfor the rights inherent in sovereiynty II Refraining from the threat or use of force III Inviolability of frontiers IV Territorial inteyrity of States V Peaceful settlement of disputes VI Non-intervention in internal affairs VII Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief Document 9.4 Developed Socialism Document 9.5 The 1977 ‘Brezhnev’ Constitution Document 9.6 Ogarkov on Technological Backwardness and Nuclear War Document 9.7 Gorshkov on the Navy The End of the Thaw and the Rise of Dissent Document 9.8 The Sinyavsky-Daniel trial Morning session 10 February 1966 From the speech of State Prosecutor O.P. Temushkin Document 9.9 Appeal against Restalinisation help avert an irreparable mistake. Document 9.10 Appeal to Stop Political Trials Document 9.11 Novy mir is Brought into Line Socialism with a Human Face Document 9.12 The Action Programme of the Czechoslovak Communist Party Document 9.13 The Brezhnev Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty Document 9.14 The Praxis View of Humanistic Socialism Document 9.15 Meaningful Marxism Document 9.16 Deutscher on the ‘Unfinished Revolution’ Within-system Reform and Beyond Document 9.17 A Reformist Programme for Democratisation Respected Comrades: Document 9.18 Rostropovich on Solzhenitsyn Dear Comrade Editor, Document 9.19 The View from Within Top Secret Document 9.20 Bukovsky—In the Camps From Under the Rubble Document 9.21 ‘As Breathing and Consciousness Return’ Document 9.22 ‘Repentance and Self-limitation in the Life of Nations’ Document 9.23 Solzhenitsyn’s Letter to the Soviet Leaders Introduction 1 The West on its Knees 2 War with China 3 Civilization in impasse 4 The Russian North-East 5 Internal, not external, development 6 Ideology 7 But how can all this be manoged? Document 9.24 Sakharov’s Response to Solzhenitsyn Document 9.25 Roy Medvedev—Democratic Socialist Dissent Document 9.26 Amalrik, Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1984 Dissent and Nationalism Document 9.27 Leonid Plyushch—Soviet Society from the Inside Document 9.28 Internationalism or Russification? Document 9.29 Founding Principles of the Ukrainsky Visnyk Document 9.30 Divisions within Dissent over the National Question Document 9.31 Russification in Latvia Dear comrades, The Interregnum—Andropov’s Authoritarian Reform Document 9.32 Andropov on Continuity and Nationality Issues The USSR: Sixty Years Document 9.33 Andropov and the Need for Flexibility The Teaching of Karl Marx and Some Problems of Socialist Construction in the USSR Document 9.34 The Role of Ideology Document 9.35 Zaslavskaya—the Novosibirsk Report 10 Crisis and fall of the Soviet system, 1985-1991 Early Experiments Document 10.1 Gorbachev’s First Views Document 10.2 The Anti-alcohol Campaign Decree of the Supreme Soviet Presidium of 16 May 1985 Document 10.3 Gorbachev and the Need for Perestroika Some Fruits of Glasnost Document 10.4 Soviet Economic Achievements: Alternative Views Document 10.5 The USSR Compared to the Seven Most Developed Countries (1991, per cent) Document 10.6 Consumption of Goods and Services, and Productivity of Labour in 1991 Reform of the Political System Document 10.7 Reform of the Political System: First Steps Document 10.8 Gorbachev Celebrates the Seventieth Anniversary of the October Revolution Dear Comrades, esteemed foreign guests, I The October Road: Road of Pioneers II Socialism in Development and Perestroika III The October Revolution and Today’s World Document 10.9 Gorbachev—‘Revolutionary Perestroika and the Ideology of Renewal’ Comrades, Our plenum is taking place at an important period of perestroika, or Document 10.10 Nina Andreeva, ‘I Cannot Forgo Principles’ I Cannot Forgo Principles Comrades, delegates, 1.1 Assess Achievements Self-critically 1.4 Democratising International Relations II. 1 Why a Reform of the Political System is Necessary II.3 Perfecting the Organisation of Government II.5 Promoting Inter-ethnic Relations II. 6 Establishing the Socialist Rule of Law III. 1 Democracy within the Party Should be Fully Revived III.2 Demarcating the Functions of Party and State Bodies III.3 Revolutionary Perestroika for a New Image of Socialism Document 10.11 The Official Response to Nina Andreeva Comrades, delegates, 1.1 Assess Achievements Self-critically 1.4 Democratising International Relations II. 1 Why a Reform of the Political System is Necessary II.3 Perfecting the Organisation of Government II.5 Promoting Inter-ethnic Relations II. 6 Establishing the Socialist Rule of Law III. 1 Democracy within the Party Should be Fully Revived III.2 Demarcating the Functions of Party and State Bodies III.3 Revolutionary Perestroika for a New Image of Socialism Document 10.12 The Nineteenth Party Conference Comrades, delegates, 1.1 Assess Achievements Self-critically 1.4 Democratising International Relations II. 1 Why a Reform of the Political System is Necessary II.3 Perfecting the Organisation of Government II.5 Promoting Inter-ethnic Relations II. 6 Establishing the Socialist Rule of Law III. 1 Democracy within the Party Should be Fully Revived III.2 Demarcating the Functions of Party and State Bodies III.3 Revolutionary Perestroika for a New Image of Socialism Document 10.13 Dismantling the Apparatus Document 10.14 The First USSR Congress of People’s Deputies One more thing, comrades. Life has demonstrated graphically that economic Document 10.15 Can the Party Survive? Document 10.16 The Abolition of the Party’s Leading Role Document 10.17 The Amendment of Article 6 Transcending the Cold War Document 10.18 The New Political Thinking in Action Beyond Perestroika—Yeltsin Resurgent Document 10.19 Sakharov on Political Reform and his ‘Decree on Power’ Decree on Power Document 10.20 Russia’s Declaration of State Sovereignty Document 10.21 Yeltsin’s Resignation from the Party Document 10.22 Yeltsin Becomes Russian President Document 10.23 The Revised Party Programme Attempts to Save the Union Document 10.24 The Union Treaty Process The sovereign republics which are parties to the treaty I Basic Principles Document 10.25 The March 1991 Referendum The August 1991 Coup Document 10.26 Statement by the Soviet Leadership Document 10.27 Resolution No. 1 of the USSR State Committee for the State of Emergency Document 10.28 Appeal to the Soviet People Fellow countrymen! Citizens of the Soviet Union! Document 10.29 Yeltsin’s Call for Resistance to the Coup To the Citizens of Russia Document 10.30 Yeltsin Decrees the Acts of the SCSE Void Document 10.31 Yeltsin’s Address to the People of 20 August 1991 Document 10.32 The Suspension of the Russian Communist Party The End ofthe USSR Document 10.33 Declaration Establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4 Article 5 Article 6 Article 7 Article 8 Article 9 Article 10 Article 11 Article 12 Article 13 Article 14 Document 10.34 Declaration on the Creation of the CIS Article 1 Article 2 Article 3 Article 4 Article 5 Article 6 Article 7 Article 8 Article 9 Article 10 Article 11 Article 12 Article 13 Article 14 Document 10.35 Gorbachev’s Response to the Establishment of the CIS Document 10.36 The Alma Ata Declaration The independent states: Document 10.37 Gorbachev’s Resignation, 25 December 1991 Dear Compatriots, Citizens, Guide to further reading Bibliography Index

Drawing on a wide range of sources, including eye-witness accounts, official documents, and materials that have only recently come to light, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union places the Soviet experience in historical and comparative context. It provides a comprehensive overview of the Soviet Union from early comments by Marx on the possibility of Russia avoiding capitalism to the disintegration of the USSR in 1991.

This source-book features several important documents published in full for the first time, including Lenin's letter of 1922 concerning the church and materials on the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939. Gorbachev's attempts to revive the system is reflected in a number of documents, while materials relating to the coup of 1991 and the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States are reproduced almost in their entirety. From a survey of the emergence of Marxism-Leninism to an analysis of the tumultuous events of the last decade, this book is an invaluable reference to anyoneinterested in Soviet history and politics.

Drawing On A Range Of Sources, Including Passionate Eye-witness Accounts, Official Documents And Newly Available Materials, This Book Places The Soviet Experience In A Historical And Globally Comparative Context. It Examines: The Emergence Of Marxism-leninism; The Revolutions Of 1917, The Consolidation Of Bolshevik Power And Lenin's Legacy; Stalinism And The New Economic Policy; Collectivization And Industrialization; The Great Terror; World War Ii And The Cold War; Reform And Stagnation Under Kruschev, Brezhnev And Andropov; And Glasnost, Perestroika And The End Of The Ussr.