The rise and decline of a global security actor : UNHCR, refugee protection, and security

__The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor__ investigates the rise of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) as a global security actor. It follows the refugee agency through some of the past two decades' major conflict-induced humanitarian emergencies: in northern Iraq (1991), Bosnia (1991-95), eastern Zaire (1994-96), Kosovo (1998-99), Afghanistan (2001-) and Iraq (2003-). It analyses UNHCR's momentous transformation from a small, timid legal protection agency to the world's foremost humanitarian actor playing a central role in the international response to the many wars of the tumultuous last decade of the 20th century. Then, as the 21st century set in, the agency's political prominence waned. It remains a major humanitarian actor, whose budgets and staffing levels continue to rise. But the polarised post-9/11 period and a worsening protection climate for refugees and asylum seekers spurred UNHCR to abandon its claim to be a global security actor and return to a more modest, quietly diplomatic role.The rise of UNHCR as a global security actor is placed within the context of the dramatic shift in perceptions of national and international security after the end of the Cold War. The Cold War superpower struggle encouraged a narrow strategic-military understanding of security. In the more fluid and unpredictable post-Cold War environment, a range of new issues were introduced to states' security agendas. Prominent among these were the perceived threats posed by refugees and asylum seekers to international security, state stability, and societal cohesion. This book investigates UNHCR's response to this new international environment; adopting, adapting, and finally abandoning a security discourse on the refugee problem. The Rise And Decline Of A Global Security Actor Investigates The Rise Of The United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees (unhcr) As A Global Security Actor. It Follows The Refugee Agency Through Some Of The Past Two Decades' Major Conflict-inducing Humanitarian Emergencies : In Northern Iraq (1991), Bosnia (1991-95), Eastern Zaire (1194-96), Kosovo (1998-99), Afghanistan (2001-) And Iraq (2003-). It Analyses Unhcr's Momentous Transformation From A Small, Timid Legal Protection Agency To The World's Foremost Humanitarian Actor Playing A Central Role In The International Response To The Many Wars Of The Tumultuous Last Decade Of The 20th Century. Then, As The 21st Century Set In, The Agency's Political Prominence Waned. It Remains A Major Humanitarian Actor, Whose Budgets And Staffing Levels Continue To Rise. But The Polarised Post-9/11 Period And A Worsening Protection Climate For Refugees And Asylum Seekers Spurred Unhcr To Abandon Its Claim To Be A Global Security Actor And Return To A More Modest, Quietly Diplomatic Role. Introduction: The Rise And Decline Of A Global Security Actor -- From Explaining To Constructing Security : A Conceptual Analysis -- Victims Or Threats? : Placing Displacement On Three Security Agendas -- Institutional And International Developments -- The 1950s To 1970s : Timidity And Restraint In Unhcr's Discourse -- The 1980s : A Political Turn -- The 1990s : Adopting And Adapting A Security Discourse -- The 2000s And Beyond : Return Of A Protection Discourse -- Unhcr's Rise As A Global Security Actor : Northern Iraq, 1991 -- A Humanitarian Star : Lead Agency In Bosnia, 1991-95 -- Protection Disaster In Eastern Zaire, 1994-96 -- How Success Became Failure : The Kosovo Crisis, 1998-99 -- Challenges Of Protection After 9/11 -- Repatriating Afghan Refugees -- Conclusion: The Ongoing Quest For Power, Independence And Relevance. Anne Hammerstad. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor investigates the rise of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) as a global security actor. It follows the refugee agency through some of the past two decades' major conflict-induced humanitarian emergencies: in northern Iraq (1991), Bosnia (1991-95), eastern Zaire (1994-96), Kosovo (1998-99), Afghanistan (2001-) and Iraq (2003-). It analyses UNHCR's momentous transformation from a small, timid legal protection agency to the world's foremost humanitarian actor playing a central role in the international response to the many wars of the tumultuous last decade of the 20th century. Then, as the 21st century set in, the agency's political prominence waned. It remains a major humanitarian actor, whose budgets and staffing levels continue to rise. But the polarised post-9/11 period and a worsening protection climate for refugees and asylum seekers spurred UNHCR to abandon its claim to be a global security actor and return to a more modest, quietly diplomatic role. The rise of UNHCR as a global security actor is placed within the context of the dramatic shift in perceptions of national and international security after the end of the Cold War. The Cold War superpower struggle encouraged a narrow strategic-military understanding of security. In the more fluid and unpredictable post-Cold War environment, a range of new issues were introduced to states' security agendas. Prominent among these were the perceived threats posed by refugees and asylum seekers to international security, state stability, and societal cohesion. This book investigates UNHCR's response to this new international environment; adopting, adapting, and finally abandoning a security discourse on the refugee problem. Book jacket "The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor" investigates the rise of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) as a global security actor. It follows the refugee agency through some of the past two decades' major conflict-inducing humanitarian emergencies : in northern Iraq (1991), Bosnia (1991-95), eastern Zaire (1994-96), Kosovo (1998-99), Afghanistan (2001- ) and Iraq (2003- ). It analyses UNHCR's momentous transformation from a small, timid legal protection agency to the world's foremost humanitarian actor playing a central role in the international response to the many wars of the tumultuous last decade of the 20th century. Then, as the 21st century set in, the agency's political prominence waned. It remains a major humanitarian actor, whose budgets and staffing levels continue to rise. But the polarised post-9/11 period and a worsening protection climate for refugees and asylum seekers spurred UNHCR to abandon its claim to be a global security actor and return to a more modest, quietly diplomatic role Cover 1 The rise and decline of a global security actor 2 Copyright 5 Acknowledgments 8 Contents 10 1 Introduction 12 Part One Displacement and Security 28 2 From Explaining to Constructing Security 30 3 Victims or Threats? 51 Part Two An Intellectual History of UNHCR 76 4 Institutional and International Developments 80 5 The 1950s to 1970s: Timidity and Restraint in UNHCR’s Discourse 104 6 The 1980s: A Political Turn 123 7 The 1990s: Adopting and Adapting a Security Discourse 140 8 The 2000s and Beyond: Return of a Protection Discourse 162 Part Three An Actor or Re-Actor in International Refugee Politics? 186 9 UNHCR’s Rise as a Global Security Actor 190 10 A Humanitarian Star 203 11 Protection Disaster in Eastern Zaire, 1994–96 224 12 How Success Became Failure: The Kosovo Crisis, 1998–99 240 13 Challenges of Protection After 9/11 261 14 Repatriating Afghan Refugees 282 15 Conclusion 301 Bibliography 316 Index 348