The Rhapsodes : How 1940s Critics Changed American Film Culture

Pauline Kael, Andrew Sarris, and Roger Ebert were three of America’s most revered and widely read film critics, more famous than many of the movies they wrote about. But their remarkable contributions to the burgeoning American film criticism of the 1960s and beyond were deeply influenced by four earlier critics: Otis Ferguson, James Agee, Manny Farber, and Parker Tyler. Throughout the 1930s and ’40s, Ferguson, Agee, Farber, and Tyler scrutinized what was on the screen with an intensity not previously seen in popular reviewing. Although largely ignored by the arts media of the day, they honed the sort of serious discussion of films that would be made popular decades later by Kael, Sarris, Ebert and their contemporaries. With __The Rhapsodes,__ renowned film scholar and critic David Bordwell—an heir to both those legacies—restores to a wider audience the work of Ferguson, Agee, Farber, and Tyler, critics he calls the “Rhapsodes” for the passionate and deliberately offbeat nature of their vernacular prose. Each broke with prevailing currents in criticism in order to find new ways to talk about the popular films that contemporaries often saw at best as trivial, at worst as a betrayal of art. Ferguson saw in Hollywood an engaging, adroit mode of popular storytelling. Agee sought in cinema the lyrical epiphanies found in romantic poetry. Farber, trained as a painter, brought a pictorial intelligence to bear on film. A surrealist, Tyler treated classic Hollywood as a collective hallucination that invited both audience and critic to find moments of subversive pleasure. With his customary clarity and brio, Bordwell takes readers through the relevant cultural and critical landscape and considers the critics’ writing styles, their conceptions of films, and their quarrels. He concludes by examining the profound impact of Ferguson, Agee, Farber, and Tyler on later generations of film writers. __The Rhapsodes__ allows readers to rediscover these remarkable critics who broke with convention to capture what they found moving, artful, or disappointing in classic Hollywood cinema and explores their robust—and continuing—influence. An engaging look at four pioneering film critics—"besides being a pleasure to read, [it] makes a sophisticated contribution to the study of film criticism" ( Cineaste ). In the 1960s, Pauline Kael, Andrew Sarris, and Roger Ebert were three of America's most popular and influential film critics. But their remarkable contributions to the cinema landscape were deeply influenced by the work of four earlier critics who are too often overlooked: Otis Ferguson, James Agee, Manny Farber, and Parker Tyler. Throughout the '30s and '40s, these pioneering critics scrutinized movies with an intensity not previously seen in popular reviewing. With The Rhapsodes, renowned film scholar and critic David Bordwell restores their work to a wider audience. Bordwell calls these four critics the "Rhapsodes", in honor of their passionate and deliberately offbeat prose. Each broke with prevailing currents in criticism, finding new ways to discuss popular films that their contemporaries regarded as trivial. With his customary clarity and brio, Bordwell considers each critics' writing style, their conceptions of films, and their many quarrels. He then concludes by examining their profound impact on later generations of film writers. Introduction: the film critic as superstar The Rhapsodes A newer criticism Otis Ferguson: the way of the camera James Agee: all there and primed to go off Manny Farber: space man Parker Tyler: a suave and wary guest Afterlives.