The Republic of Adygea Environment (The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, 106)

This book outlines the current status of the environment in the Republic of Adygea in Russia. The book assesses the environmental conditions, ecological state, climate and vegetation change, anthropogenic loads to soil, water and atmosphere as well as highlighting the potential of water resources, renewable energy and development of tourism, agriculture and industry in this region. It also presents the mechanisms of legal, ecological and economic regulation and environmental insurance in the Republic of Adygea. This book introduces the Republic of Adygea to readers who are not familiar with the Republic and its beautiful landscapes, history and people. It offers a valuable source of information for a broad readership, from students and scientists interested in environmental sciences, to policymakers and practitioners working in the fields of environmental policy and management. Series Preface Foreword by Head of the Republic of Adygea Foreword by the President and Rector of Maykop State Technological University Contents Introduction 1 Introduction 2 Geographical Location and Borders 3 Administrative-Territorial Division 4 History of the Development of the Territory 5 Population 6 Industry 7 Agriculture 8 Transport 9 Science and Education 10 Tourism 11 Conclusions References Physicogeographical Characteristics of the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Relief 3 Climate 4 Water Resources 5 Mineral Resources 6 Geothermal Resources 7 Land Resources 8 Forest Resources 9 Specially Protected Natural Areas 10 Flora and Fauna 11 Recreational Resources 12 Conclusions References Digital Elevation Model of the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Digital Elevation Model 2.1 Methods of Obtaining of Digital Elevation Data 2.2 Types of Grids 2.3 Topographic Models 2.4 Morphometric Variables 2.4.1 Local Morphometric Variable 2.4.2 Nonlocal Morphometric Variable 2.4.3 Solar Morphometric Variable 2.4.4 Combined Morphometric Variable 2.5 DED Approximation 3 Digital Relief Model of the Republic of Adygea 3.1 Digital Elevation Data 3.2 Slope Gradient 4 Use of Digital Relief Model 4.1 Agriculture 4.2 Analysis of the Hydrological Network 4.3 Exogenous Processes 4.4 Planning of Auto Roads 5 Conclusions References Spatial-Temporal Geodynamic Model of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Creating Systematic Geodynamic Models: Defining Their Properties and Parameters of the Order of Organization 2.1 Methodology of Creating a Structurally Similar Geodynamic Model of the Territory 2.2 Structural Spatial-Temporal Model of the Geodynamic System of the Adygea Territory 2.3 Topological Analysis of Adygea Structural Existential Geodynamic Model 3 Verification of the Structural Existential Model of the Adygea Geodynamic System 4 Conclusion References Development of Exogenous Geological Processes in the Territory of the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Exogenous Geological Processes Classification 3 The Republic of Adygea Territory Exogenous Geological Processes 3.1 Exogenous Geological Processes due to Gravity 3.1.1 Landslides 3.1.2 Creep 3.1.3 Snowslides 3.1.4 Rockfalls 3.1.5 Scree 3.2 Exogenous Geological Processes due to Surface Waters 3.2.1 Shoreline Erosion 3.2.2 Silting 3.2.3 Erosion 3.2.4 Mudflows 3.3 Exogenous Geological Processes due to Groundwaters 4 The Hazard Exogenous Phenomena on the Republic Territory 5 Conclusions References Ecological Conditions of Soils in the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Soil Cover of the Republic of Adygea 2.1 Classification of Chernozems 2.2 Ecological Conditions of Soils 2.2.1 Humus Content 2.2.2 Soil Acidity and Alkalinity 2.2.3 Content of Macro- and Microelements Nitrification Ability Mobile Phosphorus Exchangeable Potassium Microelements 2.2.4 Pesticide Content 2.2.5 Radionuclide Content 2.2.6 Heavy Metal Content 3 Conclusions References Soil Degradation in the Republic of Adygea Under Exogenous Geological Processes 1 Introduction 2 Soil Cover of the Republic of Adygea 3 Soil Degradation Due to Exogenous Geological Processes 3.1 Wind Erosion 3.2 Water Erosion 3.3 Flooding and Excessive Water Saturation 3.4 Waterlogging 3.5 Salinization 4 Conclusions References Ecological State of Soils of the Republic of Adygea Under High Anthropogenic Load 1 Introduction 2 Anthropogenic Load on the Soil Cover 2.1 Sources of Pollution 2.1.1 Air Pollutant Emissions 2.1.2 Wastewater 2.1.3 Industrial and Municipal Solid Waste 2.1.4 Agrochemicals Mineral Fertilizers Pesticides 2.1.5 Radionuclides 2.1.6 Heavy Metals 2.2 Interregional Transport of Pollutants 3 Anthropogenic Soil Degradation 3.1 Soil Compaction by Agricultural Machinery 3.2 Dehumification 3.3 Soil Acidity and Alkalinity 3.4 Macroelements 3.5 Pesticide Contamination 3.6 Radionuclide Contamination 3.7 Heavy Metal Contamination 4 Conclusions References Maykop City Soil Quality Determination Based on the Analyses of Soil Algae and Cyanobacteria Content 1 Introduction 2 Soil Algae and Cyanobacteria General Information 2.1 Soil Algae and Cyanobacteria ́s Role in Sustainable Ecosystem Support 2.2 Soil Algae and Cyanobacteria Reaction to Vehicle Emission Influence 3 Maykop City Soil Quality Algoindication 3.1 Maykop City General Information 3.2 Maykop City Soil Research Results 4 Conclusion References The Republic of Adygea Motor Transport Complex Impact on the Regional Environment 1 Introduction 2 Motor Transport Complex Composition 3 Environmental Impact of Motor Transport Complex 3.1 Motor Transport Impact 3.2 Car Road Impact 3.3 The Impact of the Industrial and Technical Base of the Motor Transport Complex 3.4 Motor Transport Complex Noise Impact 4 The Republic of Adygea Motor Transport 4.1 Motor Transport Complex Development 4.2 The Motor Transport Complex Impact to the Environment 5 Conclusion References Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals Content in the River Belaya Ecosystem 1 Introduction 2 Natural and Climatic Conditions of the Belaya River Basin 3 Methodical Aspects of the Research 4 The Research Results 4.1 Content of Heavy Metals in Water 4.2 Content of Heavy Metals in Suspended Matter 4.3 Content of Heavy Metals in Bottom Sediments 4.4 Evaluation of Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Suspended Matter and Bottom Sediments by Mn and Fe 5 Conclusion References General Characteristics of the Climate in the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Climatic Zoning of Adygea 2.1 Wet Steppe Province 2.1.1 Air Temperature 2.1.2 Soil Temperature 2.1.3 Air Humidity 2.1.4 Atmospheric Precipitation 2.1.5 Snow Cover 2.1.6 Wind Regime 2.2 Foothill Province 2.2.1 Air Temperature 2.2.2 Soil Temperature 2.2.3 Air Humidity 2.2.4 Atmospheric Precipitation 2.2.5 Snow Cover 2.2.6 Wind Regime 2.3 Mountain Province 2.3.1 Radiation Regime 2.3.2 Air Temperature 2.3.3 Air Humidity 2.3.4 Atmospheric Precipitation 2.3.5 Snow Cover 2.3.6 Wind Regime 3 Climatic Characteristics of the Seasons of the Year 3.1 Spring 3.2 Summer 3.3 Autumn 3.4 Winter 4 Conclusions References Regional Climate Change in the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Data and Methods 3 Climate Change 3.1 Air Temperature at 2 m 3.2 Max Air Temperature at 2 m 3.3 Min Air Temperature at 2 m 3.4 Sea Level Pressure 3.5 U Wind Component at 10 m 3.6 V Wind Component at 10 m 3.7 Total Cloud Cover 3.8 Total Precipitation 3.9 Snow Depth 4 Extreme Climate Events 4.1 Air Temperature at 2 m 4.2 Max Air Temperature at 2 m 4.3 Min Air Temperature at 2 m 4.4 U Wind Component at 10 m 4.5 V Wind Component at 10 m 4.6 Total Precipitation 4.7 Snow Depth 5 Discussion 5.1 Air Temperature 5.2 Atmospheric Pressure 5.3 Wind Speed 5.4 Cloud Cover 5.5 Atmospheric Precipitation 5.6 Snow Depth 6 Conclusions References Dynamics of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer in the Mountain-Valley Relief of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Mountains 3 Orographic Winds 3.1 Thermal Winds 3.2 Valley Winds 3.3 Novorossiysk Bora 4 Stratified Boundary Layers in Highlands 5 Impact of Reservoirs on the Climate of the Territory 6 Conclusion References Atmospheric Disturbances in the Mountain Flow and the Problem of Flight Safety in the Mountains of the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Geographical Features of the Republic of Adygea 3 Theoretical Model of Mountain Air Flow 4 Airflow Disturbances Over the Mountains of Adygea 5 Flight Safety Problem Over the Mountains of Adygea 6 Conclusion References Contemporary Changes of the Vegetation in the Mountainous Adygea as the Reflection of Global Processes 1 Introduction 2 Brief Characteristic of the Mountain Vegetation 3 Climatogenic Changes of the Altitudinal Limits of Trees 3.1 Litvinov ́s Birch (Betula litwinowii) 3.2 Nordman ́s Fir (Abies nordmanniana) 3.3 Broad-Leaved Trees 4 Post-Grazing Recovery of High Mountain Meadows 5 Invasion of Habitats by Alien Plant Species 5.1 Adventive Component of the Flora of the Republic of Adygea 5.2 hanges of the Upper Distribution Limit of Alien Plants 5.3 Invasibility of Plant Communities 5.4 Species Richness of Plant Communities Dominated by Alien Species 6 Conclusions References Seasonal and Interannual Variability of NDVI in the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Spectral Indices 3 Vegetation Cover in the Republic of Adygea 3.1 NDVI Variability 3.2 Seasonal and Interannual Variability 3.2.1 Flat Part of the Republic 3.2.2 Foothill Part of the Republic 3.2.3 Mountain Part of the Republic 4 Conclusions References Geo-ecological Monitoring Main Water Bodies of the Republic of Adygea Using Remote Sensing Data 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Approaches to the Organization of Integrated Reservoir Monitoring 2.1 Geo-system Approach to the Organization of Monitoring 2.2 Monitoring Information Support 3 Cartographic and Aerospace Unit for the Krasnodar Reservoir Transformation Monitoring 3.1 Stages of the Reservoir Formation 3.1.1 Preliminary Stage 3.1.2 Initial and Intermediate Stages of Shore Formation 3.1.3 The Current Stage of Shore Formation 3.2 Ecological Effects of Silting 4 The Impact of the Belaya River Catchment on the Krasnodar Reservoir Pollution 4.1 Assessment of the Ecological Condition of the River Basin 4.1.1 Natural Features of the Catchment Area 4.1.2 Economic Development of the Catchment Area 4.2 Ecological-Geographical Mapping the Belaya River Basin 5 Conclusion References Dynamics of Water Bodies of the North Caucasus by Remote Sensing Data in 2015-2017 1 Introduction 2 Water Reservoirs in the Republic of Adygea 3 Remote Sensing of Water Bodies 3.1 Krasnodar Reservoir 3.2 Kryukovskoye Reservoir 3.3 Varnavinskoye Reservoir 3.4 Shapsugkoye Reservoir 3.5 Oktyabrskoye (Takhtamukayskoye) Reservoir 3.6 Shendzhiyskoye and Cheytukskoye Reservoirs 3.7 Maykop Reservoir 3.8 Kuzhorskoye Reservoir 4 Conclusions References Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Krasnodar Reservoir Water Level Based on Satellite Altimetry Data 1 Introduction 2 Krasnodar Reservoir 3 The Krasnodar Reservoir Level Regime 3.1 Variability of the Water Level According to Level Gauges Data 3.2 Variability of the Water Level According to Remote Sensing Data 3.2.1 Satellite Altimetry Data 3.2.2 Digital Elevation Model of the Territory Adjacent to the Krasnodar Reservoir 3.2.3 Piecewise Constant Model of the Underlying Surface 3.2.4 Algorithm of Regional Adaptive Retracking 3.2.5 Remote Sensing Data Verification 3.2.6 Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Water Level 4 Conclusions References Renewable Energy Potential in the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Physical and Geographical, Social, and Economical Renewable Energy Development Factors in the Republic of Adygea 3 The Renewable Energy Resources 3.1 Wind Energy 3.2 Solar Energy 3.3 Organic Waste Energetic Potential 3.4 Hydraulic Power of Small Rivers 3.5 Geothermal Energy 3.5.1 Territory Zoning 3.5.2 Geothermal Water Fields 3.5.3 Geothermal Water Development 4 Conclusion References Ecological Tourism Development in the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Current State of Ecological Tourism 2.1 Models of Development 2.2 Development of Ecotourism in Russia 2.3 Aspects of Development 2.4 Problems of Development 2.5 Development Trends 3 Current State and Prospects of Tourism Development in the Republic of Adygea 3.1 Priority Types of Tourism 3.2 Market Segmentation 3.3 Infrastructure Development 3.4 Attraction of Investments 3.5 Development of Tourism in the Republic of Adygea 4 Peculiarities of Ecological Tourism Development in the Republic of Adygea 5 Main Natural Characteristics of Ecological Tourism Objects: Specially Protected Natural Territories in the Republic of Adygea 6 Recreational Capacity of Specially Protected Natural Territories and Recreational Loads on Natural Ecosystems in the Republi... 7 Conclusion References Shaposhnikov Caucasian State Nature Biosphere Reserve 1 Introduction 2 History of Creation of the Caucasian Reserve 3 Territory of the Caucasian Reserve 3.1 Relief 3.2 Climate 4 Flora 4.1 Flora of Vascular Plants 4.2 Flora of Liverwort 4.3 Flora of Leafy Moss 4.4 Mycobiota 4.5 Vegetation 5 Fauna 5.1 Invertebrate Fauna 5.2 Ichthyofauna 5.3 Herpetofauna 5.4 Ornithofauna 5.5 Mammal Fauna 6 Scientific Research in the Territory of the Caucasian Reserve 7 Conclusions References Plants and Fungi Species Listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Adyge (2017-2019) 1 Introduction 2 General Information About the Red Books 2.1 The IUCN Red Book 2.2 The Red Books of the USSR, RSFSR, and the Russian Federation 2.3 The Red Books of the Republic of Adygea 3 Research Material and Methods 4 Results of the Research of Populations of Protected Plant and Fungi Species 4.1 Results of Monitoring of Species 4.2 New Locations of Protected Species 4.3 Proposals for the Listing Species Populations Threatened by Extinction in a New Edition of the Red Book of the Republic of... 5 Conclusions References Biologically Active Substances from Wild Fruits and Berries at the Piedmont of the Republic of Adygea 1 Introduction 2 Fruits and Berries of Wild Plants of the Republic of Adygea 2.1 Characteristics of the Distribution Area 2.2 Source of Biologically Active Substances 2.3 Functional Properties 3 Eco-food Construction 4 Conclusions References Problems of Legal Regulation of Environmental Relations in the Republic of Adygea and Possibilities of Environmental Insurance 1 Introduction 2 Constitutional Basis for Ensuring Environmental Safety and Possibilities of Adopting the Environmental Declaration in the Re... 3 Administrative and Legal Framework for Environmental Protection in the Republic of Adygea 4 Prospects of Environmental Insurance in the Republic of Adygea 5 Conclusion References Improvement of the Mechanism of the Regional Ecological and Economic System Regulation 1 Introduction 2 Assessment of the Natural Resource Potential of the Republic of Adygea 2.1 Climate and Land Resources 2.2 Mineral and Raw Material Resources 2.3 Geothermal Resources 2.4 Soils and Water Resources 2.5 Forest Resources 3 Conceptual Basis for the Development of Ecological and Economic System 4 Approbation of the Methodology of Regulation of Ecological and Economic Interactions in the Regional System (on the Example ... 5 Conclusion References From Regional Studies to International Collaboration 1 A Brief Overview of the Book 2 International Activities of MSTU 3 Future Plans References