The queen and her consort : succession, politics and partnership in the Kingdom of Navarre, 1274-1512.

Although the queens of Navarre form the largest group of female sovereigns ruling in one kingdom during the Middle Ages, they have not been subject to intensive academic study. Outside of works on regional political history and limited biographical study, these important women have been widely overlooked by scholars, particularly those working in English. They have never been subject to comparative analysis nor have they been examined in the context of female rule. This thesis addresses this gap in scholarship by investigating the careers of each of the five ruling queens of Navarre: Juana I (1274-1305), Juana 11 (1328- 1349), Blanca I (1425-1441), leonor (1479) and Catalina (1482-1512). Particular emphasis is given in three key areas; succession to the throne, matrimonial alliances made for and by the queens and their personal and political partnership with their kings consort. By surveying all of the female sovereigns of Navarre, from the accession of the first queen in 1274 to the Annexation of the kingdom by neighbouring Castile in 1512, it is possible to evaluate both continuity and change and the overall development of queenship in the realm during this turbulent period. This approach also allows trends in the relative ease or difficulty of female succession, shifts in foreign policy and matrimonial diplomacy and power sharing strategies between monarchal pairs to be thoroughly assessed. Finally, the impact of female rule and the role these sovereigns played in the ultimate loss of sovereignty in 1512 can be evaluated. This thesis draws attention to an exceptional group of sovereigns and demonstrates the important role that these women and their spouses played in the political history of Western Europe during the late Middle Ages. It also highlights the particular challenges of female rule and offers new modes of analysis by focusing on unique areas of investigation which have not been previously examined. Abbreviations and Notes IV Introduction 1 Chapter One: Historiography & Methodology 5 Primary Sources 13 Queenship 20 Chapter Two: Succession 35 Connections 43 Minority Claimants 59 Sons 89 Chapter Three: Matrimonial Politics 95 Connections 123 Connections To Contemporary Queens 123 Continuity And Change 137 Politics-International And Matrimonial 137 Centres Of Power 166 Chapter Four: Partnership And Rule 173 Connections 184 Power Sharing Modes 184 Lieutenancy 213 Widowhood 224 Continuity And Change 230 Marital/Coronation Agreements 230 Public Image (Documents, Seals And Coinage) 242 Sole Representation-Patronage 266 Impact 273 Conclusion 290 Bibliography 298 Original Documents From The Archivo General De Navarra (Agn) 298 Other Primary Sources 301 Secondary Sources 305 Electronic Sources 324 Appendices 325 Chronological Summary 325 Biographical Summaries 330 Juana I 330 Juana Ii 331 Blanca I 332 Leonor 334 Catalina 335 Geneaological Charts 337 Images 341 Maps 341 Coinage 345 Signatures 346 Seals 347 Photographs And Artwork 348 Tables 350