The Psychology of Rivalry (Psychology of Emotions, Motivations and Actions)

Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 An Evolutionary Perspective of Rivalry in the Family / David F. Bjorklund -- ch. 2 The Physiology of Rivalry in Infancy / Nancy Aaron Jones -- ch. 3 Becoming an Older Sibling: Introducing the Sibling Outcome Survey (SOS) -- An Instrument For Assessing Risk and Resilience in the Toddler-Newborn Infant Relationship / Sybil L. Hart -- ch. 4 "Will You Stop Saving the Day? You're Just the Sidekick": Rivalry in Young Children's Sibling Relationships / Laurie Kramer -- ch. 5 Twin Rivalry in Childhood / Ariel Knafo-Noam -- ch. 6 Implicit Beliefs and Culturally-Embedded Values Can Help Reframe Sibling Jealousy / Dejah Oertwig -- ch. 7 When Friends Differ: How Imbalances Between Partners Influence Young Adolescents' Friendship, Rivalry and Competition / Katelyn E. Massey -- ch. 8 A Selective Review of Research and Theory on Adult Rivalry: Considering Anger, Jealousy, and Dominance Motives / Eddie Harmon-Jones;Note continued: ch. 9 Rivalry in Coparenting at the Transition to Parenthood / Michael B. Wells -- ch. 10 Continuity and Change in Adult Children's Perceptions of Maternal Favoritism: Consequences for Relationships with Siblings in Midlife / Yifei Hou. Contents 11 Preface 13 Acknowledgments 15 Chapter 1 17 An Evolutionary Perspective of Rivalry in the Family 17 Abstract 17 Introduction 18 Parent-Child Conflict 20 Fetus and Mother Conflicts 21 Conflicts during Infancy and Childhood 22 Parents’ Decisions About When and How Much to Invest 23 Child’s Health 23 Child’s Age 24 Mother’s Reproductive Status 24 Social Support 25 Life-History Theory and Differential Parental Investment 26 Infanticide 27 Investment by Others: Stepparent and Grandparent Investment 28 Stepparent Investment 28 Grandparent Investment 29 Children’s Evolved Mechanisms for Eliciting Investment from Their Parents 30 Mechanisms of Attachment 31 Jealousy in the First Year 32 Preschool-Age Children’s Attempts to Manipulate Their Parents 33 Sibling Rivalry 34 Only Child No More 35 Sibling Violence 36 Conflict and Solidarity between Full-, Half-, and Stepsiblings 37 Some Benefits of Sibling Rivalry 40 Conclusion 40 References 42 Chapter 2 51 The Physiology of Rivalry in Infancy 51 Abstract 51 Introduction 51 Physiology and Jealousy-Rivalry 52 Overview of EEG in Infancy 53 EEG and Jealousy-Rivalry 53 An Overview of Stress Reactive-Cortisol Responses in Infancy 54 Cortisol and Jealousy-Rivalry 55 EEG, Cortisol, and Behavioral Responses to Jealousy-Rivalry - A Study 56 Method 56 Participants 56 Results 57 Future Directions 59 Conclusion 60 Acknowledgments 60 References 60 Chapter 3 65 Becoming an Older Sibling: Introducing the Sibling Outcome Survey (SOS) – An Instrument For Assessing Risk and Resilience in the Toddler-Newborn Infant Relationship 65 Abstract 65 Introduction 66 Nature of Sibling Relationship in Early Childhood 67 Significance of Sibling Relationships in Child Development and Family Processes 67 Measuring Sibling Relationship across the Transition to Siblinghood 69 Methods 69 Participants 69 Procedure 70 Measures 71 Mother-Reported Child Variables 71 Sibling Outcome Survey 71 Child Behavior Problems 71 Mother-Reported Maternal Variables 72 Depression 72 Parenting Stress 72 Parenting Self-Efficacy 72 Overview of Analyses 73 Results 73 Psychometric Properties of the SOS Subscales 74 Validation of the SOS Subscales 76 Child Behavior Problems and Competence (CBCL and BITSEA) 76 Maternal Parenting Stress 78 Parenting Self-Efficacy 79 Discussion 80 Sibling Outcome Survey (SOS) 80 Validation of the SOS 81 Child Behavior Problems 81 Parenting Stress 82 Parenting Self-Efficacy 82 Strengths and Limitations 84 Conclusion 85 Appendix A 86 References 87 Chapter 4 93 “Will You Stop Saving the Day? You’re Just the Sidekick”: Rivalry in Young Children’s Sibling Relationships 93 Abstract 93 Introduction 94 What Is Sibling Rivalry? 95 Rivalry in a Complex Social World 96 Rivalry as an Internalized Process 96 How Does Sibling Rivalry Differ from Other Sibling Dynamics, Such as Conflict? 97 How Often Does Rivalry Occur? 98 What Leads Children to Experience Jealousy and Rivalry? 99 Alternate Drivers of Sibling Rivalry 101 Power Differentials 101 Social Comparison, Differentiation, and Sibling Deidentification 102 Parental Differential Treatment 104 Poor Social and Emotional Competencies 105 Implications of Sibling Rivalry for Development 107 How Can Rivalry Promote Individual Development, Success, and Well-Being? 107 Becoming the Best Possible Versions of Themselves through Competition 107 Joining Forces: Sibling Solidarity 108 Building Social and Emotional Competencies through Rivalry/Competition 108 Understanding Sibling Rivalry within the Context of the Family System 109 The Sibling Subsystem 110 The Intimacy of Sibling Relationships 110 Children’s Sibling Relationships Are Ambivalent Relationships 111 Rivalry and Adaptive Family Functioning 113 Maintaining Parent-Child Engagement 113 Strengthening the Marital Alliance 113 Fostering Family Cohesion 114 Rivalry and Maladaptive Family Functioning 114 Fostering Competition 114 Comparisons and Unwarranted Differential Treatment 115 Failure to Build Socioemotional Competencies 115 Weak or Inappropriate Boundaries 115 Rivalry as a Symptom 116 Potential Mechanisms to Reduce Rivalry within the Family Context 116 Conclusion 117 Acknowledgments 118 References 118 Chapter 5 127 Twin Rivalry in Childhood 127 Abstract 127 Introduction 128 Rivalry and Other Dimensions in Twins’ Relations 128 Twins’ Experiences in the First Years of Life – Foundations for Rivalry 130 Twins’ Rivalry – Theories and Research 131 Twins’ Rivalry from the Psychoanalytic Perspective 131 Twins and Separation - Individuation Theory 132 Twins and the Oedipal Stage 132 Rivalry Resolution - Psychoanalytic Perspective 133 Twins’ Rivalry from the Evolutionary Perspective 134 Evolutionary Theory – Main Concepts 134 Evolutionary Concepts – Implications for Twins’ Rivalry 136 Rivalry Resolution – Evolutionary Perspective 137 Twin Research - Findings on Rivalry 137 Conclusion 139 Acknowledgments 140 References 141 Chapter 6 147 Implicit Beliefs and Culturally-Embedded Values Can Help Reframe Sibling Jealousy 147 Abstract 147 Introduction 148 Definitions 148 What Is a Sibling? 148 Defining Rivalry 149 Defining Jealousy 149 An Assumption and a Complication in the Study of Jealousy 150 Correlates of Sibling Jealousy 151 Parental Differential Treatment 151 Family Constellation 151 Development of Jealousy 152 Implicit Theories: A Framework For Sibling Jealousy 155 Introduction to Implicit Theories 155 Implicit Theories and Sibling/Peer Relationships 157 Does Age or What Is Happening in the Ecological Context Have Impact? 159 What Does Culture Have to Do with It? 160 Individualism/Collectivism 161 Verticality/Horizontality 162 Geographical, Historical, and Socioeconomic Status (SES) Differences 163 Summary 165 Transitions 166 Social Comparison 166 Applications for Parents 166 Supporting Incremental Thinking 167 Supporting the Goal of Family Harmony 168 References 168 Chapter 7 179 When Friends Differ: How Imbalances Between Partners Influence Young Adolescents’ Friendship Rivalry and Competition 179 Abstract 179 Introduction 180 Friendship Similarity 181 Friendship Differences 184 The Difference That Differences Make 185 Friendship Differences, Rivalry and Competition 186 Summary 188 Understanding How Friends Understand Inequities and Imbalances and What This Means for Their Rivalry and Competition 189 Aim 1: Assess Young Adolescents’ Perceptions of the Relative Balance in Their Friendships, Whether This Varies by Sex, and Whether Partners Agree on This 189 Aim 2: Are Imbalances Always Upsetting to Young Adolescents and Can Personal Factors Predict and Moderate Any Link Between Imbalance and Upset Over It? 191 Aim 3: Explore How Friendship Partners’ Perceptions of Their Relative Advantage or Disadvantage vis-à-vis One Another Are Linked to Rivalry and Competition Between Them 194 Six Reflections on Differences, Rivalry, and Competition in Children and Adolescents’ Friendships 199 Difference Detection 199 Difference Discontent 200 Dispositions to Differences 201 Differences Disputes 202 Diverging Differences 203 Differences as Developmental Opportunities 203 Acknowledgments 204 References 205 Chapter 8 215 A Selective Review of Research and Theory on Adult Rivalry: Considering Anger, Jealousy, and Dominance Motives 215 Abstract 215 Anger and Rivalry 216 Social Rejection, Anger, and Rivalry 218 Jealousy and Rivalry: Neural Correlates 220 Jealousy and Rivalry Background 220 Summary of Section 223 A Symbolic Self-Completion Theory Perspective on Rivalry 224 Symbolic Self-Completion Theory 224 Symbolic Self-Completion on the Internet 224 Symbolic Self-Completion and Men’s Value for Large Penises 225 Summary of Section 227 Conclusion 227 References 228 Chapter 9 233 Rivalry in Coparenting at the 233 Transition to Parenthood 233 Abstract 233 Introduction 234 Coparenting and the Transition to Parenthood 234 Competitive Coparenting as Rivalry 235 Predictors of Competitive Coparenting 237 Methods 238 Participants and Procedure 238 Measures 239 Results 240 Analysis Plan 240 Preliminary Analyses 241 Hierarchical Regression Analyses 241 Discussion 246 References 249 Chapter 10 255 Continuity and Change in Adult Children’s Perceptions of Maternal Favoritism: Consequences for Relationships with Siblings in Midlife 255 Abstract 255 Introduction 256 Stability and Change in Perceptions of Maternal Favoritism 257 Consequences of Continuity and Change in Maternal Favoritism for Sibling Closeness 258 Methods 260 Procedures 260 Measures 261 Dependent Variables 261 Independent Variables 262 Control Variables 262 Analytic Plan 263 Results 263 Continuity and Change in Perceived Maternal Favoritism 263 Discussion 264 References 266 List of Contributors 273 About the Editors 275 Index 277 Blank Page 2 The Psychology of Rivalry is an edited volume made up of chapters by leading researchers and theorists in the fields of psychology, human development, family studies, evolutionary psychology, behavioral neuroscience and genetics. It is written for all levels of students and scientists within these and related fields who are interested in exploring relationships beyond those which are simply dyadic by focusing on contexts that are rich with overlapping relationships and complexity. Rivalry is an inherent feature of many, if not all, such relationships; it sometimes rests quietly in the interior of the psyche, and other times it can be confrontational and even destructive. In their own way, each of the contributors to this volume present a range of theoretical perspectives as well as empirical studies with novel approaches and treatments, commentary on current events in the popular press, and practical material. As the authors draw on these perspectives and approaches, each chapter is unique in its manner of navigating the issues and boundaries of reward versus competition within a wide range of settings and relationships, within and outside families, involving individuals as young as fetuses to siblings of advanced age. It is within such contexts that real life experience takes place, and so this volume represents a bold step toward unraveling relationship dynamics in the real world with all its complexity. Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 An Evolutionary Perspective of Rivalry in the Family / David F. Bjorklund -- ch. 2 The Physiology of Rivalry in Infancy / Nancy Aaron Jones -- ch. 3 Becoming an Older Sibling: Introducing the Sibling Outcome Survey (SOS) -- An Instrument For Assessing Risk and Resilience in the Toddler-Newborn Infant Relationship / Sybil L. Hart -- ch. 4 "Will You Stop Saving the Day? You're Just the Sidekick": Rivalry in Young Children's Sibling Relationships / Laurie Kramer -- ch. 5 Twin Rivalry in Childhood / Ariel Knafo-Noam -- ch. 6 Implicit Beliefs and Culturally-Embedded Values Can Help Reframe Sibling Jealousy / Dejah Oertwig -- ch. 7 When Friends Differ: How Imbalances Between Partners Influence Young Adolescents' Friendship, Rivalry and Competition / Katelyn E. Massey -- ch. 8 A Selective Review of Research and Theory on Adult Rivalry: Considering Anger, Jealousy, and Dominance Motives / Eddie Harmon-Jones Note continued: ch. 9 Rivalry in Coparenting at the Transition to Parenthood / Michael B. Wells -- ch. 10 Continuity and Change in Adult Children's Perceptions of Maternal Favoritism: Consequences for Relationships with Siblings in Midlife / Yifei Hou.