The psychology of learning and motivation Volume 14 / : advances in research and theory

The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, Volume 14......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 List of Contributors......Page 10 Contents of Previous Volumes......Page 12 I. Introduction to the Functionalist Tradition......Page 18 II. Toward a Molar Equilibrium Theory of Learned Performance......Page 27 III. Predictions from a Molar Equilibrium Theory......Page 36 IV. Molecular Determinants of Learned Performance......Page 66 V. Summary......Page 70 References......Page 71 CHAPTER 2. FISH AS A NATURAL CATEGORY FOR PEOPLE AND PIGEONS......Page 76 I. Introduction......Page 77 II. Experiment 1: Human Subjects......Page 80 III. Experiment 2: Discrimination and Generalization of Fish by Pigeons......Page 84 IV. Experiment 3: Fish Concept versus Quasi-Concept......Page 91 V. General Discussion......Page 98 References......Page 111 I. Freedom of Choice......Page 114 II. Demonstrating Free-Choice Preference......Page 116 III. Analyzing the Free-Choice Preference......Page 124 IV. Preference and Number of Free-Choice Alternatives......Page 136 V. Free Choice among Different Reinforcers......Page 143 VI. The Magnitude and Durability of Free-Choice Preference......Page 149 VII. Ontogenic and Phylogenic Sources of Free-Choice Preference......Page 152 References......Page 159 CHAPTER 4. A SKETCH OF AN ECOLOGICAL METATHEORY FOR THEORIES OF LEARNING......Page 164 I. Introduction......Page 165 II. The Nature of Ecolological Inquiry......Page 167 III. The Nature of Biological Adaptation......Page 172 IV. Adaptation on Three Time-Scales......Page 184 V. Learning as Medium—Term Adaptation-Analysis of Three Examples......Page 206 IV. Concluding Discussion......Page 214 References......Page 216 CHAPTER 5. SAM: A THEORY OF PROBABILISTIC SEARCH OF ASSOCIATIVE MEMORY......Page 224 I. A Search Theory for Retrieval from Associative Memory......Page 225 II. A Model for Free and Cued Recall......Page 235 III. Applications of the Theory......Page 239 IV. General Discussion and Final Comments......Page 274 References......Page 277 I. Introduction......Page 280 II. Methodological Issues......Page 283 III. Empirical Issues—Temporal Influences......Page 293 IV. Rehearsal Functions and Processes......Page 299 V. Rehearsal as an Explanatory Variable: Directed Forgetting......Page 304 VI. Theoretical Models of Rehearsal......Page 308 References......Page 316 CHAPTER 7. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN FREE RECALL: WHEN SOME PEOPLE REMEMBER BETTER THAN OTHERS......Page 326 I. The Problem......Page 327 II. The Subjects......Page 329 III. Organization and Memory......Page 331 IV. The Null Hypothesis Accepted......Page 333 V. The Original Experiments......Page 336 VI. Repetition and IDS in Subjective Organization......Page 340 VII. “Different” Encoding Operations and IDS in Subjective Organization......Page 353 VIII. Rehearsal and IDS in Subjective Organization......Page 359 IX. When Some People Remember Better Than Others and Perhaps Why......Page 370 References......Page 375 Index......Page 382 This work offers information on recent advances in the psychology of learning and motivation. Among the topics covered are the deriving of categories to achieve goals, the application of category knowledge in unsupervised domains and spatial mental models.