The Profession of Widowhood : Widows, Pastoral Care, and Medieval Models of Holiness

"The profession of widowhood explores how the idea of 'true' widowhood was central to pre-modern ideas concerning marriage and of female identity more generally. The medieval figure of the Christian vere vidua or 'good' widow evolved from and reinforced ancient social and religious sensibilities of chastity, loyalty and grief as gendered 'work.' The ideal widow was a virtuous woman who mourned her dead husband in chastity, solitude, and most importantly, in perpetuity, marking her as 'a widow indeed' (1 Tim 5:5). The widow who failed to display adequate grief fulfilled the stereotype of the 'merry widow' who forgot her departed spouse and abused her sexual and social freedom. Stereotypes of widows 'good' and 'bad' served highly-charged ideological functions in pre-modern culture, and have remained durable even in modern times, even as Western secular society now focuses more on a woman's recovery from grief and possible re-coupling than the expectation that she remain forever widowed. The widow represented not only the powerful bond created by love and marriage, but also embodied the conventions of grief that ordered the response when those bonds were broken by premature death. This notion of the widow as both a passive memorial to her husband and as an active 'rememberer' was rooted in ancient traditions, and appropriated by early Christian and medieval authors who used 'good' widowhood to describe the varieties of female celibacy and to define the social and gender order. A tradition of widowhood characterized by chastity, solitude, and permanent bereavement affirmed both the sexual mores and political agenda of the medieval Church. Medieval widows--both holy women recognized as saints and 'ordinary women' in medieval daily life--recognized this tradition of professed chastity in widowhood not only as a valuable strategy for avoiding remarriage and protecting their independence, but as a state with inherent dignity that afforded opportunities for spiritual development in this world and eternal merit in the next"--Publisher's website. "The profession of widowhood explores how the idea of 'true' widowhood was central to pre-modern ideas concerning marriage and of female identity more generally. The medieval figure of the Christian vere vidua or 'good' widow evolved from and reinforced ancient social and religious sensibilities of chastity, loyalty and grief as gendered 'work.' The ideal widow was a virtuous woman who mourned her dead husband in chastity, solitude, and most importantly, in perpetuity, marking her as 'a widow indeed' (1 Tim 5:5). The widow who failed to display adequate grief fulfilled the stereotype of the 'merry widow' who forgot her departed spouse and abused her sexual and social freedom. Stereotypes of widows 'good' and 'bad' served highly-charged ideological functions in pre-modern culture, and have remained durable even in modern times, even as Western secular society now focuses more on a woman's recovery from grief and possible re-coupling than the expectation that she remain forever widowed. The widow represented not only the powerful bond created by love and marriage, but also embodied the conventions of grief that ordered the response when those bonds were broken by premature death. This notion of the widow as both a passive memorial to her husband and as an active 'rememberer' was rooted in ancient traditions, and appropriated by early Christian and medieval authors who used 'good' widowhood to describe the varieties of female celibacy and to define the social and gender order. A tradition of widowhood characterized by chastity, solitude, and permanent bereavement affirmed both the sexual mores and political agenda of the medieval Church. Medieval widows--both holy women recognized as saints and 'ordinary women' in medieval daily life--recognized this tradition of professed chastity in widowhood not only as a valuable strategy for avoiding remarriage and protecting their independence, but as a state with inherent dignity that afforded opportunities for spiritual development in this world and eternal merit in the next"-- Publisher's website List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Introduction: Pious Widowhood in the Middle Ages 1 Chapter 1 Creating the Widow in the Early Church 24 Chapter 2 The Widow and the Cloister: Early Medieval Hagiography 77 Chapter 3 The Veil and the Vow: Professed Widowhood in Canon Law and Liturgical Manuscripts 123 Chapter 4 Chaste Widows and the Penitential Ethos in Later Medieval Hagiography 197 Chapter 5 Managing the Matron: Widowhood in Medieval Sermon Literature 250 Chapter 6 Reading Widows: Grief, Memory, and the Parody of Chaste Widowhood in Medieval Literature 299 Chapter 7 Like a Picture before the Eyes: Transitions to the Early Modern World 347 Conclusion 399 Bibliography 407 Index 427