The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought

An indispensable guide to Islamic political thought from Muhammad to the twenty-first century The first encyclopedia of Islamic political thought from the birth of Islam to today, this comprehensive, authoritative, and accessible reference provides the context needed for understanding contemporary politics in the Islamic world and beyond. With more than 400 alphabetically arranged entries written by an international team of specialists, the volume focuses on the origins and evolution of Islamic political ideas and related subjects, covering central terms, concepts, personalities, movements, places, and schools of thought across Islamic history. Fifteen major entries provide a synthetic treatment of key topics, such as Muhammad, jihad, authority, gender, culture, minorities, fundamentalism, and pluralism. Incorporating the latest scholarship, this is an indispensable resource for students, researchers, journalists, and anyone else seeking an informed perspective on the complex intersection of Islam and politics. Includes more than 400 concise, alphabetically arranged entries Features 15 in-depth entries on key topics Covers topics such as: Central themes and sources of Islamic political thought : caliph, modernity, knowledge, shari'a, government, revival and reform Modern concepts, institutions, movements, and parties : civil society, Islamization, secularism, veil, Muslim Brotherhood Islamic law and traditional Islamic societies : justice, taxation, fatwa, dissent, governance, piety and asceticism, trade and commerce Sects, schools, regions, and dynasties : Mu'tazilis, Shi'ism, Quraysh, Mecca and Medina, Baghdad, Indonesia, Nigeria, Central Asia, Ottomans Thinkers, personalities, and statesmen : Mawardi, Shafi'I, Saladin, Tamerlane, Akbar, Atatürk, Nasser, Khomeini Contains seven historical and contemporary maps of Muslim empires, postcolonial nation-states, populations, and settlements Guides readers to further research through bibliographies, cross-references, and an index The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought 4 Contents 6 Introduction 8 The Islamic World Today in Historical Perspective 8 The Evolution of Islamic Political Thought 9 Rudimentary Foundations of Islamic Political Thought (from Muhammad to 750) 10 Islamic Political Thought in the Early Middle Ages (750–1055) 11 Islamic Political Thought in the High Middle Ages (1055–1258) 12 Islamic Political Thought in the Late Middle Ages (1258–1500) 13 Islamic Political Thought in the Early Modern Period (1500–1800) 13 Islamic Political Thought in the Later Modern Period (from 1800 to the Present) 15 The Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought (EIPT) 19 Alphabetical List of Entries 22 Topical List of Entries 26 Contributors 30 The Muslim World in 2010: Cultural Blocks and Populations 43 The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought 48 A 50 ‘Abbas I (1571–1629) 50 Abbasids (750–1258) 50 ‘Abd al-Hamidal-Katib b. Yahya al-‘Amiri (d. 750) 51 ‘Abd al-Qadiral-Jaza’iri (1808–83) 52 ‘Abd al-Rahman,‘Umar (b. 1938) 53 ‘Abd al-Raziq,‘Ali (1887–1966) 54 abdication 56 ‘Abduh, Muhammad (1849–1905) 57 Abdülhamid II (1842–1918) 59 abodes of Islam, war, and truce 60 absolutism 61 Abu Bakr (ca. 573–634) 62 Abu Hanifa (699–767) 63 Abu Yusuf (ca. 731–98) 64 advice 65 Advice-to-Kings 66 al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din (1838–97) 66 Afghanistan 68 ‘Aflaq, Michel (1910–89) 70 Africa 71 Aga Khan 71 Ahmad, Israr (1932–2010) 72 Ahmad b. Hanbal (780–855) 73 Ahmadis 74 Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624) 75 ‘A’isha (ca. 614–78) 76 Akbar the Great (1542–1605) 77 ‘Alawis 78 Algeria 78 ‘Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599–661) 79 Aligarh 81 alliances 82 Almohads (1130–1269) 83 Almoravids (1056–1147) 83 Amal 84 anarchism 85 apartheid 86 apocalypse 87 apostasy 89 Arab nationalism 90 Arafat, Yasir (1929–2004) 91 arbitration 92 Ash‘aris 93 ‘Ashura’ 94 Asia 94 astrology 94 asylum 96 Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938) 97 Aurangzeb (1618–1707) 99 authority 99 ayatollah 105 Ayyubids (1169–1250) 107 Azhar University 107 B 109 Babur, Zahir al-Din (1483–1530) 109 Baghdad 109 Bangladesh 110 al-Banna, Hasan (1906–49) 111 Barelwis 113 Ba‘th Party 114 bazaar 115 Beirut 116 Berbers 116 Bin Laden, Osama (1957–2011) 118 blasphemy 120 Brethren of Purity 122 brotherhoods 123 bureaucracy 126 Buyids (945–1062) 127 C 129 Cairo 129 caliph, caliphate 130 capitalism 135 censorship 136 Central Asia 137 charity 138 China 139 chivalry 140 Christian-Muslim relations 143 citizenship 143 city 144 city (philosophical) 146 civil society 147 civil war 148 clients 150 coinage 151 collective obligations 152 colonialism 152 commanding right and forbidding wrong 153 communism 155 community 156 Companions of the Prophet 158 consensus 159 constitutionalism 161 Constitution of Medina 164 consultation 165 contracts 166 conversion 168 coup d’état 169 Crusades 170 culture 170 custom 172 D 174 Dan Fodio, Usman (1754–1817) 174 Dawani, Jalal al-Din (1427–1502) 175 Delhi 175 Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) 176 democracy 177 demographics 179 Deobandis 180 difference of opinion 181 diplomacy 182 dissent, opposition, resistance 183 dissimulation 184 division of labor 186 Druze 188 E 190 East Africa 190 economic theory 191 education 193 Egypt 196 elections 197 endowment 198 environment 199 equality 200 ethics 201 Ethiopia and Eritrea 203 ethnicity 204 Europe 207 excommunication 208 exegesis 210 F 213 Fadlallah, Muhammad Husayn (1935–2010) 213 faith 215 family 216 al-Farabi, Abu Nasr (ca. 878–950) 219 Faraj, Muhammad ‘Abd al-Salam (1954–82) 221 Fatimids (909–1171) 221 fatwa 222 freedom 223 free will 224 Friday prayer 226 friendship 227 fundamentalism 228 G 238 al-Gama‘a al-Islamiyya 238 genealogy 238 Ghazali (ca. 1058–1111) 240 ghāzī 241 Ghaznavids (977–1086) 241 Ghurids (1009–1215) 242 globalization 243 God 245 governance 246 government 247 grievance 256 guardianship of the jurist 257 guilds 258 H 260 hadith 260 Hakim bi-Amr Allah (985–1021) 263 Hamas 264 Hasan b. ‘Ali (ca. 624–70) 265 heresiography 266 heresy and innovation 267 hijra 268 Hizbullah 269 holy places 270 honor 271 household 272 human nature 273 human rights 275 Husayn b. ‘Ali (626–80) 276 hypocrisy 277 I 279 Ibadis 279 Ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad (1703–92) 280 Ibn al-Muqaffa‘ (ca. 720–56) 281 Ibn Bajja (d. 1139) 282 Ibn Hazm (994–1064) 283 Ibn Jama‘a (1241–1333) 283 Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) 284 Ibn Rushd (1126–98) 285 Ibn Sina, Abu ‘Ali (980–1037) 286 Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328) 287 Ibn Tufayl (ca. 1105–85) 290 Ibn Tumart (ca. 1080–1130) 291 ideology 292 ijtihād and taqlīd 293 Ikhwan al-Safa’ 295 Ilkhanids (1256–1336) 295 imamate 296 imperialism 299 India 300 individualism 302 Indonesia 303 inquisition 304 intercession 305 international Islamic organizations 306 international relations 307 Iqbal, Muhammad (1877–1938) 308 Iran 309 Iraq 310 Islamic Jihad 311 Islamization 312 Isma‘il I (1487–1524) 313 Isma‘ilis 314 Istanbul 315 J 317 Ja‘far al-Sadiq (702–65) 317 jāhiliyya 318 Jalal Al-iAhmad (1923–69) 319 Jama‘at-i Islami 320 Jerusalem 321 jihad 322 Jinnah, Mohammad ‘Ali (1876–1948) 331 jizya 332 Jordan 333 judge 334 judicial courts 335 jurisprudence 337 justice 339 K 341 Kadızadeli 341 Karbala 342 Karramis 342 Kharijis 343 Khilafat movement (1919–24) 344 Khomeini, Ayatollah (1902–89) 345 Khunji, Fazl Allah b. Ruzbihan (1455–1521) 346 kinship 347 knowledge 348 L 362 leadership 362 Lebanon 363 liberalism 363 liberation theology 364 libertarianism 366 loyalty 367 M 369 madrasa 369 Mahdi 371 Mahdi of the Sudan (1844–85) 372 Malaysia 373 Malcolm X (1925–65) 374 Malik b. Anas (712–95) 375 Mamluks (1250–1517) 376 Ma’mun (786–833) 377 martyrdom 378 masses 379 Mawardi (974–1058) 380 Mawdudi, Abu al-A‘la (1903–79) 381 mawlid 384 Mecca and Medina 384 media 385 messianism 386 military 388 minorities 389 minorities, jurisprudence of 395 Mir Damad (1561–1631) 397 Mirrors for Princes 397 modernism 399 modernity 401 Mohammed, W. D. (1933–2008) 409 monarchy 409 Mongols 411 Morocco 412 mosque 412 Mu‘awiya (602–80) 414 mufti/grand mufti 414 Mughals (1526–1857) 415 Muhammad (570–632) 416 Muhammad, Elijah (1897–1975) 424 Muhammad ‘Ali (1769–1849) 425 mujahidin 427 Mulla Sadra (ca. 1572–1640) 427 Mulla ‘Umar (b. 1959) 428 Murji’is 429 Muslim Brotherhood 430 Muslim League 431 Mu‘tazilis 432 N 434 Nasser, Gamal Abdel (1918–70) 434 nationalism 435 Nation of Islam 437 nation-state 438 natural law 439 Nazim Hikmet (1902–63) 440 Nigeria 440 Nizam al-Mulk (1018–92) 441 Nizamiyya 442 Nizaris 444 nonviolence 445 North Africa 446 North America 447 notables 448 O 450 oath of allegiance 450 obedience 451 Ottomans (1299–1924) 451 P 453 Pakistan 453 Palestine 454 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) 455 Pan-Islamism 456 Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) 457 parliament 458 patrimonial state 459 patronage 460 People of the Book 461 philosopher-king 462 philosophy 463 piety and asceticism 464 pilgrimage 465 Pillars of Islam 467 pluralism and tolerance 468 police 476 political ritual 477 preaching 478 privacy 479 propaganda 480 prophecy 482 public interest 484 public opinion 484 public sphere 485 pulpit 487 punishment 487 Q 489 Qadaris 489 Qaddafi, Mu‘ammar (1942–2011) 490 al-Qaeda 490 Qajars (1789–1925) 492 al-Qaradawi,Yusuf (b. 1926) 493 al-Qarafi, Shihab al-Din (1228–85) 493 Qarmatians 494 quietism and activism 495 Qur’an 496 Quraysh 505 R 506 racism 506 Rahman, Fazlur (1919–88) 507 al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din (1149–1209) 507 rebellion 508 representation 509 republicanism 511 revival and reform 511 revolutions 519 Rida, Muhammad Rashid (1865–1935) 521 Rightly Guided Caliphate (632–61) 522 rights 523 royal court 528 S 529 al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir (1935–80) 529 Safavids (1501–1722) 529 Sa‘id Nursi (1877–1960) 530 Saladin (1138–93) 531 Salafis 532 Samanids (819–1005) 534 Saudi Arabia 534 Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817–98) 536 Sayyid Qutb (1906–66) 537 secularism 538 Seljuqs (1055–1194) 539 al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad b. Idris (767–820) 540 shāhānshāh 541 Shahnama 541 Shah Waliullah (1703–62) 542 Shamil (1797–1871) 543 shari‘a 545 Shari‘ati, ‘Ali (1933–77) 554 al-Shawkani, Muhammad b. ‘Ali (1760–1834) 555 al-Shaybani, Muhammad b. al-Hasan(749–805) 556 shaykh, pīr 557 shaykh al-Islam 558 Shi‘ism 559 Shu‘ubis 562 al-siyāsaal-shar‘iyya 563 slavery 563 socialism 564 solidarity 565 source of emulation 566 South Africa 567 Southeast Asia 569 sovereignty 571 Spain and Portugal (Andalus) 572 succession 573 Sudan 575 Sufism 577 al-Suhrawardi, Abu Hafs ‘Umar (ca. 1145–1234) 579 suicide 579 Süleiman the Magnificent (1494–1566) 580 sultan 581 sunna 583 Sunnism 584 Syria 586 T 588 Tablighi Jama‘at 588 Taha, Mahmoud Mohamed (1909–85) 589 Taliban 590 Tamerlane (1336–1405) 591 Tanzimat 592 al-Tawhidi, Abu Hayyan (ca. 950–1023) 593 taxation 593 terrorism 594 theocracy 596 theology 598 Thousand and One Nights 599 Timurids (1370–1506) 600 torture 600 trade and commerce 601 traditional political thought 603 Transoxiana 609 treason 610 Treaty of ‘Umar 611 tribalism 612 Tunisia 616 al-Turabi, Hasan (b. 1932) 617 Turkey 618 al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din (1201–74) 619 tyranny 620 U 622 Uighurs 622 ‘ulama’ 623 ‘Umar b. ‘Abd al-‘Aziz (ca. 680–720) 628 ‘Umar b. al-Khattab (ca. 580–644) 629 Umayyads (661–750) 631 usurper 632 ‘Uthman b. ‘Affan (ca. 579–656) 633 utopia 634 V 636 veil 636 violence 637 vizier 639 W 641 welfare state 641 West, the 641 West Africa 642 Westernization 643 women 644 Y 649 Yemen 649 Young Turks 650 Z 652 Zahiris 652 al-Zawahiri, Ayman (b. 1951) 652 Zaydis 654 Zia-ul-Haq(1924–88) 655 Index 656

The first encyclopedia of Islamic political thought from the birth of Islam to today, this comprehensive, authoritative, and accessible reference provides the context needed for understanding contemporary politics in the Islamic world and beyond. With more than 400 alphabetically arranged entries written by an international team of specialists, the volume focuses on the origins and evolution of Islamic political ideas and related subjects, covering central terms, concepts, personalities, movements, places, and schools of thought across Islamic history. Fifteen major entries provide a synthetic treatment of key topics, such as Muhammad, jihad, authority, gender, culture, minorities, fundamentalism, and pluralism. Incorporating the latest scholarship, this is an indispensable resource for students, researchers, journalists, and anyone else seeking an informed perspective on the complex intersection of Islam and politics.

• Includes more than 400 concise, alphabetically arranged entries
• Features 15 in-depth entries on key topics
• Covers topics such as:
  • Central themes and sources of Islamic political thought: caliph, modernity, knowledge, shari'a, government, revival and reform
  • Modern concepts, institutions, movements, and parties: civil society, Islamization, secularism, veil, Muslim Brotherhood
  • Islamic law and traditional Islamic societies: justice, taxation, fatwa, dissent, governance, piety and asceticism, trade and commerce
  • Sects, schools, regions, and dynasties: Mu'tazilis, Shi'ism, Quraysh, Mecca and Medina, Baghdad, Indonesia, Nigeria, Central Asia, Ottomans
  • Thinkers, personalities, and statesmen: Mawardi, Shafi'I, Saladin, Tamerlane, Akbar, Atatürk, Nasser, Khomeini
• Contains seven historical and contemporary maps of Muslim empires, postcolonial nation-states, populations, and settlements
• Guides readers to further research through bibliographies, cross-references, and an index

"The first encyclopedia of Islamic political thought from the birth of Islam to today, this comprehensive, authoritative, and accessible reference provides the context needed for understanding contemporary politics in the Islamic world and beyond. With more than 400 alphabetically arranged entries written by an international team of specialists, the volume focuses on the origins and evolution of Islamic political ideas and related subjects, covering central terms, concepts, personalities, movements, places, and schools of thought across Islamic history. Fifteen major entries provide a synthetic treatment of key topics, such as Muhammad, jihad, authority, gender, culture, minorities, fundamentalism, and pluralism. Incorporating the latest scholarship, this is an indispensable resource for students, researchers, journalists, and anyone else seeking an informed perspective on the complex intersection of Islam and politics. Includes more than 400 concise, alphabetically arranged entries -- Features 15 in-depth entries on key topics -- Covers topics such as: Central themes and sources of Islamic political thought: caliph, modernity, knowledge, shari'a, government, revival and reform -- Modern concepts, institutions, movements, and parties: civil society, Islamization, secularism, veil, Muslim Brotherhood -- Islamic law and traditional Islamic societies: justice, taxation, fatwa, dissent, governance, piety and asceticism, trade and commerce -- Sects, schools, regions, and dynasties: Mu'tazilis, Shi'ism, Quraysh, Mecca and Medina, Baghdad, Indonesia, Nigeria, Central Asia, Ottomans -- Thinkers, personalities, and statesmen: Mawardi, Shafi'I, Saladin, Tamerlane, Akbar, Atatürk, Nasser, Khomeini -- Contains seven historical and contemporary maps of Muslim empires, postcolonial nation-states, populations, and settlements -- Guides readers to further research through bibliographies, cross-references, and an index."--Provided by publisher "In 2012, the year 1433 of the Muslim calendar, the Islamic population throughout the world was estimated at approximately a billion and a half, representing about one-fifth of humanity. In geographical terms, Islam occupies the center of the world, stretching like a big belt across the globe from east to west."--Page vii