The Price of Peace : Just War in the Twenty-First Century

Lively political and public debates on war and morality have been a feature of the post-Cold War world. The Price of Peace argues that a re-examination of the just war tradition is therefore required. The authors suggest that despite fluctuations and transformations in international politics, the just war tradition continues to be relevant. However they argue that it needs to be reworked to respond to the new challenges to international security represented by the end of the Cold War and the impact of terrorism. With an interdisciplinary and transatlantic approach, this volume provides a dialogue between theological, political, military and public actors. By articulating what a reconstituted just war tradition might mean in practice, it also aims to assist policy-makers and citizens in dealing with the ethical dilemmas of war. Cover......Page 1 Half-title......Page 3 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Contributors......Page 10 Foreword......Page 13 Acknowledgements......Page 19 1 Introduction......Page 21 A framework for ethical decision making......Page 25 Responding justly to new threats......Page 28 Fighting wars justly......Page 30 Securing peace justly......Page 32 Reflecting on just war......Page 34 PART I: A framework for ethical decision making: state and civil society-based approaches......Page 37 2 The development of just war thinking in the post-Cold War world: an American perspective......Page 39 The new world disorder......Page 40 Defective ideas have consequences......Page 42 The issues revisited......Page 46 Just cause......Page 47 Competent authority......Page 48 Last resort......Page 49 The ‘new things’ and the United States government......Page 51 Concluding thoughts......Page 55 3 Is there a European approach to war?......Page 57 Rethinking Europe’s international responsibilities?......Page 59 The painful evolution of a European approach......Page 63 Is there yet a European approach?......Page 70 The development of the doctrine since the Second World War......Page 75 ‘Anti-Americanism’......Page 78 ‘Practical pacifism’......Page 79 Consequentialism......Page 81 Just cause......Page 83 Legitimate authority......Page 84 Last resort......Page 86 Discrimination......Page 87 Just cause......Page 89 Right intention......Page 91 Proportionality......Page 93 Conclusion......Page 94 5 Just war thinking in recent American religious debate over military force......Page 96 Background and context......Page 97 From The Challenge of Peace to the war against Saddam Hussein......Page 99 The 1990–1991 Gulf War......Page 100 Economic sanctions and humanitarian intervention......Page 101 2003 Iraq War......Page 103 Just war thinking and American Protestantism: two contrary examples......Page 105 The United Methodist Church......Page 106 Evangelical Protestantism......Page 108 Factors influencing the churches’ positions on war......Page 109 The influence of pacifism......Page 110 The Civil Rights movement......Page 111 Vatican II......Page 112 Loss of historical knowledge......Page 113 Inversion of the Church–sect roles......Page 114 Do the churches make a difference in policy debates over war?......Page 115 PART II: Responding justly to new threats......Page 119 The moral challenge of Rwanda......Page 121 The self-defence paradigm......Page 123 The just war revisited......Page 125 The just war criteria......Page 131 Authority......Page 132 Last resort......Page 133 Jus post bellum......Page 134 Choosing between interventions......Page 135 Conclusion......Page 137 7 Terrorism......Page 138 Contested conceptual terrain......Page 139 Terrorism is terrorism......Page 143 Confronting Islamist terrorism with just war: ad bellum issues......Page 145 Restrained force against unrestrained violence......Page 150 Conclusion......Page 155 8 Rogue regimes, WMD and hyper-terrorism: Augustine and Aquinas meet Chemical Ali......Page 156 Preconditions for peace, justice and security......Page 157 International terrorism and the costs and risks of weapons proliferation......Page 159 ‘Rogue regimes’......Page 161 Frustration of modern economic possibilities available for their own people......Page 163 Enhanced peril for their own people and for others......Page 164 Export controls and sanctions......Page 166 Last resort......Page 167 Public opinion as a decisive factor......Page 168 Pre-emption......Page 169 Preventative war......Page 170 Moral luck and preventative war......Page 171 Conclusion: considerations for difficult scenarios......Page 174 Chemical Ali......Page 176 9 Moral versus legal imperatives......Page 177 Law and its enforcement: enforcement and values......Page 178 Who decides? Peace and self-determination: sovereignty and welfare......Page 182 A just response to new threats?......Page 184 Altruism......Page 185 Authority......Page 186 Purposes......Page 189 Means......Page 191 Consequences......Page 193 An interim balance sheet......Page 194 PART III: Fighting wars justly......Page 197 Introduction......Page 199 Iraq 2003......Page 202 Effects-based warfare......Page 204 The crowding out of jus in bello......Page 209 Conclusion......Page 218 11 The just conduct of war against radical Islamic terror and insurgencies......Page 221 Terrorism and the challenge to just war......Page 222 How to defeat an insurgency......Page 226 Bridging the gap between theory and practice......Page 228 Developing just policies for war......Page 231 Concluding observations......Page 234 PART IV: Securing peace justly......Page 237 12 Justice after war and the international common good......Page 239 Catholic institutional internationalism......Page 240 Democratic peace......Page 245 The 2002 US National Security Strategy......Page 247 Holy war......Page 249 Back to jus ad bellum and jus in bello......Page 251 Concluding reflections......Page 254 Introduction: surfacing submerged assumptions......Page 256 Working in a charged discussion......Page 258 The first assumption surfaced: about institutions and structures......Page 259 The second assumption surfaced: about the inherent injustice of imperial rule......Page 262 The third assumption surfaced: about the restoration of community......Page 270 The fourth assumption surfaced: about unilateral action......Page 272 Conclusion......Page 273 14 From just war to just peace......Page 275 Human consciousness, human rights, and democracy......Page 276 The changing character of warfare......Page 277 Global governance......Page 278 The awkwardness of just war......Page 279 Jus ad bellum......Page 280 Jus in bello......Page 283 Just peace......Page 286 Towards an understanding of human security......Page 287 Northern Ireland – a case study in human security......Page 290 Conclusion......Page 292 PART V: Concluding reflections......Page 295 Historical lessons......Page 297 Understanding American foreign policy......Page 301 Law and the invention of peace......Page 303 Conclusion......Page 305 The nature of the tradition......Page 306 The ‘presumption against war’......Page 307 Proportionality......Page 309 Legitimate authority......Page 312 Right intention......Page 313 Concluding thoughts......Page 314 17 An American military ethicist’s perspective......Page 315 18 A British theological perspective......Page 324 Bibliography......Page 333 Index......Page 343 Cover 1 Half-title 3 Title 5 Copyright 6 Contents 7 Contributors 10 Foreword 13 Acknowledgements 19 1 Introduction 21 A framework for ethical decision making 25 Responding justly to new threats 28 Fighting wars justly 30 Securing peace justly 32 Reflecting on just war 34 PART I: A framework for ethical decision making: state and civil society-based approaches 37 2 The development of just war thinking in the post-Cold War world: an American perspective 39 The new world disorder 40 Defective ideas have consequences 42 The issues revisited 46 Just cause 47 Competent authority 48 Last resort 49 The ‘new things’ and the United States government 51 Concluding thoughts 55 3 Is there a European approach to war? 57 Rethinking Europe’s international responsibilities? 59 The painful evolution of a European approach 63 Is there yet a European approach? 70 4 Between development and doubt: the recent career of just war doctrine in British churches 75 The development of the doctrine since the Second World War 75 ‘Anti-Americanism’ 78 ‘Practical pacifism’ 79 Consequentialism 81 Misunderstandings 83 Just cause 83 Legitimate authority 84 Last resort 86 Discrimination 87 Outstanding questions 89 Just cause 89 Right intention 91 Proportionality 93 Conclusion 94 5 Just war thinking in recent American religious debate over military force 96 Background and context 97 From The Challenge of Peace to the war against Saddam Hussein 99 The 1990–1991 Gulf War 100 Economic sanctions and humanitarian intervention 101 2003 Iraq War 103 Just war thinking and American Protestantism: two contrary examples 105 The United Methodist Church 106 Evangelical Protestantism 108 Factors influencing the churches’ positions on war 109 The influence of pacifism 110 The Civil Rights movement 111 The nuclear debate 112 Vatican II 112 Loss of historical knowledge 113 Inversion of the Church–sect roles 114 Do the churches make a difference in policy debates over war? 115 PART II: Responding justly to new threats 119 6 Humanitarian intervention 121 The moral challenge of Rwanda 121 The self-defence paradigm 123 The just war revisited 125 The just war criteria 131 Authority 132 Last resort 133 Just cause and right intent 134 Proportion 134 Jus in bello 134 Jus post bellum 134 Choosing between interventions 135 Conclusion 137 7 Terrorism 138 Contested conceptual terrain 139 Terrorism is terrorism 143 Confronting Islamist terrorism with just war: ad bellum issues 145 Restrained force against unrestrained violence 150 Conclusion 155 8 Rogue regimes, WMD and hyper-terrorism: Augustine and Aquinas meet Chemical Ali 156 Preconditions for peace, justice and security 157 International terrorism and the costs and risks of weapons proliferation 159 ‘Rogue regimes’ 161 Tyrannical behaviour against their own people 163 Frustration of modern economic possibilities available for their own people 163 Enhanced peril for their own people and for others 164 Unavoidable assessments 166 Export controls and sanctions 166 Last resort 167 Geopolitical realities, strategic cultures and national choices 168 Public opinion as a decisive factor 168 Prudence and the responsibilities of democratic leadership 169 Pre-emption 169 Preventative war 170 Moral luck and preventative war 171 Conclusion: considerations for difficult scenarios 174 Chemical Ali 176 9 Moral versus legal imperatives 177 Law and its enforcement: enforcement and values 178 Who decides? Peace and self-determination: sovereignty and welfare 182 A just response to new threats? 184 Altruism 185 Authority 186 Purposes 189 Means 191 Consequences 193 An interim balance sheet 194 PART III: Fighting wars justly 197 10 The ethics of ‘effects-based’ warfare: the crowding out of jus in bello? 199 Introduction 199 Iraq 2003 202 Effects-based warfare 204 The crowding out of jus in bello 209 Conclusion 218 11 The just conduct of war against radical Islamic terror and insurgencies 221 Terrorism and the challenge to just war 222 How to defeat an insurgency 226 Bridging the gap between theory and practice 228 Developing just policies for war 231 Concluding observations 234 PART IV: Securing peace justly 237 12 Justice after war and the international common good 239 Catholic institutional internationalism 240 Three alternative conceptions of international order 245 Democratic peace 245 The 2002 US National Security Strategy 247 Holy war 249 Back to jus ad bellum and jus in bello 251 Concluding reflections 254 13 Conditions for jus in pace in the face of the future 256 Introduction: surfacing submerged assumptions 256 Working in a charged discussion 258 The first assumption surfaced: about institutions and structures 259 The second assumption surfaced: about the inherent injustice of imperial rule 262 The third assumption surfaced: about the restoration of community 270 The fourth assumption surfaced: about unilateral action 272 Conclusion 273 14 From just war to just peace 275 The global context 276 Human consciousness, human rights, and democracy 276 Travel and migration 277 Interconnectedness 277 The changing character of warfare 277 Global governance 278 The awkwardness of just war 279 Jus ad bellum 280 Jus in bello 283 Just peace 286 Towards an understanding of human security 287 Northern Ireland – a case study in human security 290 Conclusion 292 PART V: Concluding reflections 295 15 A US political perspective 297 Historical lessons 297 Understanding American foreign policy 301 Law and the invention of peace 303 Conclusion 305 16 A British political perspective 306 The nature of the tradition 306 The ‘presumption against war’ 307 Proportionality 309 Legitimate authority 312 Right intention 313 Concluding thoughts 314 17 An American military ethicist’s perspective 315 18 A British theological perspective 324 Bibliography 333 Index 343 In addition to analysing the merits of the 'Just War' tradition as a decision-making model, 'The Price of Peace' examines each of the traditions' three branches from the perspectives of the changes that have occurred in international relations since the end of the Cold War, and more recently, 9/11