پراوری در دانه: شناسایی گیاهان دانه‌دار پراوری در شمال‌غرب میانه (راهنمای درخت بلوط بور)

Preface and Acknowledgments In recent years, the tallgrass prairie has been proven to offer solutions to many environmental challenges associated with our water, soils, and wildlife ecosystem. While cities like Des Moines, Iowa, for example, struggle to control nitrate levels in their drinking water with expensive filtration systems, Iowa State University researchers have found that planting prairie on 10 percent of a field can effectively remove excess phosphorus and nitrogen from the remaining 90 percent (Zhou et al. 2014). We also know that deep prairie roots and dense, aboveground growth work together to filter and hold midwestern soils, effectively keeping them from eroding into our streams and rivers and offering the potential to slow or even stop the expansion of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico. More recently, specific native prairie plants such as the common milkweed have been identified as key to recovery for the monarch butterfly, perhaps even keeping it from becoming an endangered species (Pleasants and Oberhauser 2012). Americans’ century-old love affair with European turf grass is slowly giving way to discovery of the benefits and beauty of our original native prairie. Many states enjoy broad public support for revegetating road rights-of- way with prairie wildflowers and grasses in lieu of mowing, which reduces maintenance costs while providing a colorful blooming landscape from early spring through fall. It is common to see prairie plants used in landscaping at city parks throughout the Midwest, on golf courses and along trails, around businesses and industrial parks, and more recently in residential yards as homeowners tire of chemicals, turf maintenance, and a bland green landscape. As interest in prairie wildflowers and grasses has grown, so has demand for better resources to identify the hundreds of species of wildflowers and grasses that make up the native prairie from the time they emerge as seedlings until they set seeds. In The Tallgrass Prairie Center Guide to Seed and Seedling Identification in the Upper Midwest (2010), I documented an initial group of native prairie plant seedlings through photographs, descriptions, and drawings to help prairie advocates identify seedlings in the spring. There are a multitude of excellent books that help identify prairie plants once they are in flower, based on flower color and shape. Once they are out of bloom, however, it can be difficult to spot and identify prairie plants. Without the flower color and shape to guide us, distinguishing between a simple prairie sunflower and an ox-eye sunflower can be almost impossible. The Prairie in Seed is designed to assist the prairie advocate in identifying wildflowers once they are out of bloom and, in particular, to support those who harvest prairie seeds. This guide offers dormant plant identification, seed descriptions, and guidance for effective seed harvesting and cleaning for seventy-three of the most common wildflowers found in the tallgrass prairie. I have used The Vascular Plants of Iowa: An Annotated Checklist and Natural History by Lawrence J. Eilers and Dean M. Roosa (1994), An Illustrated Guide to Iowa Prairie Plants by Paul Christiansen and Mark Müller (1999), and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database for binomial nomenclature. I would like to thank the University of Northern Iowa Tallgrass Prairie Center (TPC) for giving me the time and equipment to pursue this project. I am sincerely thankful to my colleague Gregory Houseal at the TPC for his botanical expertise and manuscript editing. Thanks to Holly Carver and Karen Copp at the University of Iowa Press for editing and design work on the manuscript. This guide was funded by the Iowa Department of Transportation, Iowa Living Roadway Trust Fund. Remember to get permission if you are harvesting seeds on private or public property, and do not harvest in an area designated as a preserve. Good harvesting ethics is to take only half and leave half on the site. Good luck! xi Preface and Acknowledgments xiii Of Photographs and Fieldwork xv How to Use This Guide part one. Solitary Seed Heads 3 Allium canadense, wild garlic 4 Anemone canadensis, Canada anemone 5 Anemone cylindrica, thimbleweed 6 Coreopsis palmata, prairie coreopsis 7 Dalea candida, white prairie clover 8 Dalea purpurea, purple prairie clover 9 Echinacea pallida, pale purple coneflower 10 Geum triflorum, prairie smoke 11 Helianthus pauciflorus, prairie sunflower 12 Heliopsis helianthoides, ox-eye sunflower 13 Monarda fistulosa, wild bergamot 14 Ratibida pinnata, gray-headed coneflower 15 Rudbeckia hirta, black-eyed Susan 16 Viola pedatifida, prairie violet part two. Seeds in Follicles 21 Asclepias incarnata, swamp milkweed 22 Asclepias tuberosa, butterfly milkweed 23 Asclepias verticillata, whorled milkweed part three. Seeds in Leaf Axils 27 Lithospermum caroliniense, hairy puccoon 28 Onosmodium molle, false gromwell part four. Seeds in Racemes 33 Baptisia alba, white wild indigo 34 Baptisia bracteata, cream false indigo 35 Ceanothus americanus, New Jersey tea 36 Chamaecrista fasciculata, partridge pea 37 Delphinium virescens, prairie larkspur 38 Lespedeza capitata, round-headed bush clover 39 Lobelia siphilitica, great blue lobelia 40 Silphium laciniatum, compass plant part five. Seeds in Spikes 45 Amorpha canescens, leadplant 46 Astragalus canadensis, milk vetch 47 Gentiana andrewsii, bottle gentian 48 Liatris aspera, rough blazing star 49 Liatris pycnostachya, prairie blazing star 50 Monarda punctata, spotted horsemint 51 Penstemon grandiflorus, large-flowered beardtongue 52 Ruellia humilis, wild petunia 53 Teucrium canadense, germander 54 Verbena hastata, blue vervain 55 Verbena stricta, hoary vervain part six. Seeds in Umbels 59 Allium stellatum, wild prairie onion 60 Dodecatheon meadia, shooting star 61 Eryngium yuccifolium, rattlesnake master 62 Euphorbia corollata, flowering spurge 63 Lilium michiganense, Michigan lily 64 Pycnanthemum pilosum, hairy mountain mint 65 Pycnanthemum tenuifolium, slender mountain mint 66 Pycnanthemum virginianum, common mountain mint 67 Silphium integrifolium, rosinweed 68 Tradescantia bracteata, prairie spiderwort 69 Tradescantia ohiensis, Ohio spiderwort 70 Veronicastrum virginicum, Culver’s root 71 Zizia aurea, golden alexanders part seven. Seeds in Panicles without Pappus Bristles 75 Achillea millefolium, western yarrow 76 Artemisia ludoviciana, white sage 77 Desmanthus illinoensis, Illinois bundle flower 78 Desmodium canadense, showy tick trefoil 79 Helenium autumnale, sneezeweed 80 Helianthus grosseserratus, saw-tooth sunflower 81 Parthenium integrifolium, wild quinine 82 Penstemon digitalis, foxglove beardtongue 83 Phlox pilosa, prairie phlox 84 Potentilla arguta, tall cinquefoil 85 Rudbeckia subtomentosa, fragrant coneflower part eight. Seeds in Panicles with Pappus Bristles 89 Brickellia eupatorioides, false boneset 90 Eupatorium altissimum, tall boneset 91 Eupatorium perfoliatum, boneset 92 Euthamia graminifolia, grass-leaved goldenrod 93 Oligoneuron rigidum, stiff goldenrod 94 Solidago nemoralis, field goldenrod 95 Solidago speciosa, showy goldenrod 96 Symphyotrichum ericoides, heath aster 97 Symphyotrichum laeve, smooth blue aster 98 Symphyotrichum novae-angliae, New England aster 99 Vernonia fasciculata, ironweed 101 Leaf Identification 103 Table 1. Initial Flowering and Ripening Times 107 Table 2. Initial Ripening Time and Seed Duration after Ripening 110 Table 3. Number of Seeds Produced per Stalk 111 Glossary 115 References 117 Index The Tallgrass Prairie Offers Solutions To The Many Environmental Challenges Facing Our Water, Soils, And Ecosystems. Planting Prairie On Just 10 Percent Of A Field Can Effectively Remove Excess Phosphorous And Nitrogen From The Remaining 90 Percent. Deep Prairie Roots And Dense Aboveground Growth Filter And Hold Soils, Keeping Them From Eroding Into Our Streams And Rivers. Plants Such As Common Milkweed Are The Key To The Monarch Butterfly's Recovery. In Light Of These Benefits, Perhaps Our Love Affair With European Turf Grass Is Slowly Giving Way To An Appreciation Of The Beauty Of Our Original Native Prairie. As Interest In These Wildflowers And Grasses Has Grown, So Has Demand For Better Resources To Identify The Hundreds Of Species That Make Up The Native Prairie. In The Prairie In Seed, Dave Williams Shows Us How To Identify Wildflowers When They Are Out Of Bloom And, In Particular, How To Harvest Their Seeds.^ Without The Flower Color And Shape As Guides, It Can Be Difficult To Identify Prairie Plants. Imagine Trying To Distinguish Between A Simple Prairie Sunflower And An Ox-eye Sunflower With No Flowers To Look At! In This Richly Illustrated Guide, Williams Offers Dormant Plant Identification Information, Seed Descriptions, And Advice On Seed Harvesting And Cleaning For Seventy-three Of The Most Common Wildflowers Found In The Tallgrass Prairie. He Includes Photographs And Descriptions Of The Plants In Bloom And In Seed To Assist In Finding Them When You Are Ready To Harvest. Each Species Description Explains Where The Seeds Are Located On The Plant, When Seed Ripening Begins, And How Many Seeds Each Species Produces, Along With A Photograph And Approximate Measurements Of The Actual Seed. Finally, This Guide Provides Assistance On How And When To Hand-harvest Seeds For Each Species, As Well As Some Simple Tips On Seed Cleaning.^ An Indispensable Guide For Anyone Involved In Prairie Restoration Or Conservation, This Book Is The Perfect Complement To Williams's The Tallgrass Prairie Center Guide To Seed And Seedling Identification In The Upper Midwest. Solitary Seed Heads -- Seeds In Follicles -- Seeds In Leaf Axils -- Seeds In Racemes -- Seeds In Spikes -- Seeds In Umbels -- Seeds In Panicles Without Pappus Bristles -- Seeds In Panicles With Pappus Bristles. Dave Williams. Issued As Part Of Upcc Book Collections On Project Muse. Includes Bibliographical References (page 115) And Index. Mode Of Access: World Wide Web.