The politics of hunger: Protest, poverty and policy in England, c. 1750-c. 1840 (Manchester Capitalism)

The 1840s witnessed widespread hunger and malnutrition at home and mass starvation in Ireland. And yet the aptly named ‘Hungry 40s’ came amidst claims that, notwithstanding Malthusian prophecies, absolute biological want had been eliminated in England. The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were supposedly the period in which the threat of famine lifted for the peoples of England. But hunger remained, in the words of Marx, an ‘unremitted pressure’. The politics of hunger offers the first systematic analysis of the ways in which hunger continued to be experienced and feared, both as a lived and constant spectral presence. It also examines how hunger was increasingly used as a disciplining device in new modes of governing the population. Drawing upon a rich archive, this innovative and conceptually-sophisticated study throws new light on how hunger persisted as a political and biological force. In the age of Malthus and the workhouse when the threat of famine and absolute biological want had supposedly been lifted from the peoples of England, hunger remained a potent political force - and a problem. And yet, hunger has been marginalised as an object of study by scholars of late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century England; studies either framed through famine or leaving hunger to historians of early modern England. The politics of hunger represents the first systematic attempt to think through the ways in which hunger persisted as something both feared and felt by the poor, was the subject of public policy innovations, and was central to the emergence of new techniques of governing and disciplining populations. This study analyses the languages of hunger that informed food riots, other popular protests and popular politics, the resort to and effects of Speenhamland-style 'hunger' payments, workhouse dietaries, how hunger was made and used in making and disciplining the poor as racial subjects, and, finally, how popular responses to the Irish Famine framed understandings of hunger relationally. Conceptually rich but empirically grounded, the study draws together work on popular protest, popular politics, the old and new poor laws, Malthus and theories of population, race, biopolitics and the colonial making of famine, as well as reframing debates in social and economic history, historical geography and famine studies more generally. The politics of hunger will be of interest to anyone with an interest in the histories of protest, poverty and policy: specialists, students and general readers alike. The 1840s witnessed widespread hunger and malnutrition at home and mass starvation in Ireland. And yet the aptly named 'Hungry 40s' came amidst claims that, notwithstanding Malthusian prophecies, absolute biological want had been eliminated in England. The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were supposedly the period in which the threat of famine lifted for the peoples of England. But hunger remained, in the words of Marx, an 'unremitted pressure'. 0The politics of hunger offers the first systematic analysis of the ways in which hunger continued to be experienced and feared, both as a lived and constant spectral presence. It also examines how hunger was increasingly used as a disciplining device in new modes of governing the population. Drawing upon a rich archive, this innovative and conceptually-sophisticated study throws new light on how hunger persisted as a political and biological force Dedication 6 Contents 8 List of tables and figures 9 Acknowledgements 10 Introduction: ‘The unremitted pressure’: On hunger politics 12 Part I: Protesting hunger 34 1 Food riots and the languages of hunger 36 2 The persistence of the discourse of starvation in the protests of the poor 66 Part II: Hunger policies 94 3 Measuring need: Speenhamland, hunger and universal pauperism 96 4 Dietaries and the less eligibility workhouse: or, the making of the poor as biological subjects 141 Part III: Theorising hunger 188 5 The biopolitics of hunger: Malthus, Hodge and the racialisation of the poor 190 6 Telling the hunger of ‘distant’ others 218 Conclusions 245 Select bibliography 257 Index 268 Systematically explores what it is conceived as ‘hunger politics’: the articulations of hunger as a tool of protest by poor consumers; its framing as a problem in the making of public policy; and its (elite) political languages and the attendant effects. -- .