The Politics of Citizenship in Europe

In this book, Marc Morjé Howard addresses immigrant integration, one of the most critical challenges facing European countries today, the resolution of which will in large part depend on how foreigners can become citizens. Howard's research shows that despite remarkable convergence in their economic, judicial, and social policies, the countries of the European Union still maintain very different definitions of citizenship. Based on an innovative measure of national citizenship policies, the book accounts for both historical variation and contemporary change. Howard's historical explanation highlights the legacies of colonialism and early democratization, which unintentionally created relatively inclusive citizenship regimes. The contemporary analysis explores why some of the more restrictive countries have liberalized in recent decades, whereas others have not. Howard's argument focuses on the politics of citizenship, showing in particular how anti-immigrant public opinion - when activated politically, usually by far right movements or public referenda - can block the liberalizing tendencies of political elites. Overall, the book shows the far-reaching implications of this growing and volatile issue. Half-title......Page 3 Dedication......Page 4 Title......Page 5 Copyright......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Figures......Page 9 Tables......Page 10 Preface......Page 11 Introduction......Page 15 What Is Citizenship?......Page 17 Why National Citizenship Matters......Page 19 The Organization of the Book......Page 23 Part I ARGUMENT......Page 29 Introduction......Page 31 The Challenge of Characterizing and Categorizing Citizenship Policies......Page 32 A New Citizenship Policy Index......Page 33 Jus Soli......Page 34 Naturalization Requirements......Page 36 Dual Citizenship for Immigrants......Page 38 Comparative Evidence from the EU 15......Page 40 Comparing the CPI with Other Measures......Page 46 Conclusion......Page 49 Introduction......Page 51 The Argument, Part I: The Impact of Colonialism......Page 52 The Argument, Part II: The Impact of Early Democratization......Page 57 Alternative Explanations......Page 60 Evaluating the Evidence......Page 61 Conclusion......Page 64 Introduction......Page 66 The Argument: The Politics of Citizenship......Page 67 Alternative Explanations......Page 76 Evaluating the Evidence......Page 78 Conclusion......Page 81 Part II CASES......Page 85 Introduction......Page 87 Sweden......Page 88 Finland......Page 91 Luxembourg......Page 94 The Netherlands......Page 97 Portugal......Page 101 The Politics of Liberalizing Change......Page 104 Introduction......Page 108 Austria......Page 109 Denmark......Page 113 Italy......Page 117 Spain......Page 122 Greece......Page 125 The Politics of Restrictive Continuity......Page 128 Introduction......Page 133 Historical Overview of German Citizenship......Page 134 Germany’s New Citizenship Law......Page 136 Domestic and International Pressures for Liberalization......Page 137 The Politics of Partial Liberalization......Page 142 The Politics of Restrictive Backlash......Page 148 The German Nationality Act of 2000......Page 151 The Effects of the New Law (So Far)......Page 156 Conclusion......Page 161 Introduction......Page 162 France......Page 163 Belgium......Page 168 The United Kingdom......Page 171 Ireland......Page 175 The Politics of Citizenship in the Historically Liberal Countries......Page 179 Introduction......Page 183 Applying the Citizenship Policy Index to the Accession-12......Page 184 Restored States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania)......Page 189 States with Histories of Shifting Borders (Poland, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria)......Page 191 Post-Partition States (Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Slovenia)......Page 197 Mediterranean Post-Imperial States (Cyprus and Malta)......Page 201 Conclusion......Page 204 Conclusion......Page 207 Postnational or European Citizenship?......Page 210 Citizenship, Xenophobia, and Democracy......Page 214 Citizenship and Beyond......Page 217 Appendix I: Detailed Breakdown of the Three CPI Components......Page 221 Appendix II: Naturalization Rates for the EU-15 a......Page 231 Books and Articles......Page 233 Interviews......Page 246 Newspaper Articles......Page 247 Index......Page 249 In this book, Marc Morje Howard addresses immigrant integration, exploring the far-reaching implications of one of the most critical challenges facing Europe today