The Politics of Anthropology: From Colonialism and Sexism Toward a View from Below (World Anthropology)

During the last decade it has become increasingly difficult to deny that anthropology has anything to do with politics. Traditional claims for the neutrality or impartiality of the social sciences, including anthropology, have suffered considerably. The debates, however, have concentrated not so much on the "politics of anthropology," which would have been the most logical focus, but rather on the "ethical question." To correct this bias, this volume, largely the outcome of the symposium on Ideology and the Education of Anthropologists, convened by Bruce Mannheim at the IXth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Chicago, September 1973, will look at aspects of the historical and political context of anthropology which most anthropologists have been accustomed to ignore or neglect. It would be interesting to study why in the past decade the ethical implications of Western sociological and anthropological research in underdeveloped countries have received increasing attention. In 1968 Kathleen Gough posed the ethical question in its broader context by stating: Anthropology is a child of Western imperialism. It has roots in the humanist visions of the Enlightenment, but as a university discipline and a modem science, it came into its own in the last decades of the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries. This was the period in which the Western nations were making their final push to bring practically the whole pre-industrial non-Western world under their political and economic control (1968:403). In addition to the friends and colleagues who have contributed to this volume I am especially indebted to Rod Aya, Rob Buijtenhuijs, Fritz Hafer, Golie Jansen, Peter Kloos, June Nash, and Andrew Strathern for comments on parts of earlier versions of this introduction. For the vision behind this volume I am particularly indebted to friends in various Third World countries, many of whom peasants, who taught me to look at things from within and from below. General Editor's Preface SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION Anthropology and Politics: From Naïveté Toward Liberation? SECTION TWO: COLONIALISM IN ANTHROPOLOGY The Counterrevolutionary Tradition in African Studies: The Case of Applied Anthropology Anthropologists and Their Terminologies: A Critical Review Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter SECTION THREE: SEXISM IN ANTHROPOLOGY Viricentrism and Anthropology Aboriginal Woman: Male and Female Anthropological Perspectives Women, Development, and Anthropological Facts and Fictions SECTION FOUR: "ETHICAL QUESTION" OR "POLITICAL CHOICE"? Colonial and Postcolonial Anthropology of Africa: Scholarship or Sentiment? Social Reality and the Anthropologists The Relevance of Contemporary Economic Anthropology Notes on the Present-Day State of Anthropology in the Third World Anthropology = Ideology, Applied Anthropology = Politics SECTION FIVE: FROM "ACADEMIC COLONIALISM" TO "COMMITTED ANTHROPOLOGY" The Social Responsibility of Anthropological Science in the Context of Contemporary Brazil The Meaning of Wounded Knee, 1973: Indian Self-Government and the Role of Anthropology From Applied to Committed Anthropology: Disengaging from Our Colonialist Heritage SECTION SIX: DILEMMAS OF ACTION RESEARCH AND COMMITMENT Anthropology, "Snooping," and Commitment: A View from Papua New Guinea Anthropology in Melanesia: Retrospect and Prospect Is Useful Action Research Possible? How Can Revolutionary Anthropology Be Practiced? The Role of the Anthropologist in Minority Education: The Chicano Case SECTION SEVEN: TOWARD A VIEW FROM BELOW AND FROM WITHIN Participant Observation or Partisan Participation? On Objectivity in Fieldwork Breaking Through the Looking Glass: The View from Below On Being a Native Anthropologist Ethnology in a Revolutionary Setting SECTION EIGHT: ATTEMPTS AT LIBERATION ANTHROPOLOGY On the Participant Study of Women's Movements: Methodological, Definitional, and Action Considerations Research-Through-Action: Some Practical Experiences with Peasant Organization Anthropology of the Multinational Corporation Nationalism, Race-Class Consciousness, and Action Research on Bougainville Island, Papua New Guinea Research from Within and from Below: Reversing the Machinery APPENDIX Foundations on the Move Biographical Notes Index of Names Index of Subjects

Verbs denoting 'to give' have developed grammatical meanings in many languages of the world. The present study analyses the grammaticalization of give in causative and modal constructions in the closely related Slavic languages Russian, Polish and Czech.
Adopting a corpus driven approach, it takes departure from a detailed analysis of the use of these constructions in large reference corpora. This synchronic approach is supplemented by an analysis of the use of these constructions in Old Church Slavonic and by diachronic corpus-based accounts of the developments in Czech and Polish.
The study provides thorough descriptions of the syntax and semantics of causative constructions, ranging from permissive (letting someone do something) and reflexive permissive (letting something be done to oneself) to factitive causative (having something done by someone). It traces the development and synchronic status of modals that have developed out of reflexive permissives in Polish and Czech. General issues discussed in the study include polarity sensitivity in causatives, types of causee coding, the emergence of non-agreeing diathesis structures in Polish and the role of language contact with German.