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First published in 1992, this text is widely used on landscape architecture courses around the world. It examines the horticultural, ecological and aesthetic characteristics of plants, and discusses the structural and decorative roles of planting, spatial composition, species selection, planting plans and spacing, and the vital role of management. With its fresh look at aesthetic principles and its analysis of the design process, it reveals how a systematic approach can allow the greatest freedom for the creative imagination. This second edition still provides a complete examination of both the principles and the practice of design with plants, for public, institutional and private landscapes, but is fully revised and updated, taking account of developments in professional practice and reflecting a variety of the media and approaches currently used. It incorporates conceptual design approaches to planting, a range of design methods as well as tried and tested analytical and objective procedures, and a wide range of new international examples of planting design. The ecological basis for planting design has been broadened to include examples from warm temperate and subtropical vegetation types as well as those of the cool temperate and Mediterranean climate area. The layout of the book is clearer and more spacious, with colour illustrations. While retaining the detailed line drawings of the Chinese architect and painter Jia-Hua Wu, it includes an international range of new photographs and professional drawings. These illustrate a range of media now effective and useful in professional practices of various sizes. Contents......Page 6 Figures......Page 12 Plates......Page 18 Tables......Page 36 Acknowledgements......Page 38 Preface to the Second Edition......Page 40 Introduction......Page 42 PART 1: PRINCIPLES......Page 44 1 Why Design?......Page 46 Planting Design – an Expression of Function......Page 47 Planting Design as Management of Natural Vegetation Processes......Page 49 What is Successful Planting Design?......Page 51 Plants as Living Materials......Page 53 Environmental Factors......Page 54 Cycles of Plant Growth and Development......Page 55 Aftercare......Page 56 Plants as Spatial Elements......Page 59 Plants as Ornament......Page 62 Plant Selection......Page 64 Functional and Aesthetic Considerations in Design......Page 69 Ground-level Planting (Carpeting Plants)......Page 71 Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants Below Knee Height (Low Planting)......Page 73 Planting Above Eye Level (Tall Shrub/Small Tree Planting)......Page 76 Tree Planting......Page 79 The Experience of Space......Page 86 The Use of Spaces......Page 87 Enclosure......Page 88 Dynamics......Page 92 Focus......Page 101 5 Composite Landscape......Page 108 Spatial Organizations......Page 109 Hierarchy of Spaces......Page 116 Transitions......Page 121 Subjective and Objective Responses to Plants......Page 127 Form......Page 129 Line and Pattern......Page 141 Texture......Page 146 Colour......Page 148 Visual Energy......Page 152 Five Principles of Visual Composition......Page 153 Unity and Diversity in Planting Design......Page 164 Inspiration......Page 172 Plant Communities......Page 174 Two Principles......Page 176 Designing with Canopy Layers......Page 177 Some Typical Canopy Structures......Page 178 Deciduous Cool Temperate Communities (Europe and North America)......Page 179 Evergreen Temperate Communities (New Zealand)......Page 188 Design Interpretation......Page 191 Horticultural Factors in Plant Associations......Page 192 Relative Competitiveness......Page 193 Mode of Spread......Page 194 Longevity and Life Cycles......Page 196 Plant Knowledge......Page 197 PART 2: PROCESS......Page 200 9 A Method for Planting Design......Page 202 Inception......Page 203 Understanding: Gathering and Organizing Information......Page 205 Synthesis – Generating and Organizing Ideas......Page 211 Realization......Page 236 Learning Through the Design Process......Page 241 PART 3: PRACTICE......Page 242 Forest and Woodland......Page 244 Designing Forest and Woodland......Page 246 Planting Mixes......Page 248 High Forest/High Canopy Woodland......Page 249 Low Forest/Low Woodland......Page 265 Shrub Thicket......Page 269 Edges......Page 272 Tall Edge......Page 276 Outlying Groups......Page 277 Clumps and Copses......Page 278 Woodland and Forest Belts......Page 279 Hedges and Hedgerows......Page 280 Avenues......Page 290 Trained Trees and Vines......Page 295 General Planting Areas......Page 297 Raised Planting and Container Planting......Page 315 Walls, Pergolas, Trellis and other Vine Supports......Page 317 Ornamental Planting in Specialized Habitats......Page 320 12 Conclusion......Page 322 References and Further Reading......Page 323 E......Page 327 O......Page 328 S......Page 329 W......Page 330 Contents 6 Figures 12 Plates 18 Tables 36 Acknowledgements 38 Preface to the Second Edition 40 Introduction 42 PART 1: PRINCIPLES 44 1 Why Design? 46 Planting Design – an Expression of Function 47 Planting Design as Management of Natural Vegetation Processes 49 Planting Design for Aesthetic Pleasure 51 What is Successful Planting Design? 51 2 Plants as a Medium for Design 53 Plants as Living Materials 53 Environmental Factors 54 Cycles of Plant Growth and Development 55 Aftercare 56 The Landscape Designer’s View of Plants 59 Plants as Spatial Elements 59 Plants as Ornament 62 Plant Selection 64 Functional and Aesthetic Considerations in Design 69 3 Spatial Characteristics of Plants 71 Spatial Functions of Plants in the Human Landscape 71 Ground-level Planting (Carpeting Plants) 71 Shrubs and Herbaceous Plants Below Knee Height (Low Planting) 73 Knee to Eye Level Planting (Medium Height Planting) 76 Planting Above Eye Level (Tall Shrub/Small Tree Planting) 76 Tree Planting 79 4 Creating Spaces with Plants 86 The Experience of Space 86 The Use of Spaces 87 The Elements of Spatial Composition 88 Enclosure 88 Dynamics 92 Focus 101 5 Composite Landscape 108 Spatial Organizations 109 Hierarchy of Spaces 116 Transitions 121 6 Visual Properties of Plants 127 Subjective and Objective Responses to Plants 127 The Analysis of Visual Characteristics 129 Form 129 Line and Pattern 141 Texture 146 Colour 148 Visual Energy 152 7 Principles of Visual Composition 153 Five Principles of Visual Composition 153 Unity and Diversity in Planting Design 164 Inspiration 172 8 Plant Assemblages 174 Plant Communities 174 Two Principles 176 Designing with Canopy Layers 177 Some Typical Canopy Structures 178 Deciduous Cool Temperate Communities (Europe and North America) 179 Evergreen Temperate Communities (New Zealand) 188 Design Interpretation 191 Horticultural Factors in Plant Associations 192 Growth Requirements 193 Relative Competitiveness 193 Mode of Spread 194 Habit 196 Longevity and Life Cycles 196 Plant Knowledge 197 PART 2: PROCESS 200 9 A Method for Planting Design 202 Inception 203 Understanding: Gathering and Organizing Information 205 Synthesis – Generating and Organizing Ideas 211 Realization 236 Learning Through the Design Process 241 PART 3: PRACTICE 242 10 Structure Planting 244 Introduction 244 Forest and Woodland 244 Designing Forest and Woodland 246 Planting Mixes 248 High Forest/High Canopy Woodland 249 Low Forest/Low Woodland 265 Shrub Thicket 269 Woodland Scrub 272 High Scrub 272 Edges 272 Tall Edge 276 Low Edge 277 Outlying Groups 277 Clumps and Copses 278 Woodland and Forest Belts 279 Hedges and Hedgerows 280 Avenues 290 Trained Trees and Vines 295 11 Ornamental Planting 297 General Planting Areas 297 Raised Planting and Container Planting 315 Walls, Pergolas, Trellis and other Vine Supports 317 Ornamental Planting in Specialized Habitats 320 12 Conclusion 322 References and Further Reading 323 Index 327 A 327 B 327 C 327 D 327 E 327 F 328 G 328 H 328 I 328 J 328 L 328 M 328 N 328 O 328 P 329 R 329 S 329 T 330 U 330 V 330 W 330 First published in 1992, Nick Robinson's Planting Design Handbook has since become widely used as a definitive text on landscape architecture courses throughout the world. This second edition still provides a complete examination of both the principles and the practice of design with plants, for public, institutional and private landscapes, but is fully revised and updated, taking account of developments in professional practice and reflecting a variety of media which are currently used. The layout of the book is clearer and more spacious, with colour illustrations. While retaining the beautif "[This book] .. examines the horticultural, ecological and aesthetic characteristics of plants, discusses the structural and decorative roles of planting, spatial composition, species selection, planting plans and spacing, and the vital role of management. With its fresh look at aesthetic principles and its analysis of the design process, it reveals how a systematic approach can allow the greatest freedom for the creative imagination.."--Back cover. Whenever human beings consciously modify the vegetation in their immediate environment they create possibilities for design with plants. This guide to design with plants is a manual on design with nature. It is highly illustrated and will prove invaluable to architects and landscape designers First published in 1992, Nick Robinson's Planting Design Handbook has since become widely used as a definitive text on landscape architecture courses throughout the world. It examines the horticultural, ecological and aesthetic characteristics of plants, With concepts of 'austerity' very much in the news, this book takes a fresh look at attitudes to consumption, consumerism and personal finance in Britain during the middle decades of the twentieth century.