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Learn to calculate dosages accurately and administer drugs safely! Gray Morris's Calculate with Confidence, Second Canadian Edition uses a clear, step-by-step approach to make drug dosage calculations easy. More than 2,000 practice questions help you review basic math and then master the three standard methods of dosage calculation: ratio and proportion, formula, and dimensional analysis. With the increasing responsibility of the nurse in mind, emphasis is placed on critical thinking and clinical reasoning in preventing medication errors. Reflecting current practice in Canadian health care, this book also provides excellent preparation for Canadian licensure exams! SI measurement units and generic/Canadian drug names are included throughout the text. Practice problems and real-world examples help students master correct dosage calculations and safe medication administration, with rationales included in practice problem answers to enhance the understanding of principles. Tips for Clinical Practice boxes summarize information critical to math calculation and patient safety. Safety Alert! boxes highlight common medication errors and identify actions that must be taken to avoid calculation errors. Chapter Review problems test student knowledge of all major topics presented in the chapter. Pre-Test review includes practice problems to help students assess their basic math skills and identify their strengths and weaknesses, covering fractions, decimals, percentages, and ratio and proportion. Post-Test in Unit One allows students to assess and evaluate their understanding after completing the chapters on basic math. Comprehensive Post-Test at the end of the book covers dosage calculations and conversions, using real-life drug labels and situations. NCLEX(R) exam-style questions on Evolve help students prepare for the type of questions seen on the NCLEX-RN(R) Examination. NEW! Next Generation NCLEX-RN(R) exam-style case studies on the Evolve website provide drug calculation practice for the Next Generation NCLEX Examination. NEW! Increased number of Clinical Reasoning exercises builds students' critical thinking skills, with a focus on preventing medication errors. NEW! Thoroughly updated content includes the latest Health Canada -approved medications, current drug labels, the latest research, Canadian statistics, commonly used abbreviations, and recommended practices related to medication errors and their prevention. NEW! A-Z medication index references the page numbers where drug labels can be found. NEW! Tips for Clinical Practice from the text are now available on Evolve in printable, easy-reference format. Front Cover Inside Front Cover Gray Morris’s Calculate with Confidence Copyright Dedication About the Authors Reviewers Preface to the Instructor Acknowledgements Table of Contents UNIT ONE Math Review PRE-TEST ANSWERS CHAPTER 1 Fractions Objectives Types of Fractions Converting Fractions Comparing Fractions Reducing Fractions Adding Fractions Subtracting Fractions Subtracting a Fraction from a Whole Number Subtracting Fractions Using Borrowing Multiplying Fractions Dividing Fractions CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS CHAPTER 2 Decimals Objectives Reading and Writing Decimals Comparing the Value of Decimals Adding and Subtracting Decimals Multiplying Decimals Multiplication by Decimal Movement Dividing Decimals Dividing a Decimal by a Whole Number Dividing a Decimal or a Whole Number by a Decimal Division by Decimal Movement Rounding Off Decimals Changing Fractions to Decimals Changing Decimals to Fractions CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS CHAPTER 3 Ratio and Proportion Objectives Ratios Ratio Measures in Solutions Proportions Solving for x in Ratio and Proportion Applying Ratio and Proportion to Dosage Calculation CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS CHAPTER 4 Percentages Objectives Percentage Measures Converting Percentages to Fractions, Decimals, and Ratios Converting Fractions, Decimals, and Ratios to Percentages Comparing Percentages and Ratios Determining the Percentage of a Quantity Determining What Percentage One Number Is of Another Calculating the Percentage of Change CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS POST-TEST ANSWERS UNIT TWO Systems of Measurement CHAPTER 5 Standardizing Measurement Systems Objectives Metric System Rules of the Metric System Units of Measurement Weight Volume Conversions Between Metric Units Apothecary System (Imperial) Roman Numeral System (Imperial) Household System (Imperial) Particulars of the Household System Other Measurements Used in Dosage Calculation CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 6 Converting Within and Between Systems Objectives Equivalents Among Metric and Household Systems Converting Methods of Converting Moving the Decimal Point Using Ratio and Proportion Converting Within the Same System Converting Between Systems Solution Using Conversion Factor Method Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Conversion Factor Method Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Conversion Factor Method Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Calculating Intake and Output Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 7 Additional Conversions Useful in the Health Care Setting Objectives Converting Between Celsius and Fahrenheit Differentiating Between Celsius and Fahrenheit Formulas for Converting Between Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales Converting Measures of Length Converting Between Units of Weight Converting Pounds to Kilograms Converting Pounds and Ounces to Kilograms Converting Kilograms to Pounds Converting Between Traditional and Military (International) Time Rules for Converting to Military (International) Time Rules for Converting to Traditional Time Calculating Completion Times Military (International) Time Calculations Traditional Time Calculations CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review UNIT THREE Methods of Administration and Calculation CHAPTER 8 Medication Administration Objectives Medication Errors Critical Thinking and Medication Administration Factors That Influence Medication Dosages and Action Special Considerations for Older Adults The Rights of Medication Administration Medication Reconciliation Other Aspects of the Nurse’s Role in Medication Error Prevention Routes of Medication Administration Equipment Used for Medication Administration CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 9 Understanding and Interpreting Medication Orders Objectives Verbal Orders Transcription of Medication Orders Writing a Medication Order Components of a Medication Order Interpreting a Medication Order CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 10 Medication Administration Records and Drug Distribution Systems Objectives Medication Orders Medication Administration Record Essential Components of a Medication Administration Record Documentation of Medication Administration Computers and Medication Administration Medication Distribution Systems Unit-Dose Systems Computer-Controlled Dispensing Systems Bar-Code Medication Delivery Additional Technology in Medication Administration Advantages and Disadvantages of Technology CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 11 Reading Medication Labels Objectives Reading Medication Labels Generic Name Trade Name Dosage Strength Form Bar-Code Symbols Route of Administration Total Volume Total Amount in Container Directions for Mixing or Reconstituting a Medication Precautions Expiration Date Additional Information Medication Labels for Combination Medications Unit-Dose Packaging Medication Information Over-the-Counter Labels CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 12 Dosage Calculation Using the Ratio and Proportion Method Objectives Using Ratio and Proportion to Calculate Dosages CHAPTER REVIEW Part I Part II ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review Part I Answers to Chapter Review Part II CHAPTER 13 Dosage Calculation Using the Formula Method Objectives Formula for Calculating Dosages Applying the Formula CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 14 Dosage Calculation Using the Dimensional Analysis Method Objectives Understanding the Basics of Dimensional Analysis Performing Conversions Using Dimensional Analysis To Make Conversions Using Dimensional Analysis Dosage Calculation Using Dimensional Analysis CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice ProblemsNOTE Answers to Chapter Review UNIT FOUR Oral and Parenteral Dosage Forms and Insulin CHAPTER 15 Oral Medications Objectives Forms of Solid Medication Tablets Capsules Availability of the Same Medication in Different Forms and Dosages Calculating Dosages of Tablets and Capsules Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Variation of Tablet and Capsule Problems Determining the Dosage to Be Given Each Time Calculating Dosages of Oral Liquids Measuring Oral Liquids Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis CLINICAL REASONING CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Clinical Reasoning Questions Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 16 Parenteral Medications Objectives Packaging of Parenteral Medications Syringes Safety Needles and Needleless Syringes Types of Syringes Reading Parenteral Labels Parenteral Medications Labelled in Percentage Strength Parenteral Medications Labelled in Ratio Strength Parenteral Medications Labelled in Units Parenteral Medications Labelled in Millimoles or Milliequivalents Calculating Parenteral Dosages Guidelines for Calculating Parenteral Dosages Calculating Injectable Medications According to the Syringe Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Calculating Dosages for Medications in Units Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Mixing Medications in the Same Syringe CLINICAL REASONING CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Clinical Reasoning Questions Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 17 Reconstitution of Solutions Objectives Basic Principles of Reconstitution Calculation of Medications When the Final Concentration (Dosage Strength) Is Not Stated Reconstituting Medications With More Than One Direction for Mixing (Multiple Strength) Guidelines for Choosing the Appropriate Concentration of a Medication Reconstituting Medications From Package Insert Directions for Different Routes of Administration Medication Labels With Instructions to “See Accompanying Literature” (Package Insert) for Reconstitution and Administration CLINICAL REASONING Calculating Dosages of Reconstituted Medications Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Reconstituting Noninjectable Solutions Enteral Feeding Determining the Strength of a Solution Calculation of Solutions CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Clinical Reasoning Questions Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 18 Insulin Objectives Labels Types of Insulin and Their Action Appearance of Insulin Insulin Administration Methods Insulin Pump Insulin Pen Measuring Insulin in a U-100 Syringe Lo-Dose Syringe Single-Scale 1-Millilitre Syringe Dual-Scale 1-Millilitre Syringe Insulin Orders Correction Insulin Preparing a Single Dose of Insulin in an Insulin Syringe Measuring Two Types of Insulin in the Same Syringe Intravenous Insulin Calculating an Intravenous Insulin Infusion Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Hypoglycemia CLINICAL REASONING CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Clinical Reasoning Questions Answers to Chapter Review UNIT FIVE Intravenous and Heparin Calculations, Pediatric Dosage Calculations, and Critical Care Calculations CHAPTER 19 Intravenous Solutions and Equipment Objectives Intravenous Delivery Methods Intravenous Solutions Intravenous Solution Components Solution Strength Intravenous Orders Intravenous Solution Additives Charting Intravenous Solutions Parenteral Nutrition Administration of Blood and Blood Products Administration of Intravenous Solutions Intravenous Sites Primary and Secondary Lines Systems for Administering Medications by Intravenous Piggyback Saline and Heparin Intravenous Locks CLINICAL REASONING Electronic Infusion Devices CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answer to Clinical Reasoning Question Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 20 Intravenous Calculations Objectives Intravenous Flow Rate Calculation Calculating Flow Rates for Infusion Pumps in Millilitres per Hour Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Calculating Millilitres per Hour Using the Dimensional Analysis Method Calculating Flow Rates in Drops per Minute Intravenous Tubing Macrodrop Tubing Microdrop Tubing Calculating Flow Rates in Drops per Minute Using a Formula The Formula Method The Dimensional Analysis Method Calculating Flow Rates in Drops per Minute Using the Shortcut Method Solution Using the Shortcut Method Solution Using the Shortcut Method Solution Using the Shortcut Method Solution Using the Shortcut Method Determining Infusion Time and Volume Calculating Total Infusion Time in Hours Formula Calculating Total Volume of Infusion Formula Recalculating an Intravenous Flow Rate CLINICAL REASONING Charting Intravenous Therapy Labelling Solution Bags Administration of Medications by Intravenous Push CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Clinical Reasoning Questions Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 21 Heparin Calculations Objectives Heparin Heparin Errors Heparin Dosage Strengths Reading Heparin Labels Calculating Subcutaneous Heparin Dosages Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Calculating Intravenous Heparin Dosages Using Ratio and Proportion to Calculate Units per Hour Using Dimensional Analysis to Calculate Units per Hour Calculating Millilitres per Hour from Units per Hour Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Calculating Heparin Dosages Based on Weight CLINICAL REASONING CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Clinical Reasoning Questions Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 22 Pediatric and Adult Dosage Calculations Based on Weight Objectives Principles of Pediatric Dosage Calculation Calculating Dosages Based on Body Weight Converting Grams to Kilograms Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Key Terms and Concepts Single-Dose Medications Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Single-Dose Range Medications Solution Using the Formula Method Calculating Adult Dosages Based on Body Weight CLINICAL REASONING Calculating Pediatric Dosages Using Body Surface Area Reading the West Nomogram Chart Calculating Body Surface Area Using a Formula Formula for Calculating Body Surface Area From Kilograms and Centimetres Formula Formula for Calculating Body Surface Area From Pounds and Inches Formula Technological Advances Calculating Dosages Based on Body Surface Area Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Formula for Calculating Pediatric Dosages Based on Body Surface Area Formula Fluid Resuscitation After a Burn Injury The Parkland Formula The Post–24-Hour Formula Formula Calculating Fluid Replacement for Burn Patients Intravenous Therapy and Children Pediatric Intravenous Administration Calculating Pediatric Intravenous Fluid Maintenance Calculating Intravenous Medications by Burette Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Determining Whether a Pediatric Intravenous Dosage Is Safe Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Pediatric Oral and Parenteral Medications Remember CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Clinical Reasoning Questions Answers to Chapter Review CHAPTER 23 Critical Care Calculations Objectives Calculating the Intravenous Flow Rate in Millilitres per Hour Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using the Formula Method Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Remember Calculating Critical Care Dosages per Hour or per Minute Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Medications Ordered in Milligrams per Minute Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Calculating Dosages Based on Micrograms per Kilogram per Minute Solution Using Ratio and Proportion Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Intravenous Flow Rates for Titrated Medications Solution Using Dimensional Analysis Developing a Titration Table Dimensional Analysis Setup Dimensional Analysis Setup CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS Answers to Practice Problems Answers to Clinical Reasoning Questions Answers to Chapter Review Comprehensive Post-Test ANSWERS APPENDIX A Arabic Equivalents for Roman Numerals APPENDIX B Diabetes Management Record: Subcutaneous Insulin References Drug Label Credits Drug Name Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T V W X Z Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Learn to calculate dosages accurately and administer drugs safely! Gray Morris’s Calculate with Confidence, Second Canadian Edition uses a clear, step-by-step approach to make drug dosage calculations easy. More than 2,000 practice questions help you review basic math and then master the three standard methods of dosage calculation: ratio and proportion, formula, and dimensional analysis. With the increasing responsibility of the nurse in mind, emphasis is placed on critical thinking and clinical reasoning in preventing medication errors. Reflecting current practice in Canadian health care, this book also provides excellent preparation for Canadian licensure exams!

• SI measurement units and generic/Canadian drug names are included throughout the text.
• Practice problems and real-world examples help students master correct dosage calculations and safe medication administration, with rationales included in practice problem answers to enhance the understanding of principles.
• Tips for Clinical Practice boxes summarize information critical to math calculation and patient safety.
• Safety Alert! boxes highlight common medication errors and identify actions that must be taken to avoid calculation errors.
• Chapter Review problems test student knowledge of all major topics presented in the chapter.
• Pre-Test review includes practice problems to help students assess their basic math skills and identify their strengths and weaknesses, covering fractions, decimals, percentages, and ratio and proportion.
• Post-Test in Unit One allows students to assess and evaluate their understanding after completing the chapters on basic math.
• Comprehensive Post-Test at the end of the book covers dosage calculations and conversions, using real-life drug labels and situations.
• NCLEX® exam-style questions on Evolve help students prepare for the type of questions seen on the NCLEX-RN® Examination.

• NEW! Next Generation NCLEX-RN® exam-style case studies on the Evolve website provide drug calculation practice for the Next Generation NCLEX Examination.
• NEW! Increased number of Clinical Reasoning exercises builds students’ critical thinking skills, with a focus on preventing medication errors.
• NEW! Thoroughly updated content includes the latest Health Canada-approved medications, current drug labels, the latest research, Canadian statistics, commonly used abbreviations, and recommended practices related to medication errors and their prevention.
• NEW! A-Z medication index references the page numbers where drug labels can be found.
• NEW! Tips for Clinical Practice from the text are now available on Evolve in printable, easy-reference format.

Learn to calculate dosages accurately and administer drugs safely! uses a clear, step-by-step approach to makedrug dosage calculations easy. More than 2,000 practice questions help you review basic math and then master the three standard methods of dosage calculation: ratio and proportion, formula, and dimensional analysis. With the increasing responsibility of the nurse in mind, emphasis is placed on critical thinking and clinical reasoning in preventing medication errors. Reflecting current practice in Canadian health care, this book also provides excellent preparation for Canadian licensure exams! are included throughout the text. help students master correct dosage calculations and safe medication administration, with rationales included in practice problem answers to enhance the understanding of principles. **boxes****__Safety Alert!__ boxes****__Chapter Review__ problems****Pre-Test****review** **Post-Test in Unit One****Comprehensive Post-Test****NCLEX(R) exam-style questions****on Evolve** **NEW!****Next Generation NCLEX-RN(R) exam-style case studies on the Evolve website****NEW!****Increased number of __Clinical Reasoning__ exercises** **NEW!****Thoroughly updated content**__Health Canada__**NEW!****A-Z medication index****NEW!****__Tips for Clinical Practice__**