The Perpendiculum: Presumptions and Legal Arguments in the 12th Century

The Perpendiculum (or Summula de presumptionibus), produced in Northern France c.1170, is one of the earliest collections of brocards: a literary genre intended to provide legal arguments for disputation in the medieval schools of law. Its innovative use of dialectical techniques and its theorization of canon law presumptions have attracted the attention of legal historians, raising questions on its origin and milieu. This book offers the first comprehensive study of this work, with a Latin edition and an English translation of its text, shedding new light on the significance of this collection for twelfth-century legal teaching and learning. Front Cover ‎Half-Title Page ‎Series Title Page ‎Title Page ‎Copyright Page ‎Contents ‎Acknowledgements ‎Preface ‎Abbreviations ‎Introduction ‎1. Eighty Years of Research: A Historiographical Account ‎2. The Perpendiculum as a Source for the History of Presumptions ‎3. The Reasons for a New Investigation ‎4. Sources ‎5. Map of the Book ‎Part 1. The Analysis of the Work ‎Chapter 1. The Work: The Perpendiculum and Its Text ‎1. A European Text: The Manuscript Tradition of the Perpendiculum ‎1.1. A Closer Look: The Three Main Parts of the Perpendiculum ‎1.2. Part I: Summula de presumptionibus ‎1.3. Part II: Brocarda “Introductis publica utilitate” ‎1.4. Part III: Brocarda “Levius punitur” or “Principium spectandum” ‎2. A Mosaic of Works: The Other Texts Inserted in the Perpendiculum ‎2.1. The distinctio “Ad movendum varie iudicem” ‎2.2. The Roman Law Gloss “In multis” ‎2.3. The Texts Inserted in Both G and P1 ‎2.4. The Text Inserted in P1: Brocardica “Nullus archidiaconus” ‎2.5. The Texts Inserted in Mu1 ‎3. Texts Appended to the Third Part of the Perpendiculum ‎3.1. The notabilia “Argumentum quod religiosi” and “Argumentum contra religiosos” ‎3.2. The Set of distinctiones “Hec sunt que suadent” ‎Chapter 2. The Perpendiculum in Its Context ‎1. The Importance of the Summula for the Development of Brocards ‎2. The Importance of the Summula for the Glossators’ Theory on Presumptions ‎2.1. A 12th-Century Product: The Theory of Presumptions ‎2.2. The Role of the Perpendiculum in the Theory of Presumptions ‎2.3. Praesumptio facti and legis: The Canon Law sedes materiae ‎3. Contemporary Works with Textual Links to the Perpendiculum ‎3.1. The Glosses of magister W. (mid-1170s) ‎3.2. The Work of Ioannes Faventinus (1171–1175) ‎3.3. The Summa of Simon de Bisignano (1177–1179) ‎4. Works Directly Influenced by the Perpendiculum ‎4.1. The Summa of Sicardus Cremonensis (1179–1181) ‎4.2. The Speculum iuris canonici of Peter of Blois (c. 1180) ‎4.3. The Libellus disputatorius of Pilius de Medicina (1181–1185) ‎4.4. The Tractatus de operibus (1174–1190) ‎5. Later Fortunes of the Summula’s Distinction on the praesumptio legis ‎5.1. Ioannes Bassianus and the praesumptio ex qualitate facti ‎5.2. Further Evidence of Popularity ‎Chapter 3. The Dating and the Author of the Perpendiculum ‎1. The Dating of the Work ‎2. The Problem of the Authorship ‎2.1. The Waltherus Hypothesis ‎2.2. From Waltherus to Walter of Coutances ‎2.3. Analyzing Gouron’s Syllogism ‎2.4. Different Authors, Common Features ‎2.5. The Oldest Attribution: Scribal Mistake or Actual Author? ‎Chapter 4. Conclusions: The Perpendiculum between France and Italy ‎1. Southern Ideas in Northern France ‎1.1. A Melting Pot of Ideas ‎1.2. The Theory of Presumptions in Northern France ‎2. Paris and Bologna: So Far and Yet So Close ‎2.1. From Norman Apulia to Angevin England: Simon de Bisignano ‎2.2. Italian Roots, French Influences: Other Works on the Edge ‎3. From Paris to Italy ‎4. Rethinking Historiographical Boundaries: The Perpendiculum as a Case Study ‎Part 2. The Texts ‎Chapter 1. Prolegomena to the Texts ‎1. List of the Manuscripts ‎2. Editorial Decisions ‎2.1. Reconstruction of the Manuscript Tradition ‎2.2. Results of the Edition ‎3. Presentation of Text ‎3.1. Structure of the Text ‎3.2. Legal References and Allegations ‎3.3. Abbreviations ‎3.4. Orthography ‎3.5. Translation ‎Chapter 2. Manuscript Descriptions ‎Chapter 3. The Text of the Perpendiculum ‎Part I (Summula de presumptionibus) ‎⟨I.⟩ Incipit de presumptionibus ‎⟨II. Circa extrinseci facti essentiam⟩ ‎⟨III. Circa extrinseci facti qualitatem⟩ ‎⟨IV. Circa intrinseci facti substantiam⟩ ‎⟨V. Circa intrinseci facti qualitatem⟩ ‎⟨VI. Circa iuris vel scripture interpretationem⟩ ‎⟨VII. De fide autem instrumentorum et attestationum⟩ ‎⟨VIII. De re quam prelatus possedit⟩ ‎⟨IX.⟩ Quando presumptio non admittit probationem in contrarium ‎⟨X. Explicit⟩ ‎Part II ‎Part III ‎1. Critical Table of Contents ‎2. Synoptic Table of the Brocards in Part III ‎3. List of other brocards that occur only in a single manuscript ‎Chapter 4. Appendix: Other Texts Inserted into the Perpendiculum ‎1. Texts inserted into Several Manuscripts ‎1.1. The distinctio “Ad movendum varie iudicem” ‎1.2. The Gloss “In multis” ‎2. Texts Inserted into G and P1 ‎2.1. Brocardum e iure civilis ‎2.2. Distinctio de denuntiatione ‎Bibliography ‎Index to Part 1 of the Book ‎Index to Prolegomena and Manuscript Descriptions ‎Index to the Perpendiculum (Parts I–III) and the Appendix ‎Index to Legal Sources ‎Index to Incipits of the Brocards (Parts II and III) ‎Index to Manuscripts Back Cover