The permanent settlement in Bengal: a study of its operation 1790-1819

The fourth edition of this popular book by Jessica Utts develops statistical literacy and critical thinking through real-world applications, with an emphasis on ideas, not calculations. This text focuses on the key concepts that educated citizens need to know about statistics. These ideas are introduced in interesting applied and real contexts, without using an abundance of technicalities and calculations that only serve to confuse students. Contents Preface Part 1: Finding Data in Life Ch 1: The Benefits and Risks of Using Statistics Thought Questions 1.1: Why Bother Reading This Book? 1.2: What is Statistics All About? 1.3: Detecting Patterns and Relationships 1.4: Don’t Be Deceived by Improper Use of Statistics 1.5: Summary and Conclusions Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 2: Reading the News Thought Questions 2.1: The Educated Consumer of Data 2.2: Origins of News Stories 2.3: How to Be a Statistics Sleuth: Seven Critical Components 2.4: Four Hypothetical Examples of Bad Reports 2.5: Planning Your Own Study: Defining the Components in Advance Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 3: Measurements, Mistakes, and Misunderstandings Thought Questions 3.1: Simple Measures Don’t Exist 3.2: It’s All in the Wording 3.3: Open or Closed Questions: Should Choices Be Given? 3.4: Defining What Is Being Measured 3.5: Defining a Common Language Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 4: How to Get a Good Sample Thought Questions 4.1: Common Research Strategies 4.2: Defining a Common Language 4.3: The Beauty of Sampling 4.4: Simple Random Sampling 4.5: Other Sampling Methods 4.6: Difficulties and Disasters in Sampling Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 5: Experiments and Observational Studies Thought Questions 5.1: Defining a Common Language 5.2: Designing a Good Experiment 5.3: Difficulties and Disasters in Experiments 5.4: Designing a Good Observational Study 5.5: Difficulties and Disasters in Observational Studies 5.6: Random Sample versus Random Assignment Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 6: Getting the Big Picture 6.1: Final Questions Mini-Projects References Part 2: Finding Life in Data Ch 7: Summarizing and Displaying Measurement Data Thought Questions 7.1: Turning Data into Information 7.2: Picturing Data: Stemplots and Histograms 7.3: Five Useful Numbers: A Summary 7.4: Boxplots 7.5: Traditional Measures: Mean, Variance, and Standard Deviation 7.6: Caution: Being Average Isn’t Normal Thinking About Key Concepts Focus on Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 8: Bell-Shaped Curves and Other Shapes Thought Questions 8.1: Populations, Frequency Curves, and Proportions 8.2: The Pervasiveness of Normal Curves 8.3: Percentiles and Standardized Scores 8.4: z-Scores and Familiar Intervals Thinking About Key Concepts Focus on Formulas Exercises References Ch 9: Plots, Graphs, and Pictures Thought Questions 9.1: Well-Designed Statistical Pictures 9.2: Pictures of Categorical Data 9.3: Pictures of Measurement Variables 9.4: Pictures of Trends across Time 9.5: Difficulties and Disasters in Plots, Graphs, and Pictures 9.6: A Checklist for Statistical Pictures Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 10: Relationships Between Measurement Variables Thought Questions 10.1: Statistical Relationships 10.2: Strength versus Statistical Significance 10.3: Measuring Strength Through Correlation 10.4: Specifying Linear Relationships with Regression Thinking About Key Concepts Focus On Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 11: Relationships Can Be Deceiving Thought Questions 11.1: Illegitimate Correlations 11.2: Legitimate Correlation Does Not Imply Causation 11.3: Some Reasons for Relationships Between Variables 11.4: Confirming Causation Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 12: Relationships Between Categorical Variables Thought Questions 12.1: Displaying Relationships Between Categorical Variables: Contingency Tables 12.2: Relative Risk, Increased Risk, and Odds 12.3: Misleading Statistics about Risk 12.4: Simpson’s Paradox: The Missing Third Variable Thinking About Key Concepts Focus On Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 13: Statistical Significance for 2 X 2 Tables Thought Questions 13.1: Measuring the Strength of the Relationship 13.2: Steps for Assessing Statistical Significance 13.3: The Chi-Square Test 13.4: Practical versus Statistical Significance Thinking About Key Concepts Focus on Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Part 3: Understanding Uncertainty in Life Ch 14: Understanding Probability and Long-Term Expectations Thought Questions 14.1: Probability 14.2: The Relative-Frequency Interpretation 14.3: The Personal-Probability Interpretation 14.4: Applying Some Simple Probability Rules 14.5: When Will It Happen? 14.6: Long-Term Gains, Losses, and Expectations Thinking About Key Concepts Focus On Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 15: Understanding Uncertainty through Simulation Thought Questions 15.1: Mimicking Reality through Simulation 15.2: Simulating Probabilities 15.3: Simulating the Chi-Square Test 15.4: Randomization Tests Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini Projects References Ch 16: Psychological Influences on Personal Probability Thought Questions 16.1: Revisiting Personal Probability 16.2: Equivalent Probabilities; Different Decisions 16.3: How Personal Probabilities Can Be Distorted 16.4: Optimism, Reluctance to Change, and Overconfidence 16.5: Calibrating Personal Probabilities of Experts 16.6: Tips for Improving Your Personal Probabilities and Judgments Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 17: When Intuition Differs from Relative Frequency Thought Questions 17.1: Revisiting Relative Frequency 17.2: Coincidences 17.3: The Gambler’s Fallacy 17.4: Confusion of the Inverse 17.5: Using Expected Values to Make Wise Decisions Thinking About Key Concepts Focus On Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 18: Understanding the Economic News Thought Questions 18.1: Cost of Living: The Consumer Price Index 18.2: Uses of the Consumer Price Index 18.3: Criticisms of the Consumer Price Index 18.4: Seasonal Adjustments: Reporting the Consumer Price Index 18.5: Economic Indicators Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Part 4: Making Judgments from Surveys and Experiments Ch 19: The Diversity of Samples from the Same Population Thought Questions 19.1: Setting the Stage 19.2: What to Expect of Sample Proportions 19.3: What to Expect of Sample Means 19.4: What to Expect in Other Situations 19.5: Simulated Proportions and Means Thinking About Key Concepts Focus On Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 20: Estimating Proportions with Confidence Thought Questions 20.1: Confidence Intervals 20.2: Three Examples of Confidence Intervals from the Media 20.3: Constructing a Confidence Interval for a Proportion Thinking About Key Concepts Focus On Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 21: The Role of Confidence Intervals in Research Thought Questions 21.1: Confidence Intervals for Population Means 21.2: Confidence Intervals for the Difference Between Two Means 21.3: Revisiting Case Studies and Examples: How Journals Present Confidence Intervals 21.4: Understanding Any Confidence Interval Thinking About Key Concepts Focus on Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 22: Rejecting Chance—Testing Hypotheses in Research Thought Questions 22.1: Using Data to Make Decisions 22.2: The Basic Steps for Testing Hypotheses 22.3: Testing Hypotheses for Proportions 22.4: What Can Go Wrong: The Two Types of Errors Thinking About Key Concepts Focus on Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 23: Hypothesis Testing—Examples and Case Studies Thought Questions 23.1: How Hypothesis Tests Are Reported in the News 23.2: Testing Hypotheses about Proportions and Means 23.2: How Journals Present Hypothesis Tests Thinking About Key Concepts Focus on Formulas Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 24: Significance, Importance, and Undetected Differences Thought Questions 24.1: Real Importance versus Statistical Significance 24.2: The Role of Sample Size in Statistical Significance 24.3: No Difference versus No Statistically Significant Difference 24.4: Multiple Tests, Multiple Comparisons, and False Positives 24.5: A Summary of Warnings and Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 25: Meta-Analysis: Resolving Inconsistencies across Studies Thought Questions 25.1: The Need for Meta-Analysis 25.2: Two Important Decisions for the Analyst 25.3: Some Benefits of Meta-Analysis 25.4: Criticisms of Meta-Analysis Thinking About Key Concepts Exercises Mini-Projects References Ch 26: Ethics in Statistical Studies Introduction 26.1: Ethical Treatment of Human and Animal Participants 26.2: Assurance of Data Quality 26.3: Appropriate Statistical Analyses 26.4: Fair Reporting of Results Exercises References Ch 27: Putting What You Have Learned to the Test Introduction References Contents of the Appendix and Companion Website Appendix of News Stories Solutions to Selected Exercises Index This text develops statistical literacy and critical thinking through real-world applications, with an emphasis on ideas, not calculations. This text focuses on the key concepts that educated citizens need to know about statistics. These ideas are introduced in interesting applied and real contexts, without using an abundance of technicalities and calculations that only serve to confuse students WCN:,02-200-202 WCN: 02-200-202