The People's Wars : Histories of Violence in the German Lands, 1820-1888

How Did Ministers, Journalists, Academics, Artists, And Subjects In The German Lands Imagine War During The Nineteenth Century? The Napoleonic Wars Had Been The Bloodiest In Europe's History, Directly Affecting Millions Of Germans, Yet Their Long-term Consequences On Individuals And On 'politics' Are Still Poorly Understood. This Study Makes Sense Of Contemporaries' Memories And Histories Of The Revolutionary And Napoleonic Campaigns Within A Much Wider Context Of Press Reportage Of Wars Elsewhere In Europe And Overseas, Debates About Military Service And The Reform Of Germany's Armies, Revolution And Counter-revolution, And Individuals' Experiences Of Violence And Death In Their Everyday Lives. For The Majority Of The Populations Of The German States, Wars During An Era Of Conscription Were Not Merely A Matter Of History And Memory; Rather, They Concerned Subjects' Hopes, Fears, And Expectations Of The Future. This Is The Second Volume Of Mark Hewitson's Study Of The Violence Of War In The German Lands During The Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries. It Investigates The Complex Relationship Between Military Conflicts And The Violent Acts Of Individual Soldiers. In Particular, It Considers The Contradictory Impact Of 'pacification' In Civilian Life And Exposure To Increasingly Destructive Technologies Of Killing During War-time. This Contradiction Reached Its Nineteenth-century Apogee During The 'wars Of Unification', Leaving An Ambiguous Imprint On Post-war Discussions Of Military Conflict. Military Violence In German History -- Histories Of Conflict -- Life In The German Armies -- Domestic Violence -- Revolution And Civil War -- War Reports -- War And The Nation -- Blood In The Sand -- Brothers-at-war -- The War Of The Germans -- Shock And Awe : The Aftermath Of Conflict -- Reflections On Violence. Mark Hewitson. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 527-555) And Index. Cover 1 The People’s Wars: Histories of Violence in the German Lands, 1820–1888 4 Copyright 5 Dedication 6 Preface 8 Acknowledgements 10 Contents 12 List of Figures 14 List of Maps 16 List of Tables 18 Introduction: Military Violence in German History 20 The Historiography of Warfare in Germany 26 REASSESSING Ninetenth-Century Conflicts 33 The Romance of War, 1820–64 40 1: Histories of Conflict 42 History and the Wars of the Völker 42 The Anthropology of Warfare 56 2: Life in the German Armies 72 The Arming of the People 72 The Politics of the German Armies during the ‘Restoration’ 80 Army Lives 95 The Politics of German Armies duringand after the Revolution 107 3: Domestic Violence 133 Pacification and Everyday Violence 136 Squeamishnes and Self-Control 148 4: Revolution and Civil War 166 REVOLUTIONARY VIOLENCE AND CIVIL WAR 167 COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY WARFARE AND THE RESTORATION OF ORDER 181 5: War Reports 200 THE COVERAGE OF WAR IN THE PRESS 202 THE GERMAN STRUGGLE FOR SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN IN 1848–51 214 NEWS FROM ELSEWHERE: FROM GREECE (1821–9) TO THE CRIMEA (1853–6) 228 MODERN WARFARE: THE FRANCO-AUSTRIAN WAR (1859) 253 The Horror of War, 1864–88 272 6: War and the Nation 274 Political Mobilizations 280 Publicity Campaigns 301 7: Blood in the Sand 331 JUST WAR 337 HEROISM AND VICTORY 346 MURDEROUS HELL-FIRE 358 8: Brothers-at-War 372 THE CAMPAIGN: STRATEGISTS AND TECHNICIANS 379 DEFEATS 398 HORROR AND GLORY 411 9: The War of the Germans 429 THE ARMY’S WAR: VOLKSKRIEG AND FRANCS-TIREURS 433 A LOVELY WAR? BURGHERS AND WARRIORS 450 10: Shock and Awe: The Aftermath of Conflict 492 Heroic Histories of War and Unification 496 Memories of Violence 509 Conclusion: Reflections on Violence 527 WAR AND NATIONALISM IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 528 POPULAR ATTITUDES TO THE ARMY AND THE WARS OF THE VOLK 532 VIOLENCE AND THE MYTHOLOGY OF WAR 535 THE OPEN SECRET OF MILITARY VIOLENCE 539 Select Bibliography 546 PRIMARY SOURCES 546 Newspapers and Periodicals 546 PAMPHLETS, TREATISES, ENCYCLOPAEDIAS, AND HISTORIES 546 DIARIES, CORRESPONDENCE, AND MEMOIRS 556 SECONDARY LITERATURE 570 Index 576 "How did ministers, journalists, academics, artists, and subjects in the German lands imagine war during the nineteenth century? The Napoleonic Wars had been the bloodiest in Europe's history, directly affecting millions of Germans, yet their long-term consequences on individuals and on 'politics' are still poorly understood. This study makes sense of contemporaries' memories and histories of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic campaigns within a much wider context of press reportage of wars elsewhere in Europe and overseas, debates about military service and the reform of Germany's armies, revolution and counter-revolution, and individuals' experiences of violence and death in their everyday lives. For the majority of the populations of the German states, wars during an era of conscription were not merely a matter of history and memory; rather, they concerned subjects' hopes, fears, and expectations of the future. This is the second volume of Mark Hewitson's study of the violence of war in the German lands during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It investigates the complex relationship between military conflicts and the violent acts of individual soldiers.0In particular, it considers the contradictory impact of 'pacification' in civilian life and exposure to increasingly destructive technologies of killing during war-time. This contradiction reached its nineteenth-century apogee during the 'wars of unification', leaving an ambiguous imprint on post-war discussions of military conflict."-- Provided by publisher