The Parting of the Sea : How Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Plagues Shaped the Story of Exodus

For more than four decades, biblical experts have tried to place the story of Exodus into historical context--without success. What could explain the Nile turning to blood, insects swarming the land, and the sky falling to darkness? Integrating biblical accounts with substantive archaeological evidence, __The Parting of the Sea__ looks at how natural phenomena shaped the stories of Exodus, the Sojourn in the Wilderness, and the Israelite conquest of Canaan. Barbara Sivertsen demonstrates that the Exodus was in fact two separate exoduses both triggered by volcanic eruptions--and provides scientific explanations for the ten plagues and the parting of the Red Sea. Over time, Israelite oral tradition combined these events into the Exodus narrative known today. Skillfully unifying textual and archaeological records with details of ancient geological events, Sivertsen shows how the first exodus followed a 1628 B.C.E Minoan eruption that produced all but one of the first nine plagues. The second exodus followed an eruption of a volcano off the Aegean island of Yali almost two centuries later, creating the tenth plague of darkness and a series of tsunamis that "parted the sea" and drowned the pursuing Egyptian army. Sivertsen's brilliant account explains inconsistencies in the biblical story, fits chronologically with the conquest of Jericho, and confirms that the Israelites were in Canaan before the end of the sixteenth century B.C.E. In examining oral traditions and how these practices absorb and process geological details through storytelling, __The Parting of the Sea__ reveals how powerful historical narratives are transformed into myth. Contents Figures and Tables Acknowledgments Introduction. The Exodus, Oral Tradition, and Natural History Chapter One. Dating the Exodus Chapter Two. The Coming of the Hyksos Chapter Three. The Minoan Eruption Chapter Four. The Plagues, the Exodus, and Historical Reality Chapter Five. Moses and the Mountain of God Chapter Six. The Sojourn in the Wilderness Chapter Seven. Meanwhile, Back in Civilization Chapter Eight. The Destruction of Jericho Chapter Nine. The Conquest and Settlement of Canaan Chapter Ten. Back to Egypt Chapter Eleven. The Formation of the Exodus Tradition Appendix. Oral Transmission, Memory and Recall, and Oral History Abbreviations Notes Glossary of Geological and Technical Terms Bibliography Index