The Pantheon of Uruk During the Neo-Babylonian Period (Cuneiform Monographs, 23)

This book is about the pantheon of the Babylonian city of Uruk, between the 9th and 5th centuries BC. It is a careful analysis of the archive of the Eanna temple in Uruk, the sanctuary of the goddess Ishtar, containing well over 8,000 cuneiform tablets in the Akkadian language. The tablets date in their majority to the Neo-Babylonian and early Achaemenid period. Paul-Alain Beaulieu sheds light on the hierarchy of the local pantheon, providing a wealth of data concerning the cult of each deity, such as identity and theology, ornaments and clothing of the divine image, offerings ceremonies, temples, and cultic personnel. An important contribution to our knowledge of the functioning of religion in Neo-Babylonian society. Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Abbreviations Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Subject of this Study 1.2. The Eanna archive 1.3. Organization of this Study 1.4. The Cult Statue 1.5. Paraphernalia 1.6. Ornaments 1.6.1. Headgear 1.6.2. Breast Ornaments 1.6.3. Jewelry 1.6.4. Beads and Stones 1.6.5. Gold 1.6.6. Correlations Between Words and Artefacts 1.7. Clothing 1.7.1. Garments 1.7.2. Decorated Garments 1.8. Offerings 1.9. Temples 1.10. Prebends 1.11. Cultic Personnel 1.12. Ceremonies 1.12.1. The Clothing Ceremony Chapter 2. The Offering Lists 2.1. The Lists of Sacrificial Animals: Group A 2.1.1. Hierarchy of Deities in Group A 2.1.2. Pairing of Ištar-of-Uruk and Nanaya with Marduk and Nabǔ 2.1.3. Possible Increase of Offerings Under Nebuchadnezzar II 2.2. The Lists of Sacrificial Animals: Group B 2.2.1. Catalogue of Deities 2.3. The Lists of Deliveries of Foodstuffs 2.3.1. Catalogue of Deities 2.3.2. Hierarchy of Offerings Chapter 3. Ištar-of-Uruk 3.1. Ištar and the City of Uruk 3.1.1. The Archaic Period 3.1.2. The Third Millennium 3.1.3. The Old Babylonian Period 3.1.4. The Induction of lnanna in the Eanna Temple 3.1.5. The Late Periods 3.2. The Names of Ištar in the Eanna Archive 3.2.1. Ištar 3.2.2. Ištar-of-Uruk 3.2.3. Lady-of-Uruk 3.2.4. Ištar-of-Uruk = Lady-of-Uruk 3.2.5. Innin 3.2.6. Bēltiya 3.2.7. Other Names 3.2.8. Diachronic Study of the Names of Ištar 3.3. The Return of Ištar-of-Uruk to Uruk Under Nebuchadnezzar II 3.4. Paraphernalia 3.5. Ornaments 3.5.1. Tiara 3.5.2. Crown 3.5.3. Breast Ornaments 3.5.4. Jewelry 3.6. Clothing 3.6.1. Garments 3.6.2. Decorated Garments 3.7. Offerings 3.7.1. Salt 3.7.2. Dates 3.7.3. Barley 3.7.4. Emmer 3.7.5. Flour 3.7.6. Sesame 3.7.7. Sweets and Cakes 3.7.8. Fruit 3.7.9. Milk 3.7.10. Fish 3.7.11. Meat 3.7.12. Varia 3.8. Temple 3.9. Prebends 3.10. Personnel 3.11. Ceremonies 3.11.1. Sacred Meal 3.11.2. Clothing Ceremony 3.11.3. Varia 3.12. Toponyms Chapter 4. The Companions of Ištar 4.1. The Goddesses of Uruk 4.1.1. Crown 4.1.2. Clothing 4.1.3. Offerings, Prebends, and Personnel 4.2. Nanaya 4.2.1. Paraphernalia 4.2.2. Ornaments 4.2.2.1. Tiara 4.2.2.2. Crown 4.2.2.3. Breast Ornaments 4.2.2.4. Jewelry 4.2.3. Clothing 4.2.3.1. Garments 4.2.3.2. Decorated Garments 4.2.4. Offerings 4.2.4.1. Salt 4.2.4.2. Dates 4.2.4.3. Barley 4.2.4.4. Emmer 4.2.4.5. Flour 4.2.4.6. Beer 4.2.4.7. Sweets and Cakes 4.2.4.8. Fish 4.2.4.9. Meat 4.2.4.10. Varia 4.2.5. Temple 4.2.6. Prebends 4.2.7. Personnel 4.2.8. Ceremonies 4.2.8.1. Sacred Meal 4.2.8.2. Clothing Ceremony 4.2.8.3. Varia 4.2.9. Toponyms 4.3. Bēltu-ša-Rēš 4.3.1. Paraphernalia 4.3.2. Ornaments 4.3.2.1. Breast Ornament 4.3.2.2. Jewelry 4.3.3. Clothing 4.3.3.1. Garments 4.3.3.2. Decorated Garments 4.3.4. Offerings 4.3.4.1. Salt 4.3.4.2. Dates 4.3.4.3. Barley 4.3.4.4. Emmer 4.3.4.5. Flour 4.3.4.6. Sweets and Cakes 4.3.4.7. Meat 4.3.4.8. Varia 4.3.5. Prebends 4.3.6. Personnel 4.3.7. Ceremonies 4.3.7.1. Sacred Meal 4.3.7.2. Clothing Ceremony 4.3.7.3. Varia 4.4. Uṣur-amāssu 4.4.1. Paraphernalia 4.4.2. Ornaments 4.4.2.1. Tiara 4.4.2.2. Crown 4.4.2.3. Breast Ornaments 4.4.2.4. Jewelry 4.4.3. Clothing 4.4.4. Offerings 4.4.4.1. Salt 4.4.4.2. Dates 4.4.4.3. Barley 4.4.4.4. Emmer 4.4.4.5. Beer 4.4.4.6. Sesame 4.4.4.7. Sweets and Cakes 4.4.4.8. Meat 4.4.4.9. Varia 4.4.5. Temple 4.4.6. Prebends 4.4.7. Personnel 4.4.8. Ceremonies 4.4.8.1. Sacred Meal 4.4.8.2. Clothing Ceremony 4.4.8.3. The kinūnu Ritual 4.4.8.4. Varia 4.4.9. Toponyms 4.5. Urkayītu 4.5.1. Paraphernalia 4.5.2. Ornaments 4.5.2.1. Tiara 4.5.2.2. Crown 4.5.2.3. Breast Ornament 4.5.2.4. Jewelry 4.5.3. Clothing 4.5.4. Offerings 4.5.4.1. Salt 4.5.4.2. Dates 4.5.4.3. Barley 4.5.4.4. Emmer 4.5.4.5. Beer 4.5.4.6. Sesame 4.5.4.7. Sweets and Cakes 4.5.4.8. Meat 4.5.4.9. Varia 4.5.5. Prebends 4.5.6. Personnel 4.5.7. Ceremonies 4.5.7.1. Sacred Meal 4.5.7.2. Clothing Ceremony 4.5.7.3. The Procession 4.5.7.4. Visits to Others Sanctuaries 4.5.7.5. Varia 4.5.8. Toponyms Chapter 5. Other Deities of Group A 5.1. The Symbols of Bēl and Nabû 5.2. Marduk 5.2.1. Paraphernalia 5.2.2. Offerings 5.2.2.1. Salt 5.2.2.2. Dates 5.2.2.3. Barley 5.2.2.4. Meat 5.2.2.5. Varia 5.2.3. Temple 5.2.4. Personnel 5.3. Sîn 5.3.1. Offerings 5.3.1.1. Salt 5.3.1.2. Dates 5.3.1.3. Barley 5.3.1.4. Emmer 5.3.1.5. Beer 5.3.1.6. Sesame 5.3.1.7. Meat 5.3.1.8. Varia 5.3.2. Temple 5.4. Gula 5.4.1. Paraphernalia 5.4.2. Breast Ornament 5.4.3. Clothing 5.4.4. Offerings 5.4.4.1. Salt 5.4.4.2. Dates 5.4.4.3. Barley 5.4.4.4. Beer 5.4.4.5. Sweets and Cakes 5.4.4.6. Meat 5.4.4.7. Varia 5.4.5. Temple 5.4.6. Ceremonies 5.4.6.1. Sacred Meal 5.4.6.2. The Clothing Ceremony 5.4.6.3. The kinūnu Ritual 5.5. dIGI.DU 5.5.1. Paraphernalia 5.5.2. Clothing 5.5.3. Offerings 5.5.3.1. Salt 5.5.3.2. Dates 5.5.3.3. Barley 5.5.3.4. Sesame Oil 5.5.3.5. Sweets and Cakes 5.5.3.6. Meat 5.5.4. Temple 5.5.5. Personnel 5.5.6. Ceremonies 5.5.6.1. Sacred Meal 5.5.6.2. Clothing Ceremony 5.5.6.3. The kinūnu Ritual 5.5.6.4. Varia (sarāqu, šalām bīti, etc...) 5.5.7. Varia 5.6. Bēlet-Eanna and dIGI.DU of Udannu 5.6.1. Paraphernalia 5.6.2. Jewelry 5.6.3. Clothing 5.6.4. Offerings 5.6.4.1. Barley 5.6.4.2. Beer 5.6.4.3. Meat 5.6.5. Temples 5.6.6. Personnel 5.6.7. Ceremonies 5.7. The Divine Chariot 5.8. Nergal and Ereškigal 5.8.1. Offerings 5.8.1.1. Salt 5.8.1.2. Barley 5.8.1.3. Flour 5.8.1.4. Meat 5.8.1.5. Varia 5.8.2. Temple 5.8.3. Prebends 5.8.4. Personnel 5.8.5. Ceremonies 5.9. Ninurta 5.9.1. Paraphernalia 5.9.2. Offerings 5.9.2.1. Salt 5.9.2.2. Dates 5.9.2.3. Barley 5.9.2.4. Emmer 5.9.2.5. Sesame 5.9.2.6. Sweets and Cakes 5.9.2.7. Meat 5.9.2.8. Varia 5.9.3. Temple 5.9.4. Personnel 5.9.5. Ceremonies 5.9.6. Toponyms 5.10. Nusku 5.10.1. Offerings 5.10.1.1. Salt 5.10.1.2. Dates 5.10.1.3. Barley 5.10.1.4. Flour 5.10.1.5. Sesame 5.10.1.6. Sweets and Cakes 5.10.1.7. Meat 5.10.1.8. Varia 5.10.2. Temple 5.10.3. Personnel 5.10.4. Rituals 5.11. Šamaš and Aya of Larsa Chapter 6. Minor Goddesses 6.1. Aḫlamayītu 6.2. Antu 6.3. Anunītu 6.4. Aššurītu 6.5. Bānītu 6.6. Bēlet-balāṭi 6.7. Gula of Bīt-Gula 6.8. Gula-of-the-Courtyard 6.9. Kanisurra 6.9.1. Offerings 6.9.2. Prebends 6.9.3. Personnel 6.9.4. Toponyms 6.10. Kaššītu 6.11. Kilīlu and Barirītu (Abbašušu and Nunnirdudu) 6.12. Kurunnītu 6.13. Mārāt-Ebabbar 6.14. Nin-zizli 6.15. Šarrat-Kullab 6.16. Šerua Chapter 7. Minor Gods 7.1. Adad 7.2. Adapa 7.3. Amurru and Innin-galga-sud 7.4. Anu 7.5. Aššur (Anšar) 7.6. Bēl (of Babylon) 7.7. Bēl-āliya 7.8. Bēl-SA-naṣru and Gula 7.9. Bunene 7.10. Dumuzi 7.11. Ea, Enlil, dBE 7.11.1. The God Ea 7.11.2. The God Enlil 7.11.3. The God dBE 7.11.4. The Gods Ea of Eridu and Ea of Nēmed-Lagūda 7.12. Gašru 7.13. Gilgameš 7.14. Ilū-ša-māt-tâmti 7.15. Lugalbanda 7.16. Lugalirra 7.17. Lugal-Marada 7.18. Madānu 7.19. Mār-bīti 7.20. Marduk-of-the-Courtyard 7.21. Meslamtaea 7.22. Nabû 7.23. Ningišzida 7.24. Ninurta-of-the-Courtyard 7.25. Sîn-of-Heaven 7.26. Sîn-of-the-Courtyard 7.27. Sîn (of Ur) 7.28. Dais of Šamaš 7.29. Usmû 7.30. Zababa Chapter 8. Non-Anthropomorphic Deities 8.1. Deified Paraphernalia 8.1.1. Ḫuṭāru, the Divine Staff 8.1.2. Išpatu, the Divine Quiver 8.1.3. Kakkabtu, the Divine Star-Shaped Branding Iron 8.1.4. The Divine Urigallu Standards 8.1.5. The Divine Zaqiptu Standards 8.2. Deified Mischwesen 8.2.1. The Divine Urdimmus 8.2.1.1. Writing and Etymology 8.2.1.2. The Divine Urdimmu in Personal Names 8.2.1.3. Offerings 8.2.1.3.1. Salt 8.2.1.3.2. Barley 8.2.1.3.3. Oil 8.2.1.3.4. Meat 8.2.1.4. Garments 8.2.1.5. The Gate with a Divine Urdimmu 8.2.1.6. Donation of a Field to a Divine Urdimmu 8.2.1.7. The Divine Urdimmu: A Full-Fledged Deity 8.2.2. The Divine Urmaḫlûlus Appendix 1. Synthetic List of Gods Mentioned in the Eanna Archive Appendix 2. The Ritual LKU 51 Appendix 3. Philological Discussions Bibliography Indexes