The Palgrave Handbook on the Economics of Manipulation in Sport

This updated and expanded new edition explores how sport is manipulated for economic and political gain. Manipulation in sport takes many forms and carefully selected chapters detail the broad variety of ways this can take place. The different types of manipulation in sport are outlined, including doping, match-fixing, and breaking Financial Fair Play, to provide a foundation to the topic. The role of legal interventions, in particular the Court of Arbitration for Sport, is discussed, alongside the governance of sports organisations and the corruption of sporting organisations, to highlight how sport can be exploited by tainted political regimes. New chapters looking at whistleblowing, sportwashing, e-sports, and horseracing broaden the scope of the book and explore recent debates. This book aims to examine manipulation in sport through the lens of economics, bringing light to the various ways benefits can be gained from rule and regulation breaches. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in sports economics and sport governance. Contents List of Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Part I: Introduction and Overview Chapter 1: Editors’ Introduction and Overview Section I. Introduction and Overview Chapter 1: Editors’ Introduction and Overview Chapter 2: Typology of Manipulation Chapter 3: A Historical Perspective Section II. Specific Types of Manipulation in Sport Chapter 4: Doping Chapter 5: Match-Fixing Chapter 6: Multi-club Ownership Chapter 7: ‘Financial doping’ Chapter 8: Sportswashing Section III. Interventions to Mitigate Manipulation in Sport Chapter 9: Bet Monitoring Chapter 10: The Macolin Convention Chapter 11: Tournament Design Chapter 12: Whistleblowers Section IV. Manipulation in Sports Organisations and Disciplines Chapter 13: Governance Chapter 14: Mega-events Chapter 15: FIFA Chapter 16: E-sports References Chapter 2: Different Types of Manipulation in Sport Introduction “Minor” Manipulations in Sport Multi-faceted Sport Manipulations Involving Corruption Sport Integrity Under Threat: Major Manipulations What Is to Be Done? Conclusion References Chapter 3: Manipulation in Sport: Historical Evidence and Economic Analysis Introduction Sabotage, Doping and Match-Fixing: Nothing Is New Sabotage Doping Match-Fixing Causal and Contributory Factors Gambling Competition Structures Individual Cost-Benefit Influencing the Cost-Benefit Economic Consequences: Fact and Fiction A Dilemma for Sports Economists? The Future A Closing Comment References Part II: Specific Types of Manipulation in Sport Chapter 4: Doping in High-Performance Sport: The Economic Perspective The Problem Main Characteristics of “Doping” Economic Approaches to Analyse Doping A Combined Utility and Game-Theoretical Economic Explanation for the Occurrence of Doping in High-Performance Sport Costs and Benefits Associated with the Decision to Dope Benefits of Doping Costs of Doping Doping in a One-Off Competition Doping with Changed Parameters Decision in the Case of Iterated Simultaneous Competitions Decision in Sports with Precisely Measurable Results Decision in Team Sports Intermediate Result The Need for a Legal Ban of Doping Methods Anti-doping Instruments Requirements for and an Overview of Anti-doping Instruments The Standard Anti-doping Ban and Its Deficiencies Improvements to the Standard Anti-doping Ban Conclusion References Chapter 5: Match-Fixing Why Are Matches Fixed? Match Fixes for Sporting Gain Match Fixes for Commercial Gain Betting-Related Match-Fixing The Market for Betting-Motivated Fixes Consequences for Sport from Match-Fixing Prevention References Chapter 6: Multi-club Ownership Introduction Multi-club Ownership—A Brief Definition Chances and Risks Resulting from Multi-club Ownership Chances for Investors Risks for Fans and Other Stakeholders Multi-club Ownership in Professional Sports Multi-club Ownership in US Major Leagues Multi-club Ownership in Football Historical Development Current UEFA Rules Excursus: Special Rules in the German Bundesliga Recent Developments and Trends Profit Maximising in Multi-club Ownership Situations—A Formal Approach The Structure of the Model Analysis of a 2-Club-Situation Potential Effects of an Actual Arrangement on Customers’ Perception Assessment and Outlook References Chapter 7: Financial Regulation as an Anticompetitive Institution The Role of Financial Regulation in Professional Sports Budget Caps Types of Budget Cap Distortive Effects of Budget Caps on Sporting Competition The Example of UEFA Financial Fair Play The Example of Formula One Allocation of Common Revenues as Financial Regulation Standards for Sound Financial Management Conclusion References Chapter 8: Deconstructing Sportswashing: Analytical Concept or Ideological Prejudice? Introduction The Topic: The Use of Sport for Political Purposes The Emergence of the Concept and Its Usage Metaphor, Neologism and... Ideological Bias? Sport as a Developmental Tool: The Case of Qatar and Saudi Arabia Hosting International Sporting Events and Building State-of-the-Art Sporting Facilities Investing in Global Sport and Broadcasting Rights Along with the Promotion of Sports Initiatives Promoting and Developing Sporting Success at the Elite Level Engaging Famous Sports Stars Who Publicly Speak in Favour of the Nation Limitations and Contradictions of the Concept of Sportswashing Legitimation Through Values Concluding Remarks References Part III: Interventions to Mitigate Manipulation in Sport Chapter 9: Analysing Betting Markets to Detect Potential Cases of Manipulation Introduction Monitoring Betting Market Odds Monitoring Account-Level Data Conclusion References Chapter 10: Guarding the Sport: A Legal Analysis of the Macolin Convention in the Fight Against Sports Manipulation and Shaping Its Future Introduction The Limitations of Legal Systems That the Macolin Convention Seeks to Address The Macolin Convention’s Legal Framework to Tackle Sports Manipulation Pillar 1: The Framework of cooperation Pillar 2: The Framework of Prevention The Convention’s Impact on the Fight Against Sports Manipulation An Enhanced Level of Cooperation Among Actors An Increased Criminalisation of Sports Manipulation The Future of the Macolin Convention Widening and Supporting the Implementation of the Convention Further Strengthening Cooperation Conclusion References Chapter 11: Tournament Design for a FIFA World Cup with 12 Four-Team Groups: Every Win Matters Introduction The Case of the 2026 FIFA World Cup Criteria to Satisfy Simultaneous Games in the Last Round of a Group Information Asymmetry Incentives to Draw in the Last Game of the Group No Dead Rubbers Rest Days Number of Games in Total Maximum Number of Games per Team Minimum Number of Games per Team Fans Travel Planning Balanced Brackets and Diversity Number of Days Without Games Proposed Formats with 12 Four-Team Groups Two Games in Group Stage and 16-Team Bracket in the Elimination Stage (G2B16) Three Games in the Group Stage and the 24-Team Bracket in the Elimination Stage (G3B24) Hybrid Format Discussion Conclusion References Chapter 12: “Helplines” Instead of “Hotlines”. Perspectives for Whistleblowing Policies Against the Manipulation of Sports Competitions The Disciplinary Approach Behind the Development of Whistleblowing Solutions Individual Perspectives of Reporting Manipulation of Sports Competitions Conclusion References Chapter 13: Good Governance to Mitigate the Manipulation of Sport Corporate Governance and Sport Poor Governance and Manipulation of Sport Policies Monitoring Enforcement Conclusion References Part IV: Manipulation in Sports Organisations and Disciplines Chapter 14: Corruption in the Bidding, Construction, and Organisation of Mega-events: An Analysis of the Olympics and World Cup Introduction Corruption in Bidding for Mega-events Corruption in World Cup Bidding Corruption in Olympics Bidding Corruption in the Organisation of a Mega-event Corruption in the Awarding of Contracts Corruption in Construction Corruption and Cost Overrun in Long-Term Management of Stadiums Prevention of Corruption References Chapter 15: FIFA: A Century of Crime and No Punishment Introduction: The Sorry History of Football and FIFA FIFA Organisation Human Frailty in Sports FIFA Under Havelange FIFA Under Blatter The Valcke Visa Fiasco Valcke and the $10 Million South African Payment The 2010 FIFA Decision That Shocked Everyone What Is Qatar Anyway? Why Was Qatar Chosen to Host the World Cup? FIFA’s Response to the 2010 Media Frenzy The Garcia Report The Fate of FIFA’s “Reforms” Prosecutions??? The FBI Criminal Investigation The Lengthy Pursuit of Jack Warner Swiss Criminal Proceedings Valcke Again Other Prosecutions Infantino Qatar and Its Critics Climate Kafala Women LGBTQ Alcohol Continuing Opposition to Qatar as Host What Can Be Done About Football Crimes?? Commercialisation of Football Crimes in Football: Is This a Football Problem? Conclusion Are There More Important Corruption Problems We Should Address? Is Lobbying Just Legalised Bribery? Privatising Bribery Chapter 16: Manipulation in Esports The Esports Ecosystem Manipulation in Professional Esports Manipulation of Digital Game Elements Peripheral Game Mechanics That Mediate Potential Threats Cultural Considerations in Combating Esports Corruption The Role of Esports Data in Combating Corruption Conclusion References Index