The Palgrave Handbook of Religion and State, Volume II: Global Perspectives

The Palgrave Handbook of Religion and State Volume II: Global Perpectives addresses issues of Religion and State from a multitude of disciplines. The volume begins with the philosophical discussion of perennial issues that have to do with the origin and nature of rights. One question centers on the right to use one’s religious beliefs to enact laws. This discussion alone sets this handbook apart from other handbooks of its type. While addressing these perennial questions, this volume includes authors who interact with the work of John Rawls, Hobbes, Rousseau, and a host of contemporary philosophers. The subsequent sections address the American Constitutional Experiment, religion, state, and law in the Americas. Foreword to The Handbook of Religion and State Volume II: Theory and Practice in the Eastern Hemisphere Contents Notes on Contributors Chapter 1: Introduction Part I: Religion and the State in European History Chapter 2: Christendom’s Constitution: “The Clashing Swords of Church and State in History” The Gelasian Constitution Roman and Christian Foundations The Sacrum Imperium The Formation of Western Christendom The Climax: From Gregory VII to Magna Carta Disintegrating Toward Early Modern Constitutionalisms Related Topics Further Reading References Chapter 3: The Interaction of Church and State During the Crusading Movement: Cooperation, Control, Indifference Origins of the Crusading Movement Cooperation Control Indifference Conclusion Further Reading References Chapter 4: Church and State in Enlightenment Europe Intolerant Establishment Tolerant Establishment Tolerant Disestablishment Conclusion Further Reading References Chapter 5: Royal Supremacy and Religious Tolerance in Early Modern England Royal Supremacy and Its Critics Religious Pluralism Under Royal Supremacy Recusancy and the Limits of Tolerance The Monarchy and Clerical Dissent Conclusion Further Reading References Chapter 6: Religion and Politics in the USSR: The Cold War Era Religion in the Soviet Union to 1939 Rescue: War, Religion, and Politics to 1953 Attack: The Antireligious Struggle of the Khrushchev Era, 1954–1964 Attrition: Church-State Relations to 1985 Revival: Soviet Church and State to 1991 Legacies for the Post-Soviet Church and State Further Reading References Part II: Religion and the State in Europe Chapter 7: France’s Long March from State Religion to Secular State Christian France? Christian Unity Fractured Wars of Religion Early Compromises Edict of Nantes War of the Camisards The French Revolution Napoleon Bonaparte and the Concordat Nineteenth-Century Clericalism and Anticlericalism 1905 Law of Separation of Churches and the State Development of the Concept of Laïcité Twenty-First-Century Challenges Conclusion References Chapter 8: From National Church to State Anglican Multifaithism: Church and State in England and Wales Since 1829 Introduction Religious Demographics The Crown Parliament The Established Church Religious Freedom Education Welfare Conclusion References Chapter 9: Of Faith and Fatherland: Churches and States in Ireland from the Act of Union to the Belfast Agreement, 1800–1998 The Catholic Church Before the Great Famine, 1820s–1840s The Development of a Denominational Education System Paul Cullen and the Transformation of the Irish Catholic Church The University Question The Disestablishment of the Church of Ireland The Land Question and the Pursuit of Home Rule, 1870–1893 Third Home Rule Crisis (1912–14) and Easter 1916 Rising Transition to an Independent Irish State, 1916–23 A Partitioned Ireland and Its Legacies State-Building in the Irish Free State and Catholic Ascendancy Control of Education and Health A Changing Irish Republic, 1960s–1990s Northern Ireland, the Troubles, and the Belfast Agreement Conclusion References Chapter 10: Religion and the State in Germany and Slovakia: Convergence and Divergence of a Western Versus Central European Case Introduction Historical Background Constitutional Context Religion and Education Demographics Religion and Politics Conclusion References Part III: Religion and the State in Asia Chapter 11: Missionary Work in China: Benign Ministry or State Subversion? Dispelling Myths About Christianity in China History of Missionary Work in China China and Its Government Today Missionaries: Triangulating Chinese Christianity, Missionary History, and the Chinese Government Further Reading References Chapter 12: Christian God and Hostile State: Church-State Relationship in China Introduction Church-State Relationship in China Modernization Without Liberalization Since the 1980s Future Prospects Hopeful Signs of Church-State Encounters Conclusion Further Readings References Chapter 13: Public Shrine Ritual or Private Religion? Yasukuni Shrine and the Precarious Secularism of Modern Japan Introduction The Meiji Restoration and the Unity of Ritual and Government Yasukuni Shrine and the Public Veneration of Heroic Spirits Shrine Shinto as a Postwar Religion Yasukuni Shrine in the Postwar Period Conclusion References Chapter 14: An Overview of State-Religion Relationship in Vietnam Introduction State-Religion Relationship Under Monarchies From the Beginning of Ancient States to the Sixteenth Century From the First Encounter with Christianity in 1533 to 1862 From 1862 to 1945 From the Birth of the Revolutionary State in 1945 to 1975 Religion-State Relationship in Renovation Context From 1976 to 2003 From 2003 to Present Conclusion References Chapter 15: The Indonesian Difference: Nationalism, Islam, and Pancasila Pluralism from State Formation to the Present Introduction The Ideational Context: Nahdlatul Ulama and Indonesian Nationalism The Jakarta Charter: A Critical Juncture for Indonesia’s Religious Regulatory Environment Religious Regulation Under Sukarno and Suharto Pancasila and Democratization References Chapter 16: Relationship Between State and Religion in India: A Sphere of Indifference, Contradictions, or Engagement? Trajectory of State-Religion Relationship in Pre-British India: A Historical Overview Vedic Period Post-Vedic Gupta Period Religious Policy of South Indian Kingdoms Vijayanagar Empire Muslim Rulers Religion and State in Colonial India During British Period Religion and Princely States in India Secularism as Independent India’s State Policy Towards Religion in India Places of Worship and State Religion and State in the ‘Second Republic’2 of India Notes References Part IV: Religion and the State in the Middle East Chapter 17: Can Mosque and State Be Separated? Should They? The ‘Divine Pattern,’ Freedom, and Modernity Can Mosque and State Be Separated? A Historical Overview Origins The Pull of Plurality and the Necessity of Oneness: Law and Politics in Islam Legal Education in Medieval Islam An Uneasy Marriage Whose State? Which Sharı̄ʿa? The Islamic Nation-State and the Modern Conundrum Should Mosque and State Be Separated? A Snapshot from Morocco Conclusion References Further Reading Chapter 18: Islamic Reform Movements and Mosque-State Relations: Prospects and Realities Evidence of an Islamic Reformation Islamic Reform and the Impact on Mosque and State Conclusion Related Topics References Chapter 19: Religion and the State in Afghanistan Introduction Sovereignty: Popular or Divine? Popular Sovereignty in Western Democratic Theory Muslim Views of Sovereignty The Lay of the Land Enter the Taliban Analysis of the Taliban’s Rise Hanafi Traditionalism, Not Salafi Globalism Nationalism, Not Pan-Islamism Emirate Versus Republic Conclusion Notes Works Cited Chapter 20: Religion and the State: Iraq—Tracing the Final Decades in the History of Iraq’s Jewish Community Background Escalation of Persecution After the Defeat Apparent Moderation Iraq’s Jews Between the Gulf Wars Conclusions: From 2003 to the Present References Archival Sources Part V: Religion and the State in Africa Chapter 21: Formations of the Secular: Religion and State in Ethiopia Nation-Building and Religious Plurality: The Imperial Record ‘The Revolution Above All!’: Religion and the Derg Liberation and Control: Religion and Ethnic Federalism Empire Resurgent? Abiy Ahmed’s God Talk and Ethiopian Nationalism Conclusion: Religion and Secularity in the Ethiopian Nation State References Chapter 22: Christianity and Politics in a Polarized State: The Case of Nigeria Introduction Religion and Politics in Nigeria: A Complicated Relationship Two Preachers, Different Legacies Sheikh Abubakar Mahmud Gumi (1922–1992) Evangelist Paul Gofo Gunen Gindiri (1935–1996) Nigerian Christians in Politics The Question of Colonial Legacy and Contemporary Realities Implications for Christianity and Political Engagement in Africa Conclusion References Chapter 23: Religious Liberty in South Africa Introduction The South African Legal Framework Governing Religious Liberty Constitutional Perspective Specific Constitutional Provisions Equality and Dignity The Point About “Unfair Discrimination” Direct and Indirect Unfair Discrimination Transformative Constitutionalism and Ubuntu Limitations of Equality Rights Constitutional Interpretation of Religious Liberties Legislative Perspective Importance of Legislative Framework Interpretation of Legislative Provisions The Employment Equity Act The Labour Relations Act The Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act Understanding the Term “Religion” in the Context of the South African Secular Democratic Order The Term “Religion” Secularism in South Africa The Importance of “Celebrating” Religious Diversity Manifestation of Religious Liberties Religious Observances and Symbols in the Workplace Observances, Symbols, and the IROJ Reasonable Accommodation of Religious Liberties Case Law on the Exercise of Religious Freedom Balancing Competing Rights: Religious Liberties in a Secular Society What Must Be Distilled from the Above Case Analysis? Concluding Remarks References Literature Case Law Internet Sources Chapter 24: The Relationship Between the Church and State in Zimbabwe Introduction The Catholic Bishops and the State Responses to the Letter by Government and Its Proxies The Church and the Constitution-Making Process The Church and Rule of Law The Church and the Elections A Church Divided Echoes of Counter-Messaging The March Is Not Ended: The Pastoral Letter that Provided a Rallying Point for the Nation Need to End Corruption How Social Distancing and Lockdown Affect the Way the Church Operates Opinion of Church Toward Social Distancing and Lockdown Policy Positions The Vaccination Call and the Reaction of the Church Relevance of the Church in the Context of COVID-19 Lockdown Adequacy of the Available Platforms to Sustain Church Activities Socio-effects of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Church Conclusion References Chapter 25: Arranging Religion in Egypt: New Alignments Between the Egyptian State, al-Azhar, and the Coptic Orthodox Church Introduction The Islamic Heritage (turath) The Constitution Al-Azhar The Coptic Orthodox Church Conclusion References No author Part VI: Religion and the State in the United States, Canada, Mexico, South America, and Cuba Chapter 26: Why Do We Think the Framers Wanted to Separate Church and State? The Judicial Origins of Separationism The Metaphor of Separation and Constitutional Law The Cultural Back Story of Separation The Eighteenth-Century Background to the Establishment Clause The Establishment Clause and the Bill of Rights History and Interpretation Why Do We Think the Framers Wanted to Separate Church and State? References Further Readings Chapter 27: American Church—State Relations: Jefferson’s Conception of Religious Freedom Further Reading References Chapter 28: An Uneasy Relationship: Religion and Politics in Canada Ed. Shannon Holzer, Routledge Companion to Church and State Basics of Politics and Religion in Canada The Canadian Political System Religious Demographics—What an Evolution! The Catholic/Protestant Conflict in its Political Context La Nouvelle France The “New” Canada Politics, Religion and Minorities Marginalization of Religious Minorities Victories for Religious Minorities Secularization—Pushing Religions Aside Push #1: Restricting the Public Expression of Religion Push #2: Restricting Religions in Schools Push #3: Restricting the Scope of Religious Universities Push #4: Restricting Religious Views on Abortion Push #5: Separating Marriage and Divorce from Religion The Current State of Religion and Politics in Canada—Where Are We Going? Religion and Political Parties Religious Advocacy Groups and the Public Square Religion and Politics Now and the Way Forward Notes References Legislation Legal Cases Chapter 29: Religion and Politics in Mexican History The Catholic Republic The Catholic Church and Liberalism The Three Years War and the Reform Laws State-Churches in the Era of Triumphant Liberalism The Revolution Against the Catholic Church Post-revolution and Modus Vivendi The 1992 Reforms and Populism Notes Chapter 30: State, Law, and Religion in Brazil: The Supreme Federal Court Case-Law “Under God’s Protection”: The Invocation of Divinity in the Constitutional Preamble Tax Immunity The Teaching of Religion in Public Schools The Obligation to Make Bible Copies Available in Schools and Libraries Bible as a Foundational Book of Religious Doctrine Ritual Sacrifice of Animals Limits of the Religious Discourse Conscientious Objection and Reasonable Accommodation Religion and Health Final Remarks Note References Federal Supreme Court Case-Law Supreme Court’s Cases Pending of Trial Chapter 31: God and Communism: Cuba’s Constitution, Socialist Construction, and Religion, 1959–1992 Introduction New Legislation and the Consolidation of Socialist Construction The First Socialist Constitution and the Atheist State The Constitutional Amendment of 1992 and New Religious Presence Discussion Bibliography Index