The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Money : Volume 1: Ancient and Medieval Thought

Acknowledgments Contents List of Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Introduction A Reversal of Fortune Philosophy and Money The Handbook’s Goals What Is Philosophy? What Is Money? Typologies of “Philosophy and Money” Interdisciplinary Collaboration Challenges and Limitations: Wicked Problems Methodological Frameworks Historical Organization Historical Comparisons Diversity and Inclusion Description and Evaluation Opening Bids References Part I: The Emergence of Money and the Formation of Worldviews Chapter 2: Introduction to the Emergence of Money and the Formation of Worldviews How do They Understand Philosophy? How Do They Define the Nature of Money? Moral Evaluation What, If at All, Is the Relationship between the Introduction and Use of Money, on the One Hand, and Metaphysical Thinking about the Nature of Reality, on the Other? References Chapter 3: Philosophy and Money: The Ancient Near East Conclusion References Chapter 4: Philosophy and Money in Ancient Egypt Introduction Philosophy Money Wisdom and Wealth Wisdom and Wealth in the New Kingdom Wisdom and Wealth in Greek and Roman Egypt Continuity into the Christian Period Conclusions References Chapter 5: Pre-modern Indian Philosophical Commitments and “Money” Introduction Some Textual and Social Background The Art of Living: Artha, Dharma, and Kāma Obligations: Debts and Triple-Debt Deontology: Svadharma The Ethics of Otherworldly Benefits: Dharmadāna The Ethics of This-Worldly Benefits: Lābha and Lobha Political Philosophy: Bali and Taxes Truth: Varuṇa Rule and Judicial Wagers Conclusion References Chapter 6: Classical Chinese Monetary Theory The Invention of Metallic Currency Pre-Imperial Writings on Money and Exchange Monetary Doctrines in Guan Zi Han Debates over Money and the Morality of Exchange The New Consensus: The Synthesis of Theoretical Cartalism and Practical Metallism References Chapter 7: The Philosophy of Money in Early Judaism (500 BCE–100 CE) Introduction The Introduction of Money into the Levant Coin Words Images Money and the Early Jewish God Sin as Debt, Merit as Credit Money as a Sacrificial Medium in the Jerusalem Temple Putting Tithes into Money Temple Finance Nazirites and Money Other Properties of Money Spiritual Money Undermining the Flexibility and Stability of Real Money Moral Charges The Price of Blood Alienation Money and Its Owners Love of Money Money and Health A Unified Theory of Money, Body, and Family in Raz-Nihiyeh and at Qumran Conclusion References Chapter 8: Yorùbá Philosophy and Changing Views of Money Introduction: Yorùbá Land and People Yorùbá Philosophy Methodology: What’s Ifá Got to Do with It? Key Concepts and Assumptions in Yorùbá Philosophy Ìmọ̀ (Knowledge) and Ọgbọ́n (Wisdom) Òtítọ́ (Truthfulness) and Ìtẹpámọ́ṣẹ́ (Hard Work) Agbára (Valor) and Ìgboyà (Bravery) Money in Yorùbá Society Yorùbá Views of Money Changes in Yorùbá Views of Money Conclusion References Chapter 9: Money and Metaphysics Among the Maya and Nahua Introduction Applying an Anthropological Lens Money and Metaphysics in the Americas The Maya Maya Money Maya Cosmology The Nahua Nahua Money Nahua Philosophy Conclusion References Part II: Ancient Greece Chapter 10: Introduction to Ancient Greece The Monetization of the Ancient Greek World Money and Ancient Greek Philosophy Philosophy on Money Philosophy for Money Philosophy as Money References Chapter 11: Money and Presocratic Philosophy Introduction The Time and Place of the Earliest Money and of the Earliest Philosophy Cosmization Money and the Presocratic Cosmos: Parmenides Money and the Presocratic Cosmos: Herakleitos References Chapter 12: Sophists and Money Introduction Were the Sophists First to Charge Money for Their Wisdom? Teaching for Pay and the Transformation of the Athenian Economy Compensation of Wisdom Experts Wisdom for Pay in the Poetic Tradition Conclusion References Chapter 13: The Oligarch, the Philosopher, and Hoarding in Plato Introductory Remarks Ideal Money-Ideal City Versus Real Money-Faulty Constitutions Oligarchy, Reduplication, and Hoarding Philosophy as Practice of Death and Hoarding Concluding Remarks References Chapter 14: Xenophon on Money and Its Right Use Xenophon Xenophon on Wealth and Money Xenophon, Economist? Wealth and Poverty Are Relative to Need The Human Factor Is What Really Matters Money Is Not Bad in Itself, But… Spartan Anti-money Money and the Right Use of Things Ktêmata Versus Chrêmata Use and the Subjectivity of Wealth Use Value Versus Exchange Value? The Use Value of Money Potentiality Versus Actual Use The Socratic Doctrine of Right Use Use and Chrêsthai Concluding Remarks: Split Ontologies? References Chapter 15: The Cynics and Money Introduction Background: The Greeks’ Resistance to Money Antisthenes’ Objections to Fungibility Diogenes’ Restamping of the Currency Confrontational Anecdotes of Exchange with Money Money in Diogenes’ Ideal State Conclusion References Chapter 16: Aristotle: Slavery, Inequality, and Money Introduction Preliminaries Nomisma The Two Core Texts Money Among the Estate Manager’s Instruments A Tool for Living Ethically Slaves as Empty, Universal Instruments (Like Money) Money as Adaptation to Social Environment The Householder’s Instruments in the Wrong Hands Money as Political Instrument Policy Advice for Statesmen and Legislators A Tool for Expressing the Value of Objects and of People References Part III: The Roman Era Chapter 17: Introduction to the Roman Era References Chapter 18: Roman Mythical Thought and the Origins of Coinage Introduction Myth and Coinage: A Credible Couple? Roman Myths on Coinage I: In Search of the Lost “Founding Father” Roman Myths on Coinage II: What Is a Coin to a Roman? Conclusions References Chapter 19: Cicero on Money and Property Introduction Philosophical Foundations I: Natural Sociability Philosophical Foundations II: The Limits of Reason Property in De Officiis Property, War, and Empire Conclusion References Chapter 20: Seneca and the Uses of Money Introduction Seneca the Stoic Moralist The Philosopher’s Wealth Fighting the Fear of Poverty Giving and Receiving The Economy of Time References Chapter 21: Pliny the Elder on Money Coinage Money Versus Coinage Money in Pliny’s Economic Theory Pliny’s Thoughts on Wealth Conclusion References Chapter 22: Coinage and Money in the Roman Jurists’ Thought Introduction The Institutional Feature of Money The Notion of Pretium Money as a Medium of Exchange References Chapter 23: Money in Imperial Roman Law Introduction Roman Law and Greek Philosophy Imperial Roman Law The Understanding of Money in Classical Roman Law Paulus on Sale and Barter Philosophical Learning An Explanation, Not a Definition Other Statements Credit Money as Money Bullion as Money Everything as Money The Legal Framework of Money in the Empire The Right to Issue Coins Penalties for Forgery Money as a Structural Formant of the Imperial Legal System The Taxonomy of Contracts The Execution of Judgments (Condemnatio Pecuniaria) Legal Issues Concerning Debts of Money Coins in Aliam Formam Debasement Interest Conclusion References Chapter 24: Rabbis, Money, and Jewish Solidarity in the Roman Empire Introduction Rebel and Roman Coinage Tithes, Agricultural Redistribution, and Charity Usury and Loans Rabbinic Literature and Theories of Gift Exchange References Chapter 25: God, Money, and the 99%: Contextualizing the New Testament Introduction Common Contexts for the New Testament and Money Gods, Humans, and Money in the Ancient World Money, The New Testament, and the 99% Finding Philosophy and Money in the Letters of Paul Work and Welfare, Money and Mutual Aid in 2 Thessalonians Conclusion References Chapter 26: A Perilous Concept: Philosophies of Money in Early Christian Thought Introduction Philosophical Diversity Hazardous Wealth: Ascetic Rejection Useful Money: A Moderate Majority Saving the Rich in Clement of Alexandria Monetized Theology References Part IV: The Medieval and Renaissance Period Chapter 27: Introduction to the Medieval and Renaissance Period On the History of the Prohibition of Usury Ties Between Philosophy and Money Chapter 28: Islamic Thought on Interest and Usury Introduction Muslim Philosophers on Interest in Lending and Borrowing (Ribā’l-qurūḍ) Ribā in the Divine Book of Islam Interest (Ribā) Deflects Money from Its Function Profit and Loss Sharing an Alternative of Interest Ribā in Exchange, Sale, and Purchase (Ribā al-buyūʿ) Reflections on the Rationale for Prohibiting Ribā’l-faḍl and Ribā’l-nasī’ah Conclusion References Chapter 29: Usury in Medieval Jewish Thought Introduction Periodization Literary Genres The Role of Medieval Rabbis in the Development of Jewish Law Dualistic Approaches to Usury Moral Condemnation Legal Theory Novel Definition of Robbery Approach Monetary Approach Quasi-ritualistic Approach Circumventions via a Gentile Intermediary: The Pawned Pawn, Schadennehmen, and the Gentile Straw Man Historical Realities Analytical Concepts Talmudic Legal Principles The “Pawned Pawn” Schadennehmen (“Acceptance of Loss”) The Gentile Straw Man Leniencies: Loans of Produce, Buying on Credit, Mortgages, and Investments Loans of Produce Buying on Credit Mortgages Investments Conclusion Appendix Notes on the Texts of Medieval Jewish Law References Chapter 30: Ipsius consumptive sive distraction: Money, Interest, and Capital in Thomas Aquinas Introduction: Thomas Aquinas and the Economy Key Concepts and Texts The Reception of Aristotle Methodological Considerations Reception of Aquinas in Recent Scholarship Thomas Aquinas and Money as Money: Summa Theologiae, IIa IIae, q. 78 Thomas Aquinas Between Aristotle and Keynes Conclusions References Chapter 31: Usury in Medieval Christianity Introduction Setting the Scene The Philosophical Objections to Usury Modifications and Concessions: The Case of the Extrinsic Titles The Decline of the Usury Doctrine: The Philosophical Objections Concluding Remarks: What Remains of the Usury Doctrine? References Chapter 32: Exchanging Money for Money: Late-Scholastic Thought in Early Modern Spain International Exchange Merchants and Theologians The Ethics of Exchange Feigned Money Justice The Value of Money and Goods Money as a Problem of Thought References Chapter 33: Money as Metaphor and Symbol: From the Patristic Era to the Twelfth Century References Chapter 34: Money, Debt, and Morals in Anselm of Canterbury Introduction Anselm’s Moral Theory and the Gift Monetary Economy and Debt Monetary Debt and the Creation of Money Money in Anselm’s Ethics Conclusion: Anselm, Friends, and Strangers References Chapter 35: Money and Muslim Philosophers Introduction Words in Classical Arabic Literature that Relate to the Monetary Phenomenon On the Study of Words and Money Different Concepts of Money in Arabic Philosophy The Words of the Founding Texts of Islam that Refer to Monetary Phenomena The Myth of Barter and the Economistic Interpretation of Money Gold and Silver are Divine Creations Money as a Sign of Social Relation Conclusion References Chapter 36: Philosophy of Money in Islam Introduction Difficulties of Barter Exchange Money Evolved as a Convention Gold and Silver Money by Nature or Convention Only Preservation of Just and Stable Values of Currency Gresham’s Law Concluding Remarks References Chapter 37: Mensurantur enim omnia nummismate: The Impact of Money and Monetization on Vital New Directions in Scholastic Philosophy, ca. 1250–1350 The Influence of Aristotle’s Discussion of Exchange in Ethics Book V The Geometry of Monetary Exchange Money as the Instrument of Measurement and Relation The Role of Money in Quantifying Qualities The Earliest Scholastic Commentaries to Ethics, Book V Reflections on Money as an Instrument of Measurement and Relation in the Writings of the Oxford Calculators The Impact of Money as a Working Tool and as an Instrument of Measurement, Relation, and Proportionalization The Capacity of Money to Quantify Qualities Reflections of Monetization in Scholastic Natural Philosophy Nicole Oresme’s Imagination of a “Geometry of Qualities” References Chapter 38: The Vision of Money in the Writings of Christine de Pizan References Chapter 39: Philosophy of Money in Renaissance France The Franc The Age of Charles V The Fifteenth Century Humanism and Renaissance The Protestants Bodin and the Wars of Religion References Appendices Appendix I: Vols. 1 & 2 Table of Contents Volume 1 Section I: The Emergence of Money and the Formation of Worldviews Section II: Ancient Greece Section III: The Roman Era Section IV: The Medieval and Renaissance Period Volume 2 Section V: Early Modernity Section VI: Late Modernity Section VII: The Twentieth Century Appendix II: Vols. 1 & 2 List of Contributors Index