The Palgrave handbook of Chinese language studies : with 50 figures and 73 tables

This new major reference work provides a comprehensive overview of linguistic phenomena in a variety of Sinitic languages in a global context, highlighting the dynamic interaction between these languages and English. This “living reference work” offers a window into the linguistic sphere in China and beyond, and showcases the latest research into diverse and evolving linguistic phenomena that have resulted from intensified interactions between the Sinophone world and other lingua-spheres. The Handbook is divided into five sections. The chapters in Section I (New Research Trends in Chinese Linguistic Research) present fast-growing research areas in Chinese linguistics, particularly those undertaken by scholars based in China. Section II (Interactions of Sinitic Languages) focuses on language-contact situations inside and outside China. The chapters in Section III (Meaning, Culture, Translation) explore the meanings of key cultural concepts, and how ideas move between Chinese and English through translation across various genres. Section IV (New Trends in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language) covers new ideas and practices relating to teaching the Chinese language and culture. The final section, Section V (Transference from Chinese to English), explores dynamic interactions between varieties of Chinese and varieties of English, as they play out in multilingual sites and settings Preface Contents About the Editor About the Section Editors Contributors Part I: New Research Trends in Chinese Linguistics 1 New Research Trends in Chinese Linguistics: Introduction Introduction Chapter Summaries Conclusion 2 Studies in Chinese Phonetics History of Phonetic Research in China The Beginning of Experimental Phonetics Formation and Development of Modern Phonetics Period 1: 1949-Late 1960s Period 2: 1970s-1980s Period 3: 1990s-2010 Period 4: 2011-Present Overview of Phonetic Research in China Speech Production Mechanism Acoustic Phonetic Study Speech Perception Interdisciplinary Research in Phonetics Speech Pathology Forensic Phonetics Speech Acquisition and Cognitive Development in Infants and Young Children Speech Learning of Chinese as a Second Language Concluding Remarks References 3 Cognitive Linguistics in China Introduction: History of Cognitive Linguistics in China The Chinese Context Features of the Chinese Language Linguistic Research Traditions in China Achievement in Chinese Cognitive Linguistics (Un)boundedness Parts of Speech and Word Categories Metaphor and Metonymy Blending and Haplology Construction Grammar de (的)-Construction Conclusion: Research Features of Chinese Cognitive Linguistics References 4 Neurolinguistics in China Introduction The Foundational Period of Neurolinguistics in China Aphasia Research: Studying the Relationship Between Brain Injury and Language Disorders Chinese Language Processing Research: Studying Cognitive Mechanisms for Chinese Characters, Words, Sentences, and Text Translating Neurolinguistics Research: Introducing Neurolinguistic Theories, Methods, and Case Studies to China Establishing the Neurolinguistics Discipline in China The Development of Neurolinguistics in China Disciplinary Expansion and the Researcher Development Program Research Areas in Chinese Neurolinguistics The Chinese Mental Lexicon Syntax Semantics Pragmatics Phonology Language Acquisition, Development, and Decline Language Use in Atypical Populations Dyslexia Stuttering High-Functioning Autism Deafness and Other Hearing Impairments Second Language Learning and Bilingualism Prospects for Future Research References 5 Linguistic Typology in China Introduction The Introduction of Typology to China Through Translation Reviews and Textbook Compilations From Introductory Material to Typological Research Typological Research into Sinitic Languages Word Order Typology Word Class Typology Reference Grammar and Description of Languoids from Typological Perspectives Theoretical Development and Linguistic Inventory Typology Conclusion References 6 Development of the Semantic Map Model in China Introduction Research Domains Research Methods Diachronic Semantic Maps ``Second-Generation ́ ́ Semantic Maps Current Debates and Future Research Directions Conclusion References 7 Advances in the Study of the Grammaticalization of Sinitic Dialects Introduction The ``Embryonic Period ́ ́ (1994-2004) The ``Boom Period ́ ́ (2005 to the Present) Concurrent Phenomena and Grammaticalization Research on Historical Documents and Grammaticalization Research on Synchronic Materials and Grammaticalization Correlations between Parts of Speech and Grammaticalization Research on Verbs Speech Verbs (Yanshuo Dongci 言藴) Giving Verbs (geiyu dongci 给) Directional Verbs (quxiang gondci ) Other Verbs Research on Prepositions Research on Particles and Markers Research on Modal Particles Research on Multifunction Words Research on Substantive Words Pronouns Measure Words Nouns Grammaticalization Research on Construction The Combination of Grammaticalization Theory and Other Research Methods Grammaticalization and Linguistic Typology Grammaticalization and Language Contact Research on Grammaticalization, Subjectivity, and Subjectivization Grammaticalization Research on Pragmatics and Discourse Theoretical Research on Grammaticalization Mechanism and Grammaticalization Patterns The Current Situation and Prospects for Development in Grammaticalization Research References 8 Recent Advances in the Study of Chinese Historical Syntax Grammaticalization in Chinese Historical Syntax Theoretical Innovations Based on Case Studies of Grammaticalization in Chinese Grammaticalization Research from a Typological Perspective Important Monographs and Conferences on Grammaticalization Construction Grammar in Chinese Historical Syntax Recent Advances in Word Order Typology of the Chinese Language The Basic Word Order of Chinese On OV Word Order (Object-Fronting) in Archaic Chinese The Nature of OV Word Order (Object-Fronting) Explanations for Object Fronting in Archaic Chinese Recent Advances in Verb Categorization in Chinese Historical Syntax Verb Categorization Based on Transitivity Unaccusative Verbs Versus Unergative Verbs Verbs Categorization Based on Temporality The Relations Between Nouns and Verbs The Mechanisms for the Emergence of Chinese Aspect Markers On Perfective Verbs, Perfective Markers, and Perfective Constructions On Other Aspect Markers Recent Advances in Important Syntactic Structures On Verb-Complement Structure (Verb-Resultative Complement) On Disposal Constructions On Passive Constructions Important Publications on Chinese Historical Syntax The Future for Research on Chinese Historical Syntax References 9 The Sinicization of Buddhist Scriptural Language Introduction The Eastern Spread of Buddhism, the Translation of Buddhist Classics, and Their Influence The Initial Spread of Buddhism to China and Its Early Dissemination An Overview of Buddhist Translation The Flourishing of Buddhism and Its Significant Influence Summary The Characteristics of the Buddhist Chinese Language and the Reasons for Its Formation The Characteristics of Buddhist Chinese The Reasons Behind the Formation of the Characteristics of Buddhist Chinese The Use of Four-Character Phrases The Influence of Indic Source Languages The Influence of Buddhist Concepts Summary Research on ``Sinicization ́ ́ and Its Meaning Within Buddhist Studies Research on Sinicization of Buddhist Language On the Term ``Sinicization ́ ́ in Buddhist Studies Summary Modes of the Sinicization of Buddhist Language The Origin of Ziji and Its Process of Sinicization The Origin of Ziji The Development of the Function and Usage of Ziji Summary An Exegesis of Shengse, Its Origin, and Development The Meaning of Shengse in the Poem ``Qingong ́ ́ The Development of the Word Shengse Summary Historical Investigation of the Word Xianzai The Origin of Xianzai and Its Use in Medieval Buddhist Texts The Usage of Xianzai in Medieval Domestic Literature The Use of Xianzai Prior to the Mid-Ming Period The Reappearance of Xianzai as a Time Word Summary Conclusion References 10 Language Strategies in China Introduction The Genesis of the Language Strategy Studies Language Economy and Language Service The Proposal on Developing Language Economy The Notion of Language Service Language Strategies as Chinese Innovations in LPP Conclusion References 11 Internet Language Study in China Introduction Studying Chinese Netspeak: Origins, Development, and Contemporary Research Trends Pre-2000 2001-2010 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2019 Netspeak in the Media The Grammar of Netspeak Regulating Netspeak Future Directions in Chinese Netspeak Conclusion References Part II: Interactions of Sinitic Languages 12 Interactions of Sinitic Languages: Introduction Introduction Chapter Summaries References 13 Contact-Induced Change in the Languages of Southern China History of Research on Language Contact in China: Setting the Scene The Changing Languages of Southern China Contact-Induced Grammaticalization: An Alternative Model Contact-Induced Changes from Chinese to Minority Languages of Southern China Reordering Genitive Construction Relative Clause Locative Phrase Verb-Complement Constructions Narrowing Constructional Copying ``A/V-not-A/V ́ ́ Polar Question ``V-not-C ́ ́ Negated Complement Structure Reduplicated ``V-V ́ ́ Structure Contact-Induced Changes from the Minority Languages of Southern China to Chinese Polyfunctionality of the -ai33 ``finish ́ ́ in Nanning Yue Polyfunctionality of the Diverse ``Finish ́ ́ Morphemes in Zhuang-Tai Kadai Areal Linguistics and Grammaticalization Area Future Directions for Language Contact Study in China References 14 The Evolution of Chinese Grammar from the Perspective of Language Contact Introduction The Evolution of Old Chinese and Modern Chinese Word Order from the Perspective of Language Contact Is Modern Chinese an SOV Language? From SVO to SOV? SOV Features and Language Contact The Grammatical Evolution of the Translation of Buddhist Scriptures in Mediaeval Times from the Perspective of Language Contact The Genesis of New Categories The Emergence of New Functions The Interrogative Pronoun ``yún hé ́ ́ 何 Does Not Express Interrogative Mood The Case Marking Function of Location Words ``su ́ ́ 所 and ``biān ́ ́ The Usage of the Coordinate Conjunction ``yì ́ ́ The Emergence of New Function Words The Generation of the Reflexive Pronoun ``zì j ́ ́ 自 The Emergence of the Topic Shifting Adverb ``fùcì ́ ́ The Emergence of New Sentence Patterns The Generation of the Passive Sentence ``su 所+V ́ ́ The Generation of the Disposal Construction ``q +OV ́ ́ The Generation of the Determinative-Sentence ``S, N shì 是 ́ ́ The Emergence of New Word Order The Order of the Vocative Postpreposition Phrases The Postpositional Conjunction ``gù ́ ́ Increase in the Frequency of Usage The Evolution of Chinese Grammar after the Liao and Jin Dynasties from the Perspective of Language Contact Changes to Pronouns The Emergence of Inclusive and Exclusive First Personal Pronouns in the Northern Dialect The Special Usage of Plural Suffix ``měi ́ ́ 每 Other Special Pronoun Usage Location Words Used as Case Markers or Postpositions The Localizer ``hng ́ ́ Used as the Case Marker The Localizers ``shàng /shàngtou ́ ́ 上/上 Used as the Causal Postposition Other Location Words Used as Postpositions Postposition Hypothetical Conjunction ``he ́ ́ Auxiliaries Related to Verbs ``Zhe ́ ́ 着 as the Conjunctive Component of Verbs Postpositioned Saying Verbs and their Usage as Quotation Markers The Sentence-Final ``yu ́ ́ 有 with Multiple Functions The Sentence-Final Particle ``zhě ́ ́ as an Imperative Marker Special Grammatical Phenomena in Lao Qida Conclusion References 15 Interactions of Sinitic Languages in the Philippines: Sinicization, Filipinization, and Sino-Philippine Language Creation Introduction Terminology The Philippines in a Nutshell Chinese Heritage Groups and Their Languages Colonial Era Sangleys Contemporary Lannangs Mainland Chinese Sinitic Languages and Their Interactions Data Orthography Annotations Overview Hokkien Early Manila Hokkien Influences from Local Languages Influences on Local Languages Philippine Hokkien Influences on Local Languages Influences from Local Languages Mainland Hokkien Variety in Manila Influences on Local Languages Influences from Local Languages Cantonese Influences on Local Languages Influences from Local Languages Mandarin Influences on Local Languages Influences from Local Languages Sino-Philippine Contact Languages Pidgins Chinese Spanish Pidgin Chinese Tagalog Pidgin Mixed Languages Lnnang-uè: Manila (Luzon Island, Luzon Region) Lnnang-uè: Cebu (Cebu Island, Visayas Region) Lnnang-uè: Iloilo (Panay Island, Visayas Region) Inter-clausal Code-Switching Discussion Summary Patterns of Asymmetric Contributions Sinitic Over Philippine Philippine Over Sinitic Southern Over Non-southern Summary Conclusion References 16 The Expansion of Cantonese Over the Last Two Centuries Introduction Earlier History of Yue Chinese Cantonese Since the First Opium War, and the Notion of ``Cantonese ́ ́ Nanning Cantonese Cantonese Under Different Jurisdictions Written Cantonese Conclusion References 17 Interactions Between Min and Other Sinitic Languages: Genetic Inheritance and Areal Patterns Introduction to Min Classification of Min Interaction Between Min and Other Sinitic Languages Wu and Min Hakka and Min Xianghua and Min Gan and Min Discussion Appendix: Data and Sources References Part III: Meaning, Culture, and Translation 18 Meaning, Culture, and Translation: Introduction Introduction Chapter Summaries Conclusion References 19 Migrating Concepts in Chinese Migrating Meanings Keywords and Keyword Approach Ethnolinguistics and Worldviews Methodology A Case Study of Migrating Concepts The Chinese Citizen: Trajectories of Gongmín and Guómín The Origins of the Chinese Words Rival Meanings The Return of the Citizen? A Comparative Perspective References 20 Chinese Cultural Keywords Introduction: Cultural Keywords from Williams to Wierzbicka Approaching the Studies of Chinese Cultural Keywords Selected Western Sinological Studies Cultural Anthropology of Chinese Society Cultural and Cross-Cultural Psychological Studies of Chinese People The Natural Semantic Metalanguage Approach Two Case Studies of Cultural Keywords in Chinese Language and Culture Introduction Case Study 1: xìngfú (``Happiness ́ ́) - Chinese Notion of ``Happiness ́ ́ Case Study 2: rènao (``Hot and Noisy ́ ́) - Having a Good Time with Other People Food and Chinese Cultural Value of rènao Conclusions and Prospects for Future Studies References 21 The Semantics of Kinship in Sinitic Languages Introduction The Broad Context of Kinship Studies Early Period Contemporary Period Survey of Chinese Kinship Studies in English Scholarship A Lexicographic Tradition in Chinese Scholarship Recent Development Documenting Kinship Terms of Chinese Dialects Research on Specific Kinship Terms Methodological Issues in Typological Research Future Directions References 22 Translating Legal Language Between Chinese and English Introduction Sources of Difficulty in Translating the Legal Language Between Chinese and English Translating Legal Terms Between Chinese and English Conclusion References 23 Chinese Children ́s Literature in English Translation Introduction Part I - A Historical Overview Pioneer Work by Missionaries During the Late Nineteenth Century Importing Chinese Folk and Supernatural Tales During the Twentieth Century English Translations Made in China A Bumpy Journey to the West Crocoducks and Republican Bunnies Leaping to the West: Progress in the New Century Part II - International Interest and Translation Initiatives in Chinese Children ́s Books Since the 1980s Commercial and Noncommercial Interest in Chinese Children ́s Books (A) Noncommercial Interest The International Youth Library (IYL), Munich The International Board for Books for Young People (IBBY) The Asian Festival of Children ́s Content (AFCC) Academic Conferences (B) Commercial Interest The Bologna Children ́s Book Fair The China Shanghai International Children ́s Book Fair (CCBF) Cultural Shifts Conducive to the Translated Book Industry Translator-Led Initiatives Paper Republic (2007-Present) The Moganshan Literary Translation Residency, 2008 The London Book Fair - Literary Translation Centre (2010-Present) International Translation Day (2011-Present) China Fiction Book Club (2010-Present) Literary Translation Summer Schools China in Britain: Myths and Realities Project, 2012-2014 The Leeds Centre for New Chinese Writing (2014-Present) Chinese Books for Young Readers Global Literature in Libraries Initiative (GLLI) Conclusion Appendix 1: A List of Chinese Folk Literature Adapted or Illustrated by Ed Young Appendix 2: Notable Children ́s and Young Adult Books by Contemporary Chinese Authors in English Translation (1995-2020) Appendix 3: Chinese Children ́s Books Selected as White Ravens, 2014-2019 References Literature Secondary Sources 24 Translating Films About Ethnic Minorities in China into English Introduction Multilingual China and the Implications for Films About Ethnic Minorities in China Translating Multilingual Films into English Jail Rehearsal On Stage Interview Conclusion References 25 Subtitling in Chinese: Reflections on Emergent Subtitling Cultures in Contemporary China Introduction A Very Short Historical Overview Subtitling in Practice Multimodality Constraints The Impact of Technology Subtitling in Theory: Recontextualization and Intercultural Mediation Future Research Concluding Remarks References Part IV: New Trends in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language 26 New Trends in Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language: Introduction Introduction Chapter Summaries Conclusion References 27 Teacher Training in the Field of Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language in the United States Introduction Teacher Training Programs in the United States In-service Teacher Training: The Case of Middlebury Chinese School Summer Professional Development Programs: The cases of STARTALK and CARLA On-Demand Training: The Case of AP Workshops Essential Competencies for CFL Teaching Excellence A Call for a Systematic and Integrated Approach to Teacher Training Conclusion References 28 The History and Development of Assessment of Chinese as a Second Language Introduction Historical Development of CSL Assessment Foundational Phase (1980-1990): Starting from Scratch Expansion Phase (1990-2000): Constructing a Comprehensive Examination System Improvement Phase (2000-2010): Enhancing the HSK ́s Student Support Services Diversification phase (2010-): Meeting the Needs of the Times The New HSK: Integrating Testing and Teaching Chinese Language University Entrance Examination for International Students (CLUEE-IS): Selection of Students An Overview of Contemporary CSL Assessments Contemporary CSL Assessments in China Chinese Language Tests for Non-Native Speakers New HSK: A Comprehensive Examination Chinese Language University Entrance Examination for International Students (CLUEE-IS) Test of Practical Chinese (C.TEST): A Comprehensive Examination Test of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TOCFL): A Comprehensive Examination Business Chinese Test (BCT): A Comprehensive Examination Youth Chinese Test (YCT): A Comprehensive Examination The C.TEST Spoken Interview: A Specialized Examination Spoken Chinese Test (SCT): A Specialized Examination Chinese Oral Proficiency Test (HKC): A Specialized Examination Chinese Proficiency Tests for Ethnic Minority Groups: MHK Chinese Proficiency Tests for Overseas Chinese: HSC International Chinese Language Proficiency Tests AP Chinese Language and Culture Exam SAT Chinese with Listening Subject Test Summary of CSL Assessments Issues and Future Directions in CSL Assessment Candidate Differentiation in Current CSL Assessment Examination Categorization in Current CSL Assessment Customized Examinations Discipline-Specific Academic Aptitude and Language Testing Technology for Assessment Implementation Future Directions for CSL Assessment Incorporating Language Theories Optimizing Examination Development Enhancing Use of Technology Expanding Student Support Services Teaching and Testing: A Virtuous Cycle Conclusion References 29 Technology in Chinese Language Teaching Introduction Technology and Its Use in Chinese Language Teaching in the Past Century: 1900-1999 1900-1949 1950-1999 Audio Playing and Recording, Radio Broadcasting Film, Video Recording, Television Broadcasting Computer, Chinese Input Methods, Multimedia The Internet, the World Wide Web, and Early Adopters Technology and its Use in Chinese Language Teaching in the Twenty-First Century: 2000-2020 2000-2009 The First 5 Years of 2000s: Multimedia, Internet, Online Resources, and Online Courses The Second 5 Years of 2000s: Web 2.0, Virtual Worlds, and Emergence of Mobile-Assisted Learning 2010-2019 Mobile Devices and MALL Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality MOOCs Continued Practice and Research on Topics from Previous Years 2020 Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence COVID-19 and Its Impact Mastering the Use of Technologies in Chinese Language Teaching: Categorizations, Frameworks, Guidelines Categorization of Technologies in Chinese Language Teaching Devices Versus Materials Tools Versus Resources Tools Resources Frameworks for Discussing the Use of Technologies Five C ́s and Three Modes of Communication Four Essential Language Skills Bloom ́s Taxonomy and Modified Digital Taxonomy Gagné ́s Nine Events of Instruction Second Language Acquisition Perspectives The SAMR Model Summary Guidelines for Use of Technology in Chinese Language Teaching Concluding Remarks References 30 Innovating the Design of Lower-Level Reading and Writing Curriculum for the Digital Age Introduction Background: Research on Reading and Writing Instruction in the CFL Curriculum Research on Character Instruction in the CFL Curriculum Research on Reading Instruction in the CFL Curriculum Studies on Writing Instruction in the CFL Curriculum Embracing New Technology to Improve Reading and Writing Instruction Pedagogical Goals of Lower-Level CFL Reading and Writing Classes Differentiate Curricular Objectives for Various Skills Such as Character Recognition and Production Help Learners Establish Successful Stories of Accomplishing Authentic Text-Based Communication Events Incorporate Digital Technology into the Classroom A New Lower-Level Reading and Writing Curriculum Design to Integrate Contextualized Digital Performance Features of the Proposed Curriculum Instructional Cycle Assessments and Learning Outcomes Student Evaluation of the Proposed Curriculum Students ́ Attitudes Regarding Handwriting and Typing Chinese Characters Digital Contextualized Reading and Writing Activities The Current Approach and Learner Motivation Conclusion Appendix: Interview Scripts References 31 Developing Advanced CFL Learners ́ Academic Writing Skills: Theory and Practice Introduction Current Chinese Writing Pedagogy at the Advanced Level: A Literature Review The Role of Chinese Academic Writing Instruction in Advanced Chinese Curriculum The Definition of Chinese Academic Writing Importance of Academic Writing Instruction in Advanced Chinese Curriculum Targeted Students and Preparation for Chinese Academic Writing Instruction Instructional Design of Academic Writing Pedagogy in Advanced Chinese Courses Overall Curricular Planning and Designing Scaffolded Writing Assignments Connecting Critical Writing with Critical Reading Designing Effective Academic Writing Tasks Supporting Activities for CHINESE Academic Writing Instruction Model Essay Guidance Individual Tutorials Instruction of Stylistic and Formatting Requirements Workshop on Online Research Methodology Assessment and Feedback Conclusion Appendix Appendix I: Writing Assignment for an Interview Report for Chapter 6 in the Textbook China in Depth: An Integrated Course in A... Appendix II: Instructions for Final Independent Research Report References 32 Calligraphy Education in Teaching Chinese as a Second Language Introduction Why Teach Calligraphy Importance Benefits What to Teach: The Educational Goals of a Calligraphy Curriculum Current Goals Goals of a Liberal Education How to Teach: The Pedagogical Approach Leading with Cultural Perspectives Conclusion Appendix I Appendix II References 33 The Performed Culture Approach Introduction Key Players and Intellectual Underpinning of the Performed Culture Approach Core Concepts of the Performed Culture Approach Pedagogical Practices of the Performed Culture Approach Curriculum Design Material Preparation Assessment Teacher Training A Comparison of PCA to Other Foreign Language Approaches and Methods Major Contributions to the Foreign Language Field Conclusion References Part V: Transference from Chinese to English 34 Transference of Chinese to English: Introduction Introduction Chapter Summaries Conclusion References 35 The ``Chineseness ́ ́ of Singlish Introduction: Singapore English as a Cultural Entity Linguistic Evidence Tones in Singlish The Interdental Fricatives The Dark /l/ The Voiceless Plosives Color Terms Particles and Other Cultural Keywords of Chinese Origin Semantic and Cultural Evidence: Kiasu and Chope Historical Context: The Rise of English in Singapore Further Historical Context: The Eradication of Non-Mandarin Chinese Languages The Future of Singlish English Language Teaching Emerging Trends Conclusion References 36 Chinese Languages and Malaysian English: Contact and Competition Introduction The Status of English in Malaysia Language Contact Method Results Borrowings from Hokkien, Cantonese, and Mandarin Integrative Potential of Chinese Borrowings in Malaysian English Discussion and Conclusion References 37 Chinese as a Mother Tongue in the Context of Global English Business Communication Preliminary Remarks Introducing the GEBCom Speech Production Corpus Scenarios Involving Permission Description of Scenarios Preliminary Discussion of Data Scenarios Involving Cancellation of an Obligation Description of Scenarios Preliminary Discussion of Data The Meeting Scenario The Moving Scenario Introducing the Theoretical Framework Chinese and English Belong to Different Communicative Supertypes Reality Exists in Three Modalities in the Human Mind Members of a Speech Community Must Choose a Common Voice Reality Exists in Three Modalities in the Communicative Setting Chinese as a Speaker-Oriented Language The Importance of Having Serial-Verb Constructions Lexicon and Grammar Image-Based Thinking Sentence-Final Particles Other Things that Are Relevant Russian as a Reality-Oriented Language Russian Complex Verbs Other Important Features British English as a Hearer-Oriented Language The Importance of Tense and Articles A Distinction Between New and Old Information at All Levels Final Discussion of Data Problem-Solving: The Use of Directive Utterances What Is Problem-Solving? How Problems Are Solved in the Chinese Linguaculture Discussing and Defining Various Terminological Issues Problem-Solving in the Chinese Linguaculture Problem-Solving in the Russian Linguaculture Problem-Solving in the British English Linguaculture The Chinese English Data Compared to the Data from the UK Conflict Resolution and Conflict Avoidance Politeness and Face Three Types of Face Face in the British English Linguaculture Face in the Russian Linguaculture Face in the Chinese Linguaculture Discussing the Results of Data from the Meeting Scenario Chinese as Image-Based and British English as Idea-Based The Meaning of bùhǎoyìsī The Meaning and Function of ``I Am Sorry ́ ́ Facework in a Conflict Situation Chinese English Data Societal Logic and Types of Culture Introducing the Problem Modality in British English British English Societal Logic Is Based on Alethic Possibility Chinese Societal Logic Russian Societal Logic The Main Results of the Reception Test Conclusions References 38 Chinese Ethnolinguistic Influences on Academic English as a Lingua Franca Introduction Chinese English Approaches to Chinese English The Chinese Ethnolinguistic Influences on English Writing in Academic Settings Chinese Influences on Lexico-grammatical Features of L2 English Writing Lexical Bundles Linking Adverbials Chinese Influences on L2 English Syntax Chinese Influences on Discourse Organization of L2 English Writing Hedging and Boosting in L2 English Writing Conclusion References 39 A Sketch of Mandarin Loanword Use from kowtow to gaokao Introduction Kowtow to Gaokao Conclusion References Index This major new reference work provides a comprehensive overview of linguistic phenomena in Mandarin and other dialects in a global context, highlighting the dynamic interaction between those languages and English. Through state-of-the-art accounts of various sub-fields such as applied linguistics, machine translation, English subtitling as cross-cultural mediation, technology in Chinese language teaching and global business communication, this Handbook offers a significant contribution to the field of Chinese language and linguistics. Examining fast-growing linguistic research areas on Chinese languages, ranging from research on language contact, Linguistic Typology, Cognitive Linguistics, Pragmatics, Forensic Linguistics, to Sinitic Kinship studies, it focuses on language contact situations inside and outside China, including the Cantonese and Hokkien diaspora, and Sinitic languages notably along the Belt and Road. Exploring how key Chinese concepts were coined at the beginning of the 20th century through interaction with European languages and how they have evolved, it also includes topics on the search for a universal language in the Chinese language context. Addressing core issues within Chinese language and culture and focusing on the sites and forms of interaction between Chinese and English, this Handbook encompasses a rich overview of the field, offering a global and interdisciplinary tool for students and researchers across the field of Chinese language and linguistics