The Palgrave Handbook of Bondage and Human Rights in Africa and Asia ||

In the West, human bondage remains synonymous with the Atlantic slave trade. But large slave systems in Africa and Asia predated, co-existed, and overlapped with the Atlantic system―and have persisted in modified forms well into the twenty-first century, posing major threats to political and economic stability within those regions and worldwide. This handbook examines the deep historical roots of unfree labour in Africa and Asia along with its contemporary manifestations. It takes an innovative longue durée perspective in order to link the local and global, the past and present. Contributors trace shifting forms of forced labour in the region since circa 1800, connecting punctual shocks such as environmental crisis, conflict, market instability, and crop failure to human security threats such as impoverishment, violence, migration, kidnapping, and enslavement. Together, these chapters illuminate the historical and contemporary dimensions of bondage in Africa and Asia, with important implications for the fight against modern-day bondage and human trafficking. Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Chapter 1: Introduction Definitions Indebtedness and Slavery Local Bondage in a Global Context European Powers and Bondage in Africa and Asia Political Action and Bondage Modern-Day Bondage and Public Policy in Africa and Asia Eurocentric Versus Universal Labour and Human Rights Chapter 2: The Domestic Outsider: Interpreting Contradictions in the Status of Maidservants in Qing China Legal and Customary Ambiguities Incorporation and Alienation Prescriptive Merit and Honour Conclusion Appendices Appendix 2.1: Text and Translation of Pertinent Laws Appendix 2.2: Text and Translation from Deeds of Sale Appendix 2.3: Other Writings Keeping Servants as a Custom in Jinling Select Bibliography Chapter 3: The Abolition of Slavery and the Status of Slaves in Late Imperial China Introduction The Abolition of Slavery in China: 1906–1910 The Origins of an Abolition: The Mixed Court Incident, December 1905 Viceroy Zhou’s Memorial, March 1906 The Postponement of Reform The Status of Slaves in Ming and Qing China Legal Status and Its Limits Exclusion from the Examination System A Concrete Relationship Based on Reciprocity Reciprocity in Practice: The Sun Versus Sun Case Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 4: Labour Migration to the French Islands of the Western Indian Ocean, 1830–60 Introduction Background Demand for Labour Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 5: Relationships between Economic and Environmental Factors, and Labour Migration to Réunion, 1820–1860 Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 6: Trafficking, Slavery, Peonage: Dilemmas and Hesitations of Colonial Administrators in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia Introduction Background Slavery and ‘Mild’ Slavery Slavery and Slave Raiding Labour: From Scarcity to Surplus The Emancipation of ‘Debt’ Slaves Repercussions for Plantation Labour Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 7: Disciplining the Hill Tribes into Coolie Labour for Road Construction Introduction The Practice of Tributary Labour Disciplining the Hill Tribes as Coolies The Use of Convicts in the Khasi Hills Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 8: Mediated (Im)mobility: Indian Labour Migration to Ceylon under the Kangany System (c. 1850–1940) Contextual Background Rise of Capital and Labour in Early British Ceylon Indians in Ceylon: Regional-Linguistic Background and Production Zones Structural and Functional Configuration of the Kangany System Labour Regulations: Formal and Informal Modifications and Aberrations in the Kangany System (Post-1880s) The Tundu System Ceylonese Planters and the State’s Response Twentieth-Century Reforms and Their Impact on Kangany Migrations British Indian Intervention ‘Depression Politics’: Towards Closure Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 9: Changing Masters in the Longue Durée: Slavery and Abolition in Egypt and the Sudan, 1798–1882 Enslavement Transfer Across the Sahara Observing the Enslaved in the Sudan and Egypt Rising Abolitionist Sentiments and Resistance to Them Over the Longue Durée Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 10: Abolitionism and the African Slave Trade in the Ottoman Empire (1857–1922) The Ottoman Empire in the Late Nineteenth Century Slavery in the Ottoman Empire African Slavery to the Ottoman Empire Prohibition(s) of the African Slave Trade in the Ottoman Empire Abolitionists in the Ottoman Empire: The Case of Midhat Pasha (1822–1883) Midhat as Governor and the Issue of Slavery Midhat, the Ascension of Abdülhamid II, the Constitution, and the Struggle for Abolition? Slavery Within Midhat’s Life Perceptions of Enslaved and Emancipated Africans in Daily Life: The Case of Izmir Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 11: The Abolition of Slavery and the ‘New Labour Contract’ in French Equatorial Africa, 1890–1914 French Colonial Expansion in Afrique Équatoriale Française Exploiting Resources and Labour: Anti-slavery Versus Forced Labour Meanings of ‘Free Labour’ in France and in the Congo The Impossible Reform Conclusion: Welfare State and the Heart of Darkness Bibliography Chapter 12: The Persistence of Slavery in the Southern Red Sea Region in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries The Failure of Abolitionism The Persistence of Slavery Select Bibliography Chapter 13: Sex, Money, and Modern-Day Slavery: Trafficking of Women and Children in China The Global Scope of Human Trafficking Sex Trafficking Supply and Demand Factors Trafficking in China Diversity in the Chinese Context Culture and Trafficking Economic Reform, Migration, and Trafficking Marriage Trafficking Tackling Trafficking: Policy Responses A Global Challenge Evolving Approaches Evaluating Progress Next Steps Select Bibliography Chapter 14: Rural Women as Property in Zambia: The AIDS Exit Introduction Southern Zambia Study Area Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in Southern Zambia Risk Perception, Community Harmony, and HIV/AIDS Inheritance, Women, and Property Inheritance and Change The ‘AIDS and Inheritance’ Strategy Strategy Description Migration and Risk Using Risk: Assessment and Ambiguity Illustrative Case Studies Case Study One: Nuria Case Study Two: The Benson Widows Discussion and Implications Select Bibliography Chapter 15: Child Labour and its Interaction with Adult Labour in Ivory Coast (1980–2000) Literature Data and Model Results Relationship Between Women’s Labour and Child Labour Further Investigations: Women’s Labour and Child Labour as Strong Complements in the Family Labour Supply Decision in Ivory Coast Conclusion Appendices Select Bibliography Chapter 16: Trauma and Inter-Communal Relations Among a Captive Population: Preliminary Findings from the Malakal Protection of Civilians Site, South Sudan Civil War and the Malakal Protection of Civilians Conflict Dynamics in Malakal Methods Displacement and Potential Returns Trauma and Post-Traumatic Stress Inter-Communal Relations Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 17: The Persistence of Debt Bondage in South India: Market and Political Alliances The Landscape of Forced Labour The Contrasting Evolution of Bondage Public Programmes, Capital Subsidies and Debt The Politics of Debt Bondage The Apathy of Public Authorities The Power of Employers The Role of NGOs Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 18: Debt Bondage and Vulnerable Work in South Indian Silk Processing Introduction Debt Bondage in Contemporary India Methodology The Characteristics of Production in Silk Reeling and Silk Twisting The Spatial and Social Organization of Silk Processing Industries Technology and Working Conditions in Silk Reeling and Silk Twisting Markets and Profitability in the Silk Processing Sectors The History of Debt-Based Labour in the Silk Processing Industries in Ramanagara Entry of Hired Labour and Introduction of Debt Bonds International Attention to Work Conditions in Silk Reeling and Silk Twisting The Impact of Market Liberalization Measures Debt-based Labour Relations Post-liberalization Advances in Silk Reeling: Bonded to the Industry The Changing Nature of Employer-Employee Relationships The Diversity of Debt Bonds Advances and the Spectrum of Accumulation in Silk Reeling Comparison with Silk Twisting: Smaller Advances and Longer Contracts Conclusion Select Bibliography Chapter 19: Indebted to Work: Bondage in Brick Kilns Brick Kiln Workers as Bonded Labourers Understanding Debt Bondage International Definition and Significance Indian Legal Definitions Patterns of Bondage Bondage of Brick Kiln Workers Indebtedness Lack of Freedom to Leave Employment Below-Minimum Wage Remuneration Exploitative Work Conditions Additional Humanitarian Concerns Child Labour Violence and Gender Inequality Recognizing Debt Bondage Debt Bondage in Disguise Neo-Bondage Roots of Bondage Conditions Distress Conditions Lack of Market Access Financial Markets Disconnect with Organized Labour Market Legal and Policy Limitations Lack of Access to State Benefits International Conventions Key Indian Laws Relating to Bonded Labour Structural Factors Eliminating Bondage in Brick Kilns Assets and Resources Training and Investment in Skills Tools, Technology, and Investment in Assets Microfinance Improved Recruitment Systems and Working Conditions Voice and Agency Unions Wages and Laws Improved Tracking and Workplace Systems Targeted Labour Inspections Wage Rates Strengthening Social Protection Measures and the State Welfare Board Bibliography Index In the West, human bondage remains synonymous with the Atlantic slave trade. But large slave systems in Africa and Asia predated, co-existed, and overlapped with the Atlantic system--and have persisted in modified forms well into the twenty-first century, posing major threats to political and economic stability within those regions and worldwide. This handbook examines the deep historical roots of unfree labour in Africa and Asia along with its contemporary manifestations. It takes an innovative longue durée perspective in order to link the local and global, the past and present. Contributors trace shifting forms of forced labour in the region since circa 1800, connecting punctual shocks such as environmental crisis, conflict, market instability, and crop failure to human security threats such as impoverishment, violence, migration, kidnapping, and enslavement. Together, these chapters illuminate the historical and contemporary dimensions of bondage in Africa and Asia, with important implications for the fight against modern-day bondage and human trafficking.-- Provided by publisher In the West, human bondage remains synonymous with the Atlantic slave trade. But large slave systems in Africa and Asia predated, co-existed, and overlapped with the Atlantic system-and have persisted in modified forms well into the twenty-first century, posing major threats to political and economic stability within those regions and worldwide. This handbook examines the deep historical roots of unfree labour in Africa and Asia along with its contemporary manifestations. It takes an innovative longue duree perspective in order to link the local and global, the past and present. Contributors trace shifting forms of forced labour in the region since circa 1800, connecting punctual shocks such as environmental crisis, conflict, market instability, and crop failure to human security threats such as impoverishment, violence, migration, kidnapping, and enslavement. Together, these chapters illuminate the historical and contemporary dimensions of bondage in Africa and Asia, with important implications for the fight against modern-day bondage and human trafficking