The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Futures

Preface Acknowledgments List of Topics About the Editor Contributors A 15-Minute City 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Accessible Homes Active Living Active Transport Adaptation Adapting Cities to Climate Change Definition Introduction Urban Climate Adaptation Plans Guidelines Development of Urban Adaptation Plans for Cities with Population over 100,000 in Poland (MPA) Climate Risk Assessment Including Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Guide Climate-Friendly Cities Future Actions Summary/Conclusions References Adapting to a Changing Climate Through Nature-Based Solutions Synonyms Definition Introduction Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Negotiations Building India´s Resilience Through NbS Hazard-Specific Implementable Solutions Flood-Specific Interventions Cyclone-Specific Interventions Drought-Specific Interventions Implementing NbS-at-Scale Cross-References Acknowledgment References Adaptive Governance Adequate Housing Administration Advanced Environmental Practices Adversity Affordable Housing Affordable Shelter Age-Friendly Community Age-Friendly Future Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Demographic Drivers WHO Age-Friendly City Model Principles of Age-Friendly Cities Building Co-design and Co-creation with Older Adults Co-operation with Diverse Stakeholders and Cross-Cutting Sectors Top-Down Political Commitment and Resources Age-Friendly Future Cities All-Age-Friendly Cities Age-Friendly Cities Promoting Equal Aging Age-Friendly City Development in the Global South Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Agency Agenda Post-2015 Agricultural Production Agroforestry Allotment Alternative Agriculture Alternative Compliance Tools Alternative Protein Amsterdam Amsterdam´s Pathway to Climate Neutrality: Creating an Enabling Environment Synonyms Definition Introduction Setting the Ambition Understanding the Challenge Amsterdam Going (Dough)nuts?! Spotlight on Mobility Sector Focus on the Built Environment The Many Roles of a (the) Municipality Quo Vadis Amsterdam? (Conclusions) Cross-References Acknowledgment Further Reading Anticipatory Cities Applying Smart Frameworks to Arctic Cities Definition Definition and Dimensions of a Smart Sustainable City Measuring an Arctic Smart City: Metrics and Standardization Conclusion Cross-References References Approach Appropriate Technology Area Artificial Urban Wetlands Synonyms Definition Introduction Contributing to Water Management and Habitat Development Positioning in Urban Sustainability Debate Expanding Future Use, Extending Benefits Summary and Conclusion Cross-References References At the Intersection and Looking Ahead Synonyms Definition Introduction The Conceptual Framework Theories Underpinning the Study Research Methodology The Urban Realities of Africa and Asia Under the New Normal of COVID-19 Urban Africa Johannesburg, South Africa Harare, Zimbabwe Urban Asia Kaesong, North Korea Mumbai, India Conclusion and Policy Options References Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reduction Attributes Augmented Reality: Robotics, Urbanism, and the Digital Turn Synonyms Definitions Introduction VR from Militarization to the Public Extended Realities (XR) XR Applications in the Built Environment Technological Fusion: Eye Tracking, AR, and Machine Learning Trajectories Cross-References References Autarkic City Automated City Automobile Dependence Awareness and Education B Bag-of-Words Model: Sustainability Lacks Influencers Cross-References Behavioral Science Informed Governance for Urban and Regional Futures Synonyms Definition Why Is Behavioral Science Relevant for Governance at all? A Selected Overview of ``Irrational Behaviors´´ Conclusion Cross-References References Benefit Benefits Beyond Knowledge: Learning to Cope with Climate Change in Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction: Cities in Times of Climate Change From Knowledge to Learning Where and How Learning Takes Place Summary Cross-References References Big Data for Smart Cities and Inclusive Growth Introduction Current Advancement in Big Data-Driven Smart City and Inclusive Growth Big Data for SDG Monitoring and Inclusive Growth in Smart Cities Challenges and Technical Limitations of Big Data Conclusion Reference Biodiversity Biodiversity Conservation Biophilic City Bioregionalism Synonyms Definition Introduction History of the Term Indigenous ``Bioregional´´ Practices Reinhabitation Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Blue/Green Infrastructure Blue-Green Cities: Achieving Urban Flood Resilience, Water Security, and Biodiversity Definition Terminology Recent Research and Knowledge Gaps Hydrodynamic Modelling Stormwater as a Resource Biodiversity and Provision of Ecosystem Services Interoperability Water Quality Benefits Stakeholder Involvement and the Social Dimension Summary and Conclusions References Boundaries Building Community Resilience Introduction Community Resilience Design A Design Lens for Community Resilience References Building Energy Systems Building Energy: How Building Efficiency Can Be Improved in Government Facilities Synonyms Definition Building Energy Introduction Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment Framework of Building Energy Strategies Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Building Resilient Communities Over Time Conceptualizing the Resilient Communities Building Resilient Communities Over Time Cross-References References Building-Integrated Agriculture Buildings Built Environment Built Environment Energy Bushfire Busing Butterfly Gardening Butterfly Gardening in Colombo, Sri Lanka: Approach to Biodiversity Conservation, Monitoring, Education, and Awareness in Urba... Synonyms Definition Introduction Butterfly Gardening Urban Parks and Butterfly Gardening in Colombo, Sri Lanka The Importance of Butterfly Gardens, Urban Parks, and Urban Home Gardens for Butterfly Conservation Awareness Creation on Butterflies in Sri Lanka Status of Butterfly Gardening/Awareness in the World and Initiatives That Could Be Taken to Improve Butterfly Gardening in Col... Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References C Capabilities Capacities Capacity-Building Carbon Capture and Storage Carbon Dioxide Removal Carbon Emissions Carbon Neutral Adelaide Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Climate Governance The Carbon Neutral City: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability? Carbon Neutral Adelaide Carbon Neutral Adelaide´s Roadblocks to Sustainability Conclusion: Carbon Neutral Adelaide - Roadworks in Urban Sustainability Cross-References References Carbon Neutrality Carbon Sequestration Through Building-Integrated Vegetation Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Ecosystems and Climate Change Background Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Built Environment Carbon Sequestration Strategies Through Building Design Carbon Sequestration Dynamics Conclusions Cross-References References Carbon Sink Carbon Uptake Care Ethics Care-full Cities CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity CEEW - Council on Energy, Environment and Water Cellular Agriculture CEM - Commission on Ecosystem Management The Centrality of Ellensburg Introduction Native Occupancy of the Valley Pioneer Days, the Coming of the Railroads, and Road Improvement Expansion of the Highway System The University Legacy Contemporary Trends Internet Highway Summary Cross-References Further Reading Centralization The Challenges for Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUI) in Metropolitan Areas: Reducing Fire Risk, Providing Employment Opportuniti... Synonyms Definition Introduction: The Problem with the Boundaries Between Nature and Humankind The First WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Reducing Fire Risk The Second WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Providing Work in Agriculture, Small-Scale Forestry, and Tourism The Third WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Preserving Natural Habitats Through Technology Summary/Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Challenges of Delivering Regional and Remote Human Services and Supports Synonyms Definitions Introduction Geography and Infrastructure Workforce Shortages and Retention Cultural Security Appropriateness of Timelines and Outcomes Evidenced and Emerging Alternatives Summary References Changing Paradigms in Urban Planning 2000-2020 Introduction The World Between 2000 and 2020: General Context Political, Economic, and Urban Context in Barcelona in 2000 Principles and Objectives of Urban Planning in the Year 2000 in Barcelona Principles and Objectives of the 22 @ Innovation District in 2000 Context and Urban Background Urban Development of the 22 @ District from 2000 to 2020 Current Situation Principles and Objectives of Urban Planning in Barcelona in 2020 Current Urban Context: Environmental, Social and Economic Crises Principles and Objectives of the 22 @ Innovation District in 2022 Objectives Urban Proposals of the 22 @ 2022 Master Plan The new Land use regulations, the Buildability, and the IDEEU Index Economic Activity Green and Circular Economy and the IDEEU index Social and Solidarity Economy Industry 4.0 and Makers Creative Activities Inclusive Urban Planning Conclusions Child-Friendly Cities Children - Minors, Infants Children, Urban Vulnerability, and Resilience Synonyms Definition Introduction Putting into Perspective the Issues and Context Children, Urban Vulnerability, and Resilience: A Review Analysis and Emerging Issues Conclusion and Options for the Future Cross-References References Church Gardens Circular Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction The Circular Economy Applying Circularity at Multiple Levels of the Built Environment From Metabolic to Circular Cities Circular Cities: Existing Perspectives Bibliometrics An Outlook of Circular Cities: Barriers and Challenges Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Economy Circular Economy and the Water-Food Nexus Synonyms Introduction Water-Food Nexus Pressures Circular Economy Circular Economy Reducing Water-Food Nexus Pressures Reduce Reuse and Recycle Recover Restore Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Economy Cities Synonyms Introduction The Linear Economy The Circular Economy The Role of Cities in Developing a Circular Economy The 5Rs Case Study of Reduce: Singapore´s Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing Scheme Case Study of Reuse: San Francisco´s Onsite Water Reuse Grant Program Case Study of Recycle: City of Toronto´s Electronic Waste Programme Case Study of Restore: City West Water´s Stormwater Harvesting Partnering Fund Case Study of Recover: Berliner Wasserbetriebe Recovering Resources from Wastewater Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Lifestyle Circular Water Economy Synonyms Introduction Circular Economy Circular Water Economy Reduce Pricing of Water Water Meters Regulations Consumer Education and Awareness Reuse Gray Water Blackwater Rainwater Harvesting Stormwater Harvesting Recycle Non-potable Use Potable Use Recover Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion Biogas for Combined Heat and Power Thermal Conversion of Wastewater and Biosolids Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Restore Riparian Buffers Wetlands Cross-References References Cities Cities in Low-and-Middle Income Countries Cities in Nature Evolution of City Concepts Singapore´s Urban Transformation: From Mudflats to Metropolis The 1971 Concept Plan: A Radical Plan for a Modern City (Garden City) The 1991 Concept Plan and the Reformed Urban Planning System (City in a Garden) The 2001 Concept Plan: A City with Identity (City in a Garden) The 2011 Concept Plan (City of Gardens and Waters) 2021 and Beyond (City in Nature) Liveable and Sustainable Cities Framework by the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC) Liveability and Density: The Journey from Garden City to a City in Nature Garden City City in a Garden City of Garden and Waters The ABC Waters Journey ABC Waters´ Contributions to City in Nature City in Nature The Implementation Strategy Strategy 1: Extend Singapore´s Natural Capital Growing the Nature Park Network Strategy 2: Intensify Nature in Our Gardens and Parks Implementation of More Therapeutic Landscapes Implementation of Nature Playgardens Naturalize Waterways and Conservation of Mangrove Areas Species Recovery and Habitat Restoration Strategy 3: Restore Nature into the Urban Landscape Industrial Estates: Bringing Nature Back Residential Estates: Incorporating Nature into HDB New and Existing Towns More Parks in the Heartland Strategy 4: Strengthening Connectivity Between Green Spaces Growing the Network of Nature Ways Expanding the Park Connector Network (PCN) Building Expertise, an Industry, and Living with Nature Build Science and Technology and Industry Capacity Inspire Communities to Cocreate and Be Stewards of Nature What Does the Future Holds? Epilogue Acknowledgment References Citizens City City Digital Twin City Financing and Social Urbanism in Latin America: The Importance of Good Fiscal Management Challenges of Municipal Governments Fiscal Management Measures to Increase Municipal Resources The Importance of Land Policy and LVC Tools References City Vision City Visions: Toward Smart and Sustainable Urban Futures Definition Introduction Urbanization and Urban Challenges Urban Futures, City Foresight and City Visioning City Visions and City Visioning Discourses about the Future: Smart Cities and Sustainable Cities Case Study Example: Smart and Sustainable Reading 2050 City Vision Futures Thinking for Cities: What Lies Beyond COVID-19? Summary/Conclusions Cross-References References Further Reading City-to-City Learning Civic Society Clean Water Climate Adaptation Climate Change Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Adjustment Climate Change and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka Synonyms Definition Introduction Climatic Change Effects Impacting Water Resources Effects of Climate Change to Surface Water Resources Water Level Evapotranspiration Soil Moisture Deficit Zonal Water Dynamics Current Status of Sri Lankan Water Resources Vulnerability of Various Sectors Current Status of Demand for Water Required Management Responses Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change Mitigation Climate Change Resilience Climate deviations and surface water resources in Sri Lanka Climate Disaster Preparedness Climate Displaced Persons Climate Gentrification Introduction The Evolving Concept of Gentrification A Tri-disciplinary Research Paradigm A Global Survey of Potential Case Studies Northern America Europe Oceania Asia Latin America Africa Conclusion Appendix: (See Table 2) References Climate Migration Climate Neutrality Climate Refugees Climate Resilience in Informal Settlements: The Role of Natural Infrastructure Introduction Defining Climate Resilience and Informality Resilience in Informal Settlements Upgrading Informal Settlements for Climate Resilience Natural Infrastructure as Climate Adaptation Strategy in Informal Settlements Natural Infrastructure for Climate Adaptation Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation in Informal Settlements Opportunities Challenges Case Studies of Natural Infrastructure Implementation in Informal Settlements Moravia: Natural Infrastructure in the Management of Landslides and Contamination RISE Program: Citizen Science to Support the Design of Natural Infrastructure in Flood-Prone Areas References Climate Risk Atlas (CRA) Climate Risks Climate Security Climate Smart Agriculture Climate Vulnerability Climate-Adaptive Urban Areas Climate-Induced Relocation Synonyms Definition Introduction Climate Migration Managed Retreat Summary/Conclusion Climate-Neutral City Climate-Resilient City Climate-Resilient Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture, Improved Landscape, and Food Security Definition Introduction Vulnerabilities of Degraded Landscapes in Bangladesh Promising Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture, Improved Landscape, and Food Security HBT of Northwestern Bangladesh Saline-Prone Area of Southwest Bangladesh Waterlogging-Prone Areas of Southwest Bangladesh CHT of Southeastern Bangladesh Conclusion Acknowledgment References Climate-Responsive Urban Areas Climatic Variations and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka Closing the Loop on Local Food Access Through Disaster Management Synonyms Definition Introduction Food Insecurity Australian Disaster Risk Management and Shared Responsibility Local Food Procurement Contingency Planning and Local Food: An Emerging Alliance to Enhance Food Access Australian Example Cairns: Regional Perspective Logan City: Growth Corridor Perspective Lockyer Valley: Rural Perspective Conclusion Cross-References References Coastal Management Co-creation Processes Collaborative Collaborative Adaptation Collaborative Climate Action Synonyms Definition Summary Climate Collaboration among Government Levels Why CCA Strengthens Climate Policy? How to Achieve ``Better´´ CCA? Starting Points and Initiatives for CCA Cross-References References Collective Climate Adaptation Collective Emotions and Resilient Regional Communities Synonyms Definition Introduction Significance of Collective Emotions Current Framings of Community Resilience Conclusion Cross-References References Collectively Adapting to Sea-Level Rise Through Disaster Response, Commons Management, and Social Mobilization Synonyms Definition Introduction Types of Community-Led Collective Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise Disaster Response Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Planning Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Implementation Factors That Enable Collective Adaptation Social Capital Sharing Information Collective Adaptation and the Role of the State Conclusion Cross-References References Colombia Energy Transformation Combined Green and Grey Infrastructure Commons-Based Adaptation Communicable Diseases (Infectious Diseases, Contagious Diseases) Community Community Development Community Engagement and Climate Change: The Value of Social Networks and Community-Based Organizations Synonyms Definition Introduction From Economic Theory to the Psychology of the Individual: Why We Act From the Individual to Social Networks: A Potential to Change the Way We Act Using the Role of Community-Based Organizations as Trusted Messengers Cambridge Carbon Footprint Conclusion Cross-References References Community Engagement for Urban and Regional Futures Synonyms Definitions Introduction What Is Community Engagement? Regulating Community Engagement Digital Era Community Engagement Key Concepts that Relate to and Influence Community Engagement Community Engagement as Practice Case Study: Community Engagement in Australia Background to Australia´s Infrastructure Sector The Infrastructure Engagement Excellence Standards Summary and Conclusion: Future Considerations for Community Engagement in Urban and Regional Futures Cross-References References Community Foundations Community Garden Community Impact Community in a Changing Climate: Shaping Urban and Regional Futures Definition Introduction Settlements in a Changing Climate Examining and Redefining the Construct of Community Community Within Urban and Regional Environments Reframing Community in Conditions of Climate Change Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Community Leadership Community Resilience Community Resources Community Support Community Vulnerability to Extractive Industry Disasters Introduction Shifting Definition of Disasters Natural and Human-Induced Disasters Extractive Disasters Hybrid Disasters Communities and Social Vulnerability What Makes Communities Vulnerable to Disasters? Biophysical Social Economic Political Legal Community Responses to Extractive Disasters Defining Community Resilience Factors Inhibiting Community Resilience Community Polarization Psychological Impacts Community Knowledge Mobilization Strategies Among Resilient Communities Local Protests Case: Aberfan Disaster, Wales Transnational Connections Case: Uranium Mining in Kakadu National Park, Australia Shareholder Activism Case: Mariana Dam Disaster, Brazil Legal Tools Case: Ok Tedi Mine Disaster, Papua New Guinea Conclusion References Community-Led Interventions Community-Supported Agriculture Company Town Competitiveness of Cities Competitiveness of Regions Composing an Urban Sphere Computation Computational Urban Planning Synonyms Definitions Introduction Background and Context Computational Urban Planning: A Review Application of Computational Planning: International Cases Redesigning of Rochor District, Singapore Creation of a New Mixed-Use District: Hangzhou, China Master Planning of the Toronto Sidewalk Project, Canada Computational Urban Planning Attempts in Africa Empower Shack Project: Cape Town South Africa (Case Study) Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations Cross-References References Computer Applications Concepts, Approaches, and Methodologies for Ecological Flood Resilience Assessment: A Review Synonyms Definitions Resilience Adaptive Capacity Transformability Ecological Flood Resilience Introduction Concept of Resilience Assessing Resilience Concept of Ecological Resilience Ecological Resilience and Adaptive Cycle Assessing Ecological Resilience Concept of Ecological Flood Resilience Assessing Flood Resilience Based on Complex Adaptive System Thinking The Concept of Complex Adaptive Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Ecological Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Sociopolitical Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Urban Infrastructure Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Community Resilience Methodologies and Approaches for Assessment Approaches Toward Ecological Flood Resilience Measurement Case Studies Making Room for the River: Nijmegen, the Netherlands Adaption Measures Natural Water Retention (NWR) in River Ecosystems Assessing Natural Water Retention by Restoration and Rehabilitation Improvement of Dikes and Dams for Better Adaptation Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience: Case of Sustainable Urban Development in Utrecht, the Netherlands Assessment of Natural Water Retention Through Spatial Planning Conclusion Cross-References References Conceptualizing the Urban Commons Urban Governance: Definition, Introduction, Theoretical Framework Concluding Notes: Governing the Urban Commons Cross-References References Conflict Connecting Urban and Regional Innovation Ecosystems to Enhance Competitiveness Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptual Framework for Connected Urban and Regional Innovation Ecosystems Distance and Proximity Cluster Emergence Transforming Regions Combining Industrial and Science-Based Innovation to Create New Paths of Development Institutional Challenges and Their Solutions Conclusion Cross-References References Connectivity Conservation Constructed Urban Wetlands Consultation Contribute Coordinate Coordinated Adaptation Countryside County Coupled Green and Grey Infrastructure Systems Crops and Panels: A Farm Model with Trade-offs in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Abbreviations Definitions Introduction The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Middle East Implementation of the Nexus Concept Farm Modeling As a Contribution to Analyze the Nexus Plan of the Remainder of the Entry General Structure Farm Model Premises and Formulation Optimal Allocation Targeted Use Reflecting the Nexus in a Farm Model WEF Modeling Needs Resources Land Labor Water Cropping Activities Classification and Planting Options Crop Yields New and Existing Trees Energy Electricity Supply and Demand Yield of Solar Panels Farmer Optimization Two-Stage Decisions Precautionary Constraints Schematic Illustration Mathematical Representation of the Model Exogenous Resources and Ex Ante Calculations Resources Ex Ante Crop Yields and Water Requirements Endogenous Activities Resource Constraints Yield and Output Input Needs Electricity Balance Precautionary Constraints Objective Summarizing the Model Model Application Cross-References References Cross-cultural Adaptation Crowding Cultural Ecosystem Services Curated Emergence D Decarbonization Decentralization Decentralized Concentration Decentralized Cooperation and Political Strategy Decline Delivery Bots Delivery Robots Demand Management Democratic Processes Demography Density Design Design Thinking Developing Countries Developing World Cities - Cities of the Global South Development Development - Expansion/Growth Development Goals Digital City Modeling and Emerging Directions in Public Participation in Planning Introduction/Definition Digital Participation Models Driven by the Need for Improved Public Participation in Complex Planning Issues Digital Participation Models Can Improve Public Understanding of the Trade-Offs Involved in Complex Planning Decisions The Significance of Improved Public Understanding of Trade-Offs Via Digital Participation Models The Role for Design in Effective Digital Participation Models Future Challenges for Digital Participation Models Conclusion Cross-References References Digital Nature Digital Turn Digital Twin and Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Digital Twin Versions and Variations 3D Data 3D Models and Simulations Digital Thread Physical Internet Digital Shadow Digital Twin for City and Spatial Planning Ecosystem Data Management Governance, Standards, and Regulations Summary and Conclusions Cross-References References Further Reading Digitalization Digitalization, Urbanization, and Urban-Rural Divide Introduction Extent of Urbanization Extent of Digitalization Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Dimension/Size Direction Directive Disaster Disaster Management Disaster Preparedness Disaster Relief Disaster Risk in Informal Settlements and Opportunities for Resilience Synonyms Definition Introduction Institutional Approaches Relocation and Disaster Risk Reduction Opportunities for Resilience Through In Situ Upgrading Conclusion Cross-References References Discipline/Practice Discrimination Displaced Dispossessed Disruptive Innovation Disruptive Mobility: Sharing Electric Autonomous Vehicles (SEAVs) Reshape Our Future Cities Introduction What is the Disruptive Technology? Three Disruptive Mobility Technologies Electric Vehicles (EVs) Smart Shared Mobility Platforms Automated Vehicles (AVs) Disruptive Mobility and Future Cities Conclusion References Distribute Distributed Energy District Drinking Water Standards Driver Policy E EbA - Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Eco-city Eco-DRR - Ecosystem-Led Disaster Risk Reduction Eco-efficient City Eco-industrial Network Ecological Corridor Ecological Engineering Ecological Restoration Ecological Security Economic Sustainability Economical Security Ecoregion Ecosystem Based Adaptation Ecosystem Services Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Ecosystem-Based Approach Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction or Building with Nature Ecosystem-Based Management Ecosystems Restoration and Habitats Enhancement Introduction Weir Pool Manipulation in South Australia A Brief History Rationale and Expected Ecological Benefits Case Study of the 2014 Spring WPR Event at Locks 1 and 2 Objectives A Coordinated Multi-agency Trial A Two-Staged Strategy in Raising Risk Assessment Discussion Concluding Remarks References Ecotourism is responsible tourism Ecovillages Education for Inclusive and Transformative Urban Development Introduction The Meaning of Development The Menu of Inclusive and Transformative Urban Development The Relationship Between Education and Development Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References El Nino South Oscillation (ENSO) Elder-Friendly Community The Elusive Quest for Affordable Housing: Five Principles of a Comprehensive Approach Introduction: The Affordable Housing Challenge The Need for a Comprehensive Approach Tackling Supply-Side Issues, Demand-Side Issues, and Subsidies in a Sequenced Manner Combining the Curative and the Preventive Working Across the Entire Housing Value Chain Developing Segmented Solutions Tailored to Different Income Groups Offering Different Housing Solutions Across a Range of Tenure Options Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Embedding Justice in Resilient Climate Change Action Definitions, Conceptualisation and Synonyms Toward a Resilient Climate Action Cross-References References Emergency Emerging Concepts Exploring the Role of Nature for Health and Well-Being Synonyms Definition Introduction Establishing What Is Meant by Nature A Relationship with Nature Health and Well-Being Benefits The Emerging Role of Digital Nature The Current State of Knowledge Future Questions, Concerns, and Developments Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Endowments Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency in Buildings Energy Transition Engineered Urban Wetlands ENSO - El Nino South Oscillation Environment Environmental Education and Non-governmental Organizations Environmental Education Non-governmental Organization Roles of NGOs in Promoting Environmental Education Environmental Awareness and Campaigning Animal Products Religion Reporting Monitoring and Geographic Information System (GIS) Training and Capacity Building Government Partnership Conclusion References Environmental Literacy Environmental Movement Environmental Psychology Environmental Sustainability Epidemiological Shifts in Urban Bangladesh Synonyms Definitions Introduction Urban Bangladesh and Increasing Health Risks Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases: Risk Factors Methodology Concurrent Disease Trends Communicable Diseases in Urban Bangladesh VPDs and Diarrheal Diseases Vector-Borne Diseases Emerging Diseases and COVID-19 Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Urban Areas Analysis of Changing Trends Discussions Future Research Conclusion Cross-References References Equal Cities Equitable Transitions Equity ESG in Real Estate Investment Introduction Definition of ESG and Relevance to Real Estate Areas of Extant Research Issues for the Future References Ethical Finance Ethics European Green Deal and Development Perspectives for the Mediterranean Re Preface Acknowledgments List of Topics About the Editor Contributors A 15-Minute City 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Accessible Homes Active Living Active Transport Adaptation Adapting Cities to Climate Change Definition Introduction Urban Climate Adaptation Plans Guidelines Development of Urban Adaptation Plans for Cities with Population over 100,000 in Poland (MPA) Climate Risk Assessment Including Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)/Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Guide Climate-Friendly Cities Future Actions Summary/Conclusions References Adapting to a Changing Climate Through Nature-Based Solutions Synonyms Definition Introduction Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Negotiations Building India ́s Resilience Through NbS Hazard-Specific Implementable Solutions Flood-Specific Interventions Cyclone-Specific Interventions Drought-Specific Interventions Implementing NbS-at-Scale Cross-References Acknowledgment References Adaptive Governance Adequate Housing Administration Advanced Environmental Practices Adversity Affordable Housing Affordable Shelter Age-Friendly Community Age-Friendly Future Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Demographic Drivers WHO Age-Friendly City Model Principles of Age-Friendly Cities Building Co-design and Co-creation with Older Adults Co-operation with Diverse Stakeholders and Cross-Cutting Sectors Top-Down Political Commitment and Resources Age-Friendly Future Cities All-Age-Friendly Cities Age-Friendly Cities Promoting Equal Aging Age-Friendly City Development in the Global South Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Agency Agenda Post-2015 Agricultural Production Agroforestry Allotment Alternative Agriculture Alternative Compliance Tools Alternative Protein Amsterdam Amsterdam ́s Pathway to Climate Neutrality: Creating an Enabling Environment Synonyms Definition Introduction Setting the Ambition Understanding the Challenge Amsterdam Going (Dough)nuts?! Spotlight on Mobility Sector Focus on the Built Environment The Many Roles of a (the) Municipality Quo Vadis Amsterdam? (Conclusions) Cross-References Acknowledgment Further Reading Anticipatory Cities Applying Smart Frameworks to Arctic Cities Definition Definition and Dimensions of a Smart Sustainable City Measuring an Arctic Smart City: Metrics and Standardization Conclusion Cross-References References Approach Appropriate Technology Area Artificial Urban Wetlands Synonyms Definition Introduction Contributing to Water Management and Habitat Development Positioning in Urban Sustainability Debate Expanding Future Use, Extending Benefits Summary and Conclusion Cross-References References At the Intersection and Looking Ahead Synonyms Definition Introduction The Conceptual Framework Theories Underpinning the Study Research Methodology The Urban Realities of Africa and Asia Under the New Normal of COVID-19 Urban Africa Johannesburg, South Africa Harare, Zimbabwe Urban Asia Kaesong, North Korea Mumbai, India Conclusion and Policy Options References Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reduction Attributes Augmented Reality: Robotics, Urbanism, and the Digital Turn Synonyms Definitions Introduction VR from Militarization to the Public Extended Realities (XR) XR Applications in the Built Environment Technological Fusion: Eye Tracking, AR, and Machine Learning Trajectories Cross-References References Autarkic City Automated City Automobile Dependence Awareness and Education B Bag-of-Words Model: Sustainability Lacks Influencers Cross-References Behavioral Science Informed Governance for Urban and Regional Futures Synonyms Definition Why Is Behavioral Science Relevant for Governance at all? A Selected Overview of ``Irrational Behaviors ́ ́ Conclusion Cross-References References Benefit Benefits Beyond Knowledge: Learning to Cope with Climate Change in Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction: Cities in Times of Climate Change From Knowledge to Learning Where and How Learning Takes Place Summary Cross-References References Big Data for Smart Cities and Inclusive Growth Introduction Current Advancement in Big Data-Driven Smart City and Inclusive Growth Big Data for SDG Monitoring and Inclusive Growth in Smart Cities Challenges and Technical Limitations of Big Data Conclusion Reference Biodiversity Biodiversity Conservation Biophilic City Bioregionalism Synonyms Definition Introduction History of the Term Indigenous ``Bioregional ́ ́ Practices Reinhabitation Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Blue/Green Infrastructure Blue-Green Cities: Achieving Urban Flood Resilience, Water Security, and Biodiversity Definition Terminology Recent Research and Knowledge Gaps Hydrodynamic Modelling Stormwater as a Resource Biodiversity and Provision of Ecosystem Services Interoperability Water Quality Benefits Stakeholder Involvement and the Social Dimension Summary and Conclusions References Boundaries Building Community Resilience Introduction Community Resilience Design A Design Lens for Community Resilience References Building Energy Systems Building Energy: How Building Efficiency Can Be Improved in Government Facilities Synonyms Definition Building Energy Introduction Energy Efficiency in the Built Environment Framework of Building Energy Strategies Summary/Conclusion Cross-References References Building Resilient Communities Over Time Conceptualizing the Resilient Communities Building Resilient Communities Over Time Cross-References References Building-Integrated Agriculture Buildings Built Environment Built Environment Energy Bushfire Busing Butterfly Gardening Butterfly Gardening in Colombo, Sri Lanka: Approach to Biodiversity Conservation, Monitoring, Education, and Awareness in Urba... Synonyms Definition Introduction Butterfly Gardening Urban Parks and Butterfly Gardening in Colombo, Sri Lanka The Importance of Butterfly Gardens, Urban Parks, and Urban Home Gardens for Butterfly Conservation Awareness Creation on Butterflies in Sri Lanka Status of Butterfly Gardening/Awareness in the World and Initiatives That Could Be Taken to Improve Butterfly Gardening in Col... Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References C Capabilities Capacities Capacity-Building Carbon Capture and Storage Carbon Dioxide Removal Carbon Emissions Carbon Neutral Adelaide Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Climate Governance The Carbon Neutral City: A Roadmap Towards Sustainability? Carbon Neutral Adelaide Carbon Neutral Adelaide ́s Roadblocks to Sustainability Conclusion: Carbon Neutral Adelaide - Roadworks in Urban Sustainability Cross-References References Carbon Neutrality Carbon Sequestration Through Building-Integrated Vegetation Synonyms Definition Introduction Urban Ecosystems and Climate Change Background Carbon Sequestration in the Urban Built Environment Carbon Sequestration Strategies Through Building Design Carbon Sequestration Dynamics Conclusions Cross-References References Carbon Sink Carbon Uptake Care Ethics Care-full Cities CBD - Convention on Biological Diversity CEEW - Council on Energy, Environment and Water Cellular Agriculture CEM - Commission on Ecosystem Management The Centrality of Ellensburg Introduction Native Occupancy of the Valley Pioneer Days, the Coming of the Railroads, and Road Improvement Expansion of the Highway System The University Legacy Contemporary Trends Internet Highway Summary Cross-References Further Reading Centralization The Challenges for Wildland-Urban Interfaces (WUI) in Metropolitan Areas: Reducing Fire Risk, Providing Employment Opportuniti... Synonyms Definition Introduction: The Problem with the Boundaries Between Nature and Humankind The First WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Reducing Fire Risk The Second WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Providing Work in Agriculture, Small-Scale Forestry, and Tourism The Third WUI Challenge in Metropolitan Areas: Preserving Natural Habitats Through Technology Summary/Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Challenges of Delivering Regional and Remote Human Services and Supports Synonyms Definitions Introduction Geography and Infrastructure Workforce Shortages and Retention Cultural Security Appropriateness of Timelines and Outcomes Evidenced and Emerging Alternatives Summary References Changing Paradigms in Urban Planning 2000-2020 Introduction The World Between 2000 and 2020: General Context Political, Economic, and Urban Context in Barcelona in 2000 Principles and Objectives of Urban Planning in the Year 2000 in Barcelona Principles and Objectives of the 22 @ Innovation District in 2000 Context and Urban Background Urban Development of the 22 @ District from 2000 to 2020 Current Situation Principles and Objectives of Urban Planning in Barcelona in 2020 Current Urban Context: Environmental, Social and Economic Crises Principles and Objectives of the 22 @ Innovation District in 2022 Objectives Urban Proposals of the 22 @ 2022 Master Plan The new Land use regulations, the Buildability, and the IDEEU Index Economic Activity Green and Circular Economy and the IDEEU index Social and Solidarity Economy Industry 4.0 and Makers Creative Activities Inclusive Urban Planning Conclusions Child-Friendly Cities Children - Minors, Infants Children, Urban Vulnerability, and Resilience Synonyms Definition Introduction Putting into Perspective the Issues and Context Children, Urban Vulnerability, and Resilience: A Review Analysis and Emerging Issues Conclusion and Options for the Future Cross-References References Church Gardens Circular Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction The Circular Economy Applying Circularity at Multiple Levels of the Built Environment From Metabolic to Circular Cities Circular Cities: Existing Perspectives Bibliometrics An Outlook of Circular Cities: Barriers and Challenges Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Economy Circular Economy and the Water-Food Nexus Synonyms Introduction Water-Food Nexus Pressures Circular Economy Circular Economy Reducing Water-Food Nexus Pressures Reduce Reuse and Recycle Recover Restore Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Economy Cities Synonyms Introduction The Linear Economy The Circular Economy The Role of Cities in Developing a Circular Economy The 5Rs Case Study of Reduce: Singapore ́s Building Retrofit Energy Efficiency Financing Scheme Case Study of Reuse: San Francisco ́s Onsite Water Reuse Grant Program Case Study of Recycle: City of Toronto ́s Electronic Waste Programme Case Study of Restore: City West Water ́s Stormwater Harvesting Partnering Fund Case Study of Recover: Berliner Wasserbetriebe Recovering Resources from Wastewater Conclusion Cross-References References Circular Lifestyle Circular Water Economy Synonyms Introduction Circular Economy Circular Water Economy Reduce Pricing of Water Water Meters Regulations Consumer Education and Awareness Reuse Gray Water Blackwater Rainwater Harvesting Stormwater Harvesting Recycle Non-potable Use Potable Use Recover Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion Biogas for Combined Heat and Power Thermal Conversion of Wastewater and Biosolids Recovery of Nutrients from Wastewater Restore Riparian Buffers Wetlands Cross-References References Cities Cities in Low-and-Middle Income Countries Cities in Nature Evolution of City Concepts Singapore ́s Urban Transformation: From Mudflats to Metropolis The 1971 Concept Plan: A Radical Plan for a Modern City (Garden City) The 1991 Concept Plan and the Reformed Urban Planning System (City in a Garden) The 2001 Concept Plan: A City with Identity (City in a Garden) The 2011 Concept Plan (City of Gardens and Waters) 2021 and Beyond (City in Nature) Liveable and Sustainable Cities Framework by the Centre for Liveable Cities (CLC) Liveability and Density: The Journey from Garden City to a City in Nature Garden City City in a Garden City of Garden and Waters The ABC Waters Journey ABC Waters ́ Contributions to City in Nature City in Nature The Implementation Strategy Strategy 1: Extend Singapore ́s Natural Capital Growing the Nature Park Network Strategy 2: Intensify Nature in Our Gardens and Parks Implementation of More Therapeutic Landscapes Implementation of Nature Playgardens Naturalize Waterways and Conservation of Mangrove Areas Species Recovery and Habitat Restoration Strategy 3: Restore Nature into the Urban Landscape Industrial Estates: Bringing Nature Back Residential Estates: Incorporating Nature into HDB New and Existing Towns More Parks in the Heartland Strategy 4: Strengthening Connectivity Between Green Spaces Growing the Network of Nature Ways Expanding the Park Connector Network (PCN) Building Expertise, an Industry, and Living with Nature Build Science and Technology and Industry Capacity Inspire Communities to Cocreate and Be Stewards of Nature What Does the Future Holds? Epilogue Acknowledgment References Citizens City City Digital Twin City Financing and Social Urbanism in Latin America: The Importance of Good Fiscal Management Challenges of Municipal Governments Fiscal Management Measures to Increase Municipal Resources The Importance of Land Policy and LVC Tools References City Vision City Visions: Toward Smart and Sustainable Urban Futures Definition Introduction Urbanization and Urban Challenges Urban Futures, City Foresight and City Visioning City Visions and City Visioning Discourses about the Future: Smart Cities and Sustainable Cities Case Study Example: Smart and Sustainable Reading 2050 City Vision Futures Thinking for Cities: What Lies Beyond COVID-19? Summary/Conclusions Cross-References References Further Reading City-to-City Learning Civic Society Clean Water Climate Adaptation Climate Change Climate Change Adaptation Climate Change Adjustment Climate Change and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka Synonyms Definition Introduction Climatic Change Effects Impacting Water Resources Effects of Climate Change to Surface Water Resources Water Level Evapotranspiration Soil Moisture Deficit Zonal Water Dynamics Current Status of Sri Lankan Water Resources Vulnerability of Various Sectors Current Status of Demand for Water Required Management Responses Conclusion Cross-References References Climate Change Mitigation Climate Change Resilience Climate deviations and surface water resources in Sri Lanka Climate Disaster Preparedness Climate Displaced Persons Climate Gentrification Introduction The Evolving Concept of Gentrification A Tri-disciplinary Research Paradigm A Global Survey of Potential Case Studies Northern America Europe Oceania Asia Latin America Africa Conclusion Appendix: (See Table 2) References Climate Migration Climate Neutrality Climate Refugees Climate Resilience in Informal Settlements: The Role of Natural Infrastructure Introduction Defining Climate Resilience and Informality Resilience in Informal Settlements Upgrading Informal Settlements for Climate Resilience Natural Infrastructure as Climate Adaptation Strategy in Informal Settlements Natural Infrastructure for Climate Adaptation Challenges and Opportunities for Implementation in Informal Settlements Opportunities Challenges Case Studies of Natural Infrastructure Implementation in Informal Settlements Moravia: Natural Infrastructure in the Management of Landslides and Contamination RISE Program: Citizen Science to Support the Design of Natural Infrastructure in Flood-Prone Areas References Climate Risk Atlas (CRA) Climate Risks Climate Security Climate Smart Agriculture Climate Vulnerability Climate-Adaptive Urban Areas Climate-Induced Relocation Synonyms Definition Introduction Climate Migration Managed Retreat Summary/Conclusion Climate-Neutral City Climate-Resilient City Climate-Resilient Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture, Improved Landscape, and Food Security Definition Introduction Vulnerabilities of Degraded Landscapes in Bangladesh Promising Technologies and Innovations for Sustainable Agriculture, Improved Landscape, and Food Security HBT of Northwestern Bangladesh Saline-Prone Area of Southwest Bangladesh Waterlogging-Prone Areas of Southwest Bangladesh CHT of Southeastern Bangladesh Conclusion Acknowledgment References Climate-Responsive Urban Areas Climatic Variations and Surface Water Resources in Sri Lanka Closing the Loop on Local Food Access Through Disaster Management Synonyms Definition Introduction Food Insecurity Australian Disaster Risk Management and Shared Responsibility Local Food Procurement Contingency Planning and Local Food: An Emerging Alliance to Enhance Food Access Australian Example Cairns: Regional Perspective Logan City: Growth Corridor Perspective Lockyer Valley: Rural Perspective Conclusion Cross-References References Coastal Management Co-creation Processes Collaborative Collaborative Adaptation Collaborative Climate Action Synonyms Definition Summary Climate Collaboration among Government Levels Why CCA Strengthens Climate Policy? How to Achieve ``Better ́ ́ CCA? Starting Points and Initiatives for CCA Cross-References References Collective Climate Adaptation Collective Emotions and Resilient Regional Communities Synonyms Definition Introduction Significance of Collective Emotions Current Framings of Community Resilience Conclusion Cross-References References Collectively Adapting to Sea-Level Rise Through Disaster Response, Commons Management, and Social Mobilization Synonyms Definition Introduction Types of Community-Led Collective Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise Disaster Response Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Planning Sea-Level Rise Adaptation Implementation Factors That Enable Collective Adaptation Social Capital Sharing Information Collective Adaptation and the Role of the State Conclusion Cross-References References Colombia Energy Transformation Combined Green and Grey Infrastructure Commons-Based Adaptation Communicable Diseases (Infectious Diseases, Contagious Diseases) Community Community Development Community Engagement and Climate Change: The Value of Social Networks and Community-Based Organizations Synonyms Definition Introduction From Economic Theory to the Psychology of the Individual: Why We Act From the Individual to Social Networks: A Potential to Change the Way We Act Using the Role of Community-Based Organizations as Trusted Messengers Cambridge Carbon Footprint Conclusion Cross-References References Community Engagement for Urban and Regional Futures Synonyms Definitions Introduction What Is Community Engagement? Regulating Community Engagement Digital Era Community Engagement Key Concepts that Relate to and Influence Community Engagement Community Engagement as Practice Case Study: Community Engagement in Australia Background to Australia ́s Infrastructure Sector The Infrastructure Engagement Excellence Standards Summary and Conclusion: Future Considerations for Community Engagement in Urban and Regional Futures Cross-References References Community Foundations Community Garden Community Impact Community in a Changing Climate: Shaping Urban and Regional Futures Definition Introduction Settlements in a Changing Climate Examining and Redefining the Construct of Community Community Within Urban and Regional Environments Reframing Community in Conditions of Climate Change Conclusion Cross-References References Further Reading Community Leadership Community Resilience Community Resources Community Support Community Vulnerability to Extractive Industry Disasters Introduction Shifting Definition of Disasters Natural and Human-Induced Disasters Extractive Disasters Hybrid Disasters Communities and Social Vulnerability What Makes Communities Vulnerable to Disasters? Biophysical Social Economic Political Legal Community Responses to Extractive Disasters Defining Community Resilience Factors Inhibiting Community Resilience Community Polarization Psychological Impacts Community Knowledge Mobilization Strategies Among Resilient Communities Local Protests Case: Aberfan Disaster, Wales Transnational Connections Case: Uranium Mining in Kakadu National Park, Australia Shareholder Activism Case: Mariana Dam Disaster, Brazil Legal Tools Case: Ok Tedi Mine Disaster, Papua New Guinea Conclusion References Community-Led Interventions Community-Supported Agriculture Company Town Competitiveness of Cities Competitiveness of Regions Composing an Urban Sphere Computation Computational Urban Planning Synonyms Definitions Introduction Background and Context Computational Urban Planning: A Review Application of Computational Planning: International Cases Redesigning of Rochor District, Singapore Creation of a New Mixed-Use District: Hangzhou, China Master Planning of the Toronto Sidewalk Project, Canada Computational Urban Planning Attempts in Africa Empower Shack Project: Cape Town South Africa (Case Study) Discussion Conclusion and Recommendations Cross-References References Computer Applications Concepts, Approaches, and Methodologies for Ecological Flood Resilience Assessment: A Review Synonyms Definitions Resilience Adaptive Capacity Transformability Ecological Flood Resilience Introduction Concept of Resilience Assessing Resilience Concept of Ecological Resilience Ecological Resilience and Adaptive Cycle Assessing Ecological Resilience Concept of Ecological Flood Resilience Assessing Flood Resilience Based on Complex Adaptive System Thinking The Concept of Complex Adaptive Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Ecological Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Sociopolitical Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Urban Infrastructure Systems Assessing Complex Adaptive System Resilience: Community Resilience Methodologies and Approaches for Assessment Approaches Toward Ecological Flood Resilience Measurement Case Studies Making Room for the River: Nijmegen, the Netherlands Adaption Measures Natural Water Retention (NWR) in River Ecosystems Assessing Natural Water Retention by Restoration and Rehabilitation Improvement of Dikes and Dams for Better Adaptation Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Resilience: Case of Sustainable Urban Development in Utrecht, the Netherlands Assessment of Natural Water Retention Through Spatial Planning Conclusion Cross-References References Conceptualizing the Urban Commons Urban Governance: Definition, Introduction, Theoretical Framework Concluding Notes: Governing the Urban Commons Cross-References References Conflict Connecting Urban and Regional Innovation Ecosystems to Enhance Competitiveness Synonyms Definition Introduction Conceptual Framework for Connected Urban and Regional Innovation Ecosystems Distance and Proximity Cluster Emergence Transforming Regions Combining Industrial and Science-Based Innovation to Create New Paths of Development Institutional Challenges and Their Solutions Conclusion Cross-References References Connectivity Conservation Constructed Urban Wetlands Consultation Contribute Coordinate Coordinated Adaptation Countryside County Coupled Green and Grey Infrastructure Systems Crops and Panels: A Farm Model with Trade-offs in the Water-Energy-Food Nexus Abbreviations Definitions Introduction The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Middle East Implementation of the Nexus Concept Farm Modeling As a Contribution to Analyze the Nexus Plan of the Remainder of the Entry General Structure Farm Model Premises and Formulation Optimal Allocation Targeted Use Reflecting the Nexus in a Farm Model WEF Modeling Needs Resources Land Labor Water Cropping Activities Classification and Planting Options Crop Yields New and Existing Trees Energy Electricity Supply and Demand Yield of Solar Panels Farmer Optimization Two-Stage Decisions Precautionary Constraints Schematic Illustration Mathematical Representation of the Model Exogenous Resources and Ex Ante Calculations Resources Ex Ante Crop Yields and Water Requirements Endogenous Activities Resource Constraints Yield and Output Input Needs Electricity Balance Precautionary Constraints Objective Summarizing the Model Model Application Cross-References References Cross-cultural Adaptation Crowding Cultural Ecosystem Services Curated Emergence D Decarbonization Decentralization Decentralized Concentration Decentralized Cooperation and Political Strategy Decline Delivery Bots Delivery Robots Demand Management Democratic Processes Demography Density Design Design Thinking Developing Countries Developing World Cities - Cities of the Global South Development Development - Expansion/Growth Development Goals Digital City Modeling and Emerging Directions in Public Participation in Planning Introduction/Definition Digital Participation Models Driven by the Need for Improved Public Participation in Complex Planning Issues Digital Participation Models Can Improve Public Understanding of the Trade-Offs Involved in Complex Planning Decisions The Significance of Improved Public Understanding of Trade-Offs Via Digital Participation Models The Role for Design in Effective Digital Participation Models Future Challenges for Digital Participation Models Conclusion Cross-References References Digital Nature Digital Turn Digital Twin and Cities Synonyms Definition Introduction Digital Twin Versions and Variations 3D Data 3D Models and Simulations Digital Thread Physical Internet Digital Shadow Digital Twin for City and Spatial Planning Ecosystem Data Management Governance, Standards, and Regulations Summary and Conclusions Cross-References References Further Reading Digitalization Digitalization, Urbanization, and Urban-Rural Divide Introduction Extent of Urbanization Extent of Digitalization Concluding Remarks Cross-References References Dimension/Size Direction Directive Disaster Disaster Management Disaster Preparedness Disaster Relief Disaster Risk in Informal Settlements and Opportunities for Resilience Synonyms Definition Introduction Institutional Approaches Relocation and Disaster Risk Reduction Opportunities for Resilience Through In Situ Upgrading Conclusion Cross-References References Discipline/Practice Discrimination Displaced Dispossessed Disruptive Innovation Disruptive Mobility: Sharing Electric Autonomous Vehicles (SEAVs) Reshape Our Future Cities Introduction What is the Disruptive Technology? Three Disruptive Mobility Technologies Electric Vehicles (EVs) Smart Shared Mobility Platforms Automated Vehicles (AVs) Disruptive Mobility and Future Cities Conclusion References Distribute Distributed Energy District Drinking Water Standards Driver Policy E EbA - Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Eco-city Eco-DRR - Ecosystem-Led Disaster Risk Reduction Eco-efficient City Eco-industrial Network Ecological Corridor Ecological Engineering Ecological Restoration Ecological Security Economic Sustainability Economical Security Ecoregion Ecosystem Based Adaptation Ecosystem Services Ecosystem-Based Adaptation Ecosystem-Based Approach Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction or Building with Nature Ecosystem-Based Management Ecosystems Restoration and Habitats Enhancement Introduction Weir Pool Manipulation in South Australia A Brief History Rationale and Expected Ecological Benefits Case Study of the 2014 Spring WPR Event at Locks 1 and 2 Objectives A Coordinated Multi-agency Trial A Two-Staged Strategy in Raising Risk Assessment Discussion Concluding Remarks References Ecotourism is responsible tourism Ecovillages Education for Inclusive and Transformative Urban Development Introduction The Meaning of Development The Menu of Inclusive and Transformative Urban Development The Relationship Between Education and Development Conclusion and Future Direction Cross-References References El Nino South Oscillation (ENSO) Elder-Friendly Community The Elusive Quest for Affordable Housing: Five Principles of a Comprehensive Approach Introduction: The Affordable Housing Challenge The Need for a Comprehensive Approach Tackling Supply-Side Issues, Demand-Side Issues, and Subsidies in a Sequenced Manner Combining the Curative and the Preventive Working Across the Entire Housing Value Chain Developing Segmented Solutions Tailored to Different Income Groups Offering Different Housing Solutions Across a Range of Tenure Options Conclusions Cross-References Acknowledgment References Embedding Justice in Resilient Climate Change Action Definitions, Conceptualisation and Synonyms Toward a Resilient Climate Action Cross-References References Emergency Emerging Concepts Exploring the Role of Nature for Health and Well-Being Synonyms Definition Introduction Establishing What Is Meant by Nature A Relationship with Nature Health and Well-Being Benefits The Emerging Role of Digital Nature The Current State of Knowledge Future Questions, Concerns, and Developments Conclusion Cross-References Acknowledgment References Endowments Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency in Buildings Energy Transition Engineered Urban Wetlands ENSO - El Nino South Oscillation Environment Environmental Education and Non-governmental Organizations Environmental Education Non-governmental Organization Roles of NGOs in Promoting Environmental Education Environmental Awareness and Campaigning Animal Products Religion Reporting Monitoring and Geographic Information System (GIS) Training and Capacity Building Government Partnership Conclusion References Environmental Literacy Environmental Movement Environmental Psychology Environmental Sustainability Epidemiological Shifts in Urban Bangladesh Synonyms Definitions Introduction Urban Bangladesh and Increasing Health Risks Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases: Risk Factors Methodology Concurrent Disease Trends Communicable Diseases in Urban Bangladesh VPDs and Diarrheal Diseases Vector-Borne Diseases Emerging Diseases and COVID-19 Non-communicable Diseases (NCDs) in Urban Areas Analysis of Changing Trends Discussions Future Research Conclusion Cross-References References Equal Cities Equitable Transitions Equity ESG in Real Estate Investment Introduction Definition of ESG and Relevance to Real Estate Areas of Extant Research Issues for the Future References Ethical Finance Ethics European Green Deal and Development Perspectives for the