پالئولیتیک آسیای شمال‌شرقی: تاریخ و نتایج تحقیقات در ۱۹۴۰–۱۹۸۰

The Palaeolithic of Northeast Asia: The History and Results of Research in 1940-1980 combines details of discoveries of Palaeolithic sites in a vast region of Northeast Asia (covering mostly the northeastern part of modern Russia), and meticulous analysis of hypotheses, ideas, and concepts related to the Northeast Asian Palaeolithic. Written in the 1980s - 1990s, it is based on the author's own experience and analysis of published and archival sources. The volume is especially important for better understanding the development of knowledge on this subject, closely related to the issue of the peopling of the New World. The author presents details on the conceptual issues developed by Soviet archaeologists, not previously available to the international scholarly community. This book is for archaeologists, ethnographers, and historians of science in the USSR and worldwide. It has a special interest for students of the peopling of the Americas. The Palaeolithic of Northeast Asia: The History and Results of Research, 1940–1980 combines details of discoveries of Palaeolithic sites in a vast region of Northeast Asia (covering mostly the northeastern part of modern Russia), and meticulous analysis of hypotheses, ideas, and concepts related to the Northeast Asian Palaeolithic. Written in the 1980s – 1990s, it is based on the author’s own experience and analysis of published and archival sources. The volume is especially important for better understanding the development of knowledge on this subject, closely related to the issue of the peopling of the New World. The author presents details on the conceptual issues developed by Soviet archaeologists, not previously available to the international scholarly community. This book is for archaeologists, ethnographers, and historians of science in the USSR and worldwide. It has a special interest for students of the peopling of the Americas. Title Page 3 Copyright page 4 Contents Page 5 List of abbreviations 8 Translators’ introduction 10 Introduction 15 List of Figures, Tables, and Plates 7 Figure 1. Northeast Asia (after Kashin 2003, p. 152; modified) 11 Figure 2. Distribution of Palaeolithic and presumably Palaeolithic sites in Northeast Asia (after Kashin 2003, p. 207; modified) 12 Figure 3. Distribution of Palaeolithic sites in the Lena River basin (Okladnikov 1953a) (after Kashin 2003, p. 155; modified) 24 Figure 4. Lithics from the Chastinskaya site (Okladnikov 1953a) (after Kashin 2003, p. 153, modified) 25 Figure 5. Lithics from the Lena River sites (Okladnikov 1953a) (after Kashin 2003, p. 154; modified) 26 Figure 6. Lithics from the Sumnagin I site 37 Figure 7. Lithics from the Ikhine I site (after Mochanov 1977, pp. 142–143; modified) 38 Figure 8. Lithics from the Dyuktai Cave, layer VIIa (after Mochanov 1977, p. 16; modified) 43 Figure 9. Lithic and bone items from the Dyuktai Cave (after Mochanov 1977, p. 20; modified) 44 Figure 10. Lithics from the Dyuktai Cave (after Mochanov 1977, p. 25; modified) 45 Figure 11. Lithics from the Ust-Timpton I site, layer IVb (after Mochanov 1977, p. 160; modified) 47 Figure 12. Lithics from the Ust-Timpton I site, layer Va (after Mochanov 1977, p. 178; modified) 48 Figure 13. Lithics from the Ust-Timpton I site, layer Vb (after Mochanov 1977, p. 181; modified) 49 Figure 14. Artefacts from the early Ushki culture (layer VII) (after Dikov 1979d, p. 35; modified) 53 Figure 15. Wedge-shaped cores, microblades, and ski spalls from the dwelling of the Ushki I site, layer VI, 1965 excavations (after Dikov 1977a, p. 268; modified) 55 Figure 16. Artefacts from the lower cultural layer (horizon C) of Ust-Mil II site (after Mochanov 1977, p. 37; modified) 61 Figure 17. Lithics from the Verkhne-Troitskaya site (after Mochanov 1977, p. 65; modified) 62 Figure 18. Lithics from the Ezhantsy site (after Mochanov 1977, p. 52; modified) 63 Figure 19. Lithics from the Ezhantsy site (after Mochanov 1977, p. 54; modified). 1–2, 4–5 – scrapers; 3, 6 – turtle-back cores; 7, 9 – pebble cores; 8 – core preform. 64 Figure 20. Artefacts from the Berelekh site (after Mochanov 1977, p. 80; modified) 65 Figure 21. Ivory and bone artefacts, and image of mammoth from the Berelekh site (after Mochanov 1977, pp. 82, 84; modified) 68 Figure 22. Lithics from the Tumulur site, Palaeolithic cultural layer (after Mochanov 1977, p. 72; modified) 69 Figure 23. Lithics from the Ikhine II site (after Mochanov 1977, p. 46; modified) 73 Figure 24. The structure of Aldan River terraces and stratigraphic position of key Palaeolithic sites (after Mochanov 1977, p. 216; modified) 75 Figure 25. Lithics from the Kurung site, layer VI (after Mochanov et al. 1983, pp. 79, 379; modified) 79 Figure 26. Striated slab and a “lunar calendar” from the Ushki I site, layer VI (after Dikov 1979d, p. 66; modified) 83 Figure 27. Lithics from the Siberdik site (after Kashin 2003, p. 194; modified) 85 Figure 28. Lithics from the Siberdik site (after Kashin 2003, p. 195; modified) 86 Figure 29. Lithics from the Kongo site (after Kashin 2003, p. 192; modified) 87 Figure 30. Lithics from the Kongo site (after Dikov 1977a, p. 383; modified) 88 Figure 31. Bifaces from the Berelekh site (after Kashin 2003, p. 206; modified) 102 Table 1. Major Palaeolithic cultural complexes in Northeast Asia. 11 Plate 1. The Lena River in Central Yakutia (photo by A.A. Galanin). 106 Plate 2. The Vilyui River, with camp of geologists on the island (photo by A.A. Galanin). 107 Plate 3. The gorge in the Druchak River valley, Northeastern Siberia (photo by I.E. Vorobei). 108 Plate 4. The view of the Berelekh site; arrows indicate suggested places of archaeological excavations in 1971 and 1974 (photo by V.V. Pitulko). 109 Plate 5. A view of Ushki Lake and the channel of the Kamchatka River; the green area (willow bushes) on the left side of the lakeshore is the location of the Ushki I site (photo by N.A. Krenke). 110 Plate 6. A cross-section of deposits at the Ushki cluster, near the Ushki I site; light layers near the top are volcanic ashes, and dark layers below are paleosols (photo by N.A. Krenke). 111 Chapter I 19 Beginning of Palaeolithic Studies in Northeast Asia. Activities of the Lena Historical–Archaeological Expedition. The Period of Initial Accumulation of Data (1948–1959) 19 Chapter II 32 Investigations of the Palaeolithic of Aldan River and Kamchatka Peninsula. The Determination of Local Cultures and Creation of Regional Cultural-Chronological Schemes in the Evolution of the Palaeolithic of Northeast Asia (1960–1969) 32 Sites of the Aldan River 32 The Ushki Palaeolithic Complex 52 Chapter III 60 Investigations of the Palaeolithic in Yakutia, Western Coastal Region of the Okhotsk Sea, Chukotka, and Kamchatka. Further Development of Concepts about the Palaeolithic of Northeast Asia (1970–1980) 60 Yakutsk Research Programme 60 Magadan Research Programme 82 Chapter IV 94 Some Research Problems of the Northeast Asian Palaeolithic 94 Conclusion 105 Colour Plates 106 References 112 Published Sources 112 Archival Materials 131 Index 134 Palaeolithic,Northeast Asia