The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World : Volume I: Argos to Corcyra

The ancient Greek world consisted of approximately 1,000 autonomous polities scattered across the Mediterranean basin and was remarkable for both its diversity and its uniformity. As Greeks dispersed throughout the Mediterranean, the different environmental and human ecosystems they encountered created important differences among widely scattered settlements: each Greek community developed its own unique set of socio-political institutions and social practices. Nonetheless, despite their dispersal and diversity, Greek communities were bound together by a network of commercial, cultural, diplomatic, and military ties and shared important commonalities, most notably language and religion. The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World , a collaborative effort by more than forty eminent scholars, offers twenty-one detailed and comprehensive studies of key sites from across the Greek world in the period between c. 750 and c. 480 BCE. During that period, Greeks confronted a series of demographic, political, social, and economic challenges and generated an array of responses that transformed the ways in which they lived, worked, and interacted. Much of what is now seen as distinctive about Greek culture--such as democracy, stone temples, and nude athletics--first developed during the Archaic period. The series is organized alphabetically by polis. Volume I contains detailed and up-to-date studies of Argos, Chalcis and Eretria, Chios-Lesbos-Samos, and Corcyra. Together with the other volumes in the series, the Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World offers a new and unique resource for the study of ancient Greece that will transform how we understand a crucial era in antiquity. Cover Series The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World Copyright Contents Series Editors’ Preface Acknowledgments Contributors Note to the Reader Chapter 1. Argos List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Sources 1.2.1. Written Sources 1.2.2. Archaeological Evidence 1.3. Natural Setting 1.4. Material Culture 1.4.1. Settlement Pattern before the Archaic Period 1.4.2. Burial Practices 1.4.3. Ceramics 1.4.4. Settlement Organization of Argos Town 1.5. Political History 1.5.1. Early Colonies 1.5.2. Argive Hereditary Kings: The Temenids 1.5.3. Tyranny at Argos 1.5.4. Argive Political Offices 1.5.5. Divisions of the Citizen Body and Noncitizen Groups 1.6. Legal History 1.7. Diplomatic History 1.7.1. Argos and Asine 1.7.2. Argive Plain 1.7.3. Relationship of Argos with Mycenae and Tiryns 1.7.4. Argos, Sparta, and Cynuria 1.7.5. Military Organization at Argos 1.8. Economic History 1.9. Familial/​Demographic History 1.10. Social Customs and Institutions 1.11. Religious Customs and Institutions 1.11.1. Religious Sites within the City 1.11.1.1. Cult Sites on the Acropolis 1.11.1.2. Sanctuary of Apollo Lykeios 1.11.1.3. Sanctuary of Aphrodite 1.11.1.4. Other Cult Sites within the City 1.11.2. Festivals 1.11.3. Argive Heraion 1.12. Cultural History 1.12.1. Sculpture and Music 1.12.2. Argives in Athletic Competition 1.12.3. Poetry 1.13. Conclusion Guide to Further Reading Gazetteer Bibliography Chapter 2. Chalcis and Eretria List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Sources 2.2.1. Excavations and Surveys 2.2.2. Textual Sources 2.3. Natural Setting 2.3.1. Landforms and Geology 2.3.2. Paleoenvironment 2.3.3. Vegetational Landscape 2.4. Material Culture 2.4.1. Settlement Organization and Settlement Patterns 2.4.1.1. Settlement Organization of Chalcis 2.4.1.2. Settlement Pattern of the Chalcidian Chōra 2.4.1.3. Settlement Organization of Eretria 2.4.1.3.1. Site 2.4.1.3.2. Old Eretria 2.4.1.3.3. Ninth and Eighth Centuries 2.4.1.3.4. Seventh and First Half of Sixth Centuries 2.4.1.3.5. Second Half of Sixth Century 2.4.1.4. Settlement Pattern of the Eretrian Chōra 2.4.2. Borders and Territoriality 2.4.2.1. Chalcis 2.4.2.2. Eretria 2.4.3. Euboean Ceramics 2.4.4. Euboean Funerary Practices 2.5. Political History 2.5.1. Governance of Lefkandi 2.5.2. Hippobotai and Hippeis 2.5.3. Early Political Institutions 2.5.3.1. Chalcis 2.5.3.2. Eretria 2.6. Legal History 2.7. Diplomatic History 2.7.1. “Lelantine War” 2.7.2. Euboeans on the Move 2.7.2.1. Early Euboean Navigation 2.7.2.1.1. North Aegean 2.7.2.1.2. Sicily–​Southern Italy 2.7.2.1.3. Corcyra 2.7.2.1.4. North Africa 2.7.2.2. Euboeans on the Move: Conclusions 2.7.3. Military Strength of Eretria and Chalcis in the Archaic Period 2.7.4. Euboea and Central Greece in the Sixth Century 2.7.4.1. Eretria 2.7.4.2. Chalcis 2.7.5. Persian Wars 2.8. Economic History 2.8.1. Natural Resources 2.8.2. Agriculture 2.8.3. Animal Husbandry 2.8.4. Maritime Trade 2.8.4.1. Pottery 2.8.4.2. Metals 2.8.5. Coinage 2.9. Familial/​Demographic History 2.9.1. Demography 2.9.2. Onomastics, Prosopography, and Marriage 2.10. Social Customs and Institutions 2.10.1. Symposium 2.10.2. Pederasty 2.10.3. Festivals and Associations 2.11. Religious Customs and Institutions 2.11.1. Chalcis 2.11.2. Eretria 2.11.2.1. Sanctuary of Apollo Daphnephoros 2.11.2.2. Northern Sacrificial Area and Worship of Artemis 2.11.2.3. Acropolis and Worship of Athena 2.11.2.4. Heracles 2.11.2.5. “Heroon” 2.11.2.6. Great Rural Sanctuaries: Sanctuary of Artemis at Amarynthos and Sanctuary of Apollo at Tamynai 2.12. Cultural History 2.12.1. Alphabet 2.12.2. Language 2.12.3. Literature 2.12.4. Myths 2.12.5. Sculpture and Pottery 2.13. Conclusion Guide to Further Reading Gazetteer Bibliography Chapter 3. Chios–​Lesbos–​Samos List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations 3.1. Introduction Section A. Chios 3.2A. Sources for Archaic Chian History 3.3A. Chian Natural Setting 3.4A. Chian Material Culture 3.5A. Chian Political History 3.6A. Chian Legal History 3.7A. Chian Diplomatic History 3.8A. Chian Economic History 3.8A.1. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3.8A.2. Natural Resources and Craft Activity 3.8A.3. Commerce 3.8A.4. Coinage 3.9A. Chian Familial/​Demographic History 3.10A. Chian Social Customs and Institutions 3.11A. Chian Religious Customs and Institutions 3.11A.1. Athena 3.11A.2. Dionysus Omadios 3.11A.3. Cybele 3.12A. Chian Cultural History Section B. Lesbos 3.2B. Sources for Archaic Lesbian History 3.3B. Lesbian Natural Setting 3.4B. Lesbian Material Culture 3.4B.1. Early History of the Island 3.4B.2. Settlement Organization and Chōra of Mytilene 3.4B.3. Settlement Organization and Chōra of Pyrrha 3.4B.4. Settlement Organization and Chōra of Methymna 3.4B.5. Settlement Organization and Chōra of Arisba (and the Sanctuary at Klopedi) 3.4B.6. Settlement Organization and Chōra of Antissa 3.4B.7. Settlement Organization and Chōra of Eresus 3.4B.8. Settlement Patterns on Lesbos 3.4B.9. Burial Customs on Lesbos 3.4B.10. Lesbian Ceramics 3.5B. Lesbian Political History 3.6B. Lesbian Legal History 3.7B. Lesbian Diplomatic History 3.8B. Lesbian Economic History 3.8B.1. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3.8B.2. Natural Resources and Craft Activity 3.8B.3. Commerce 3.8B.4. Coinage 3.9B. Lesbian Familial/​Demographic History 3.10B. Lesbian Social Customs and Institutions 3.11B. Lesbian Religious Customs and Institutions 3.12B. Lesbian Cultural History 3.12B.1. Alcaeus 3.12B.2. Sappho 3.12B.3. Architecture and Sculpture Section C. Samos 3.2C. Sources for Archaic Samian History 3.3C. Samian Natural Setting 3.4C. Samian Material Culture 3.4C.1. Settlement Organization of Samos Town 3.4C.2. Fortifications and Water Engineering 3.4C.3. Sanctuaries and Cemeteries in Samos Town 3.4C.4. The Heraion 3.4C.4.1. Introduction 3.4C.4.2. Early History of the Site to c. 675 3.4C.4.3. Monumentalization of the Sanctuary in the First Half of the Seventh Century 3.4C.4.4. Regularization and Further Monumentalization of the Sanctuary in the Second Half of the Seventh Century and the First Quarter of the Sixth Century 3.4C.4.5. Onset of Gigantism in the Second Quarter of the Sixth Century 3.4C.4.6. The Heraion in the Time of Polycrates 3.4C.5. Samian Burial Customs 3.4C.6. Samian Pottery 3.5C. Samian Political History 3.5C.1. Early History and Foundation 3.5C.2. The Sixth Century and Polycrates 3.5C.3. Overthrow of Polycrates 3.5C.4. Ionian Rebellion and the Fifth Century 3.6C. Samian Legal History 3.7C. Samian Diplomatic History 3.8C. Samian Economic History 3.8C.1. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 3.8C.2. Natural Resources and Craft Activity 3.8C.3. Commerce 3.8C.4. Coinage 3.9C. Samian Familial/​Demographic History 3.10C. Samian Social Customs and Institutions 3.11C. Samian Religious Customs and Institutions 3.11C.1. Cult of Hera and the Heraion 3.11C.2. Artemis 3.11C.3. Zeus Eleutherios 3.11C.4. Panionia 3.12C. Samian Cultural History 3.12C.1. Sculpture and Architecture 3.12C.2. Literature and Philosophy 3.13. Conclusion Guide to Further Reading Gazetteer Bibliography Chapter 4. Corcyra List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Sources 4.2.1. Textual Sources 4.2.2. Excavation and Surveys 4.3. Natural Setting 4.4. Material Culture 4.4.1. Corfu up to the Arrival of the Greeks 4.4.2. Settlement Organization 4.4.2.1. Layout of the City 4.4.2.2. Urban Development of Corcyra in the Archaic Period 4.4.2.3. Fortifications 4.4.2.4. Harbors and Port Facilities 4.4.2.5. Agora 4.4.2.6. Workshops 4.4.2.7. Sanctuaries 4.4.2.7.1. Artemision and Nearby Sanctuaries 4.4.2.7.2. Temple at Mon Repos and Sanctuary of Apollo Corcyraios 4.4.2.7.3. Kardaki Temple 4.4.2.7.4. Sanctuary of Dionysus 4.4.2.7.5. (Possible) Sanctuary of Apollo Agyieus and “Small Artemis Sanctuary” 4.4.2.7.6. Other Cult Sites in Urban Corcyra 4.4.2.8. Necropoleis 4.4.3. Settlement Pattern 4.4.4. Peraia of Corcyra 4.4.5. Ceramic Assemblage 4.4.6. Burial Customs 4.5. Political History 4.5.1. Overview 4.5.2. Colonization of Corfu by Greeks 4.5.3. Corcyraean Politeia in the Archaic Period 4.5.4. Subdivisions of the Citizen Body 4.5.5. Corcyraean Whips and Their Social Connotations 4.6. Legal History 4.7. Diplomatic History 4.7.1. Relationship with Corinth at the Time of Foundation 4.7.2. Sea Battle with Corinth and Its Ramifications 4.7.3. Detente with Corinth under the Cypselid Tyranny 4.7.4. Establishment and Disintegration of Corinthian Rule 4.7.5. An Independent Corcyra 4.8. Economic History 4.8.1. Natural Resources 4.8.2. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 4.8.3. Craft Production 4.8.4. Trade and Other Mercantile Activity 4.8.5. Coinage 4.8.6. Summary 4.9. Familial/​Demographic History 4.10. Social Customs and Institutions 4.11. Religious Customs and Institutions 4.11.1. Sanctuaries of Artemis and Apollo 4.11.2. Sanctuary of Hera 4.11.3. Other Deities at Corcyra 4.12. Cultural History 4.12.1. Corcyraean Technai and Innovation 4.12.2. Material Culture and Identity 4.13. Conclusion Guide to Further Reading Gazetteer Bibliography Index The ancient Greek world consisted of approximately 1,000 autonomous polities scattered across the Mediterranean basin, and each one developed its own, unique set of socio-political institutions and social practices. The Oxford History of the Archaic Greek World offers twenty-one detailed studies of key sites from across the Greek world between c. 750 and c. 480 BCE--a crucial period when much of what is now seen as distinctive about Greek culture emerged. All the studies in this seven-volume series use the same structure and methodology so that readers can easily compare a wide range of Greek communities. The series thus offers a new and unique resource for the study of ancient Greece that will transform how we study and think about a crucial era in ancient Greek history.