The Oxford Handbook of the Word (Oxford Handbooks)

This handbook addresses words in all their multifarious aspects and brings together scholars from every relevant discipline to do so. The many subjects covered include word frequencies; sounds and sound symbolism; the structure of words; taboo words; lexical borrowing; words in dictionaries and thesauri; word origins and change; place and personal names; nicknames; taxonomies; word acquisition and bilingualism; words in the mind; word disorders; and word games, puns, and puzzles. Words are the most basic of all linguistic units, the aspect of language of which everyone is likely to be most conscious. A'new'word that makes it into the OED is prime news; when baby says its first word its parents reckon it has started to speak; knowing a language is often taken to mean knowing its words; and languages are seen to be related by the similarities between their words. Up to the twentieth century linguistic description was mainly an account of words and all the current subdivisions of linguistics have something to say about them. A notable feature of human languages is the sheer vastness of their word inventories, and scholars and writers have sometimes deliberately increased the richness of their languages by coining or importing new items into their word-hoards. The book presents scholarship and research in a manner that meets the interests of students and professionals and satisfies the curiosity of the educated reader. (p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics (p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics Edited by John R Taylor (p. ii) Oxford Handbooks in Linguistics (p. iii) The Oxford Handbook of the Word Edited by John R Taylor (p. iii) The Oxford Handbook of the Word (p. ix) List of Abbreviations (p. ix) List of Abbreviations Edited by John R Taylor (p. ix) List of Abbreviations (p. ix) List of Abbreviations (p. ix) List of Abbreviations (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors Edited by John R Taylor (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors (p. xi) List of Contributors Introduction Abstract and Keywords 1 Introduction John R Taylor Edited by John R Taylor Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction 2 Identifying words Introduction Introduction (p. 7) 3 Approaches to ‘the word’ Introduction Introduction Introduction 4 Word as prototype 5 Are these words? Introduction 6 Exhaustive analysis, no residues Introduction Introduction 7 Overview of the volume Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction Notes: Introduction The Lure of Words Abstract and Keywords David Crystal Edited by John R Taylor The Lure of Words The Lure of Words The Lure of Words The Lure of Words The Lure of Words The Lure of Words How Many Words Are There? Abstract and Keywords 2.1 Introduction Adam Kilgarriff Edited by John R Taylor How Many Words Are There? How Many Words Are There? 2.2 A little data How Many Words Are There? How Many Words Are There? How Many Words Are There? How Many Words Are There? (p. 34) 2.3 Imports 2.3.1 Restaurant English How Many Words Are There? 2.3.2 Naturalization How Many Words Are There? 2.3.3 Variants (p. 36) 2.4 Conclusion Words and Dictionaries Abstract and Keywords 3.1 Words and dictionaries Marc Alexander Edited by John R Taylor Words and Dictionaries (p. 38) 3.2 A brief history of dictionaries Words and Dictionaries Words and Dictionaries 3.3 Types of dictionary and word facts Words and Dictionaries 3.3.1 Languages 3.3.2 Variety 3.3.3 Audience 3.3.4 Timespan Words and Dictionaries (p. 42) 3.3.5 Format 3.3.6 Specialization Words and Dictionaries Words and Dictionaries Words and Dictionaries 3.4 Scholarly but commercial Words and Dictionaries Words and Dictionaries 3.5 Impartial but judicious Words and Dictionaries Words and Dictionaries 3.6 Artificial but natural Words and Dictionaries 3.7 The future Words and Dictionaries Words and Dictionaries Notes: Words and Thesauri Abstract and Keywords 4.1 What is a thesaurus? Christian Kay Edited by John R Taylor Words and Thesauri 4.2 Historical overview Words and Thesauri 4.3 What are we classifying, and why? Words and Thesauri 4.3.1 John Wilkins and universal languages Words and Thesauri Words and Thesauri 4.3.2 After Wilkins Words and Thesauri Words and Thesauri 4.4 Synonymy Words and Thesauri Words and Thesauri 4.4.1 What is a synonym? Words and Thesauri 4.5 The bigger picture Words and Thesauri Words and Thesauri Words and Thesauri Abbreviations Words and Thesauri Notes: Word Frequencies Abstract and Keywords 5.1 Introduction C. Joseph Sorell Edited by John R Taylor Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies (p. 72) 5.2 Entropy and information Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies 5.3 The Zipf–Mandelbrot model Word Frequencies 5.4 A double distribution Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies 5.5 Small worlds Word Frequencies 5.6 A web with many spiders Word Frequencies 5.7 Graded texts and entropy Word Frequencies Word Frequencies 5.8 Higher orders of entropy Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies Word Frequencies (p. 87) 5.9 Grammar and n-grams 5.10 Journey to the centre of the core Word Frequencies 5.11 Network upon network Word Frequencies Word Length Abstract and Keywords 6.1 Introduction: Length in linguistics Peter Grzybek Edited by John R Taylor Word Length 6.2 Definitional aspects: The word and its measuring units Word Length 6.2.1 What is a word? 6.2.1.1 Word Length 6.2.1.2 6.2.1.3 6.2.2 Definition of measuring units Word Length Word Length 6.3 Material: Sample vs. text vs. corpus, word form vs. lemma, type vs. token Word Length Word Length 6.4 Descriptive characteristics: Object-related Word Length 6.5 Model-related and theory-oriented approaches Word Length 6.5.1 From word-length spectra to theoretical frequency-distribution models Word Length Word Length Word Length Word Length 6.5.2 Word-length relations 6.5.3 Sequential analyses 6.5.3.1 Word-length distances Word Length 6.5.3.2 Word-length n-grams Word Length 6.5.3.3 Word-length motifs 6.5.4 Positional analyses 6.5.4.1 Word-length dynamics in running sentences Word Length 6.5.4.2 Word-length dynamics in running text 6.5.5 Interim summary 6.5.6 Horizontal/collateral relations Word Length (p. 107) 6.5.6.1 Word frequency ⇔ Word length 6.5.6.2 Polysemy ⇔ Word length Word Length 6.5.6.3 Polytextuality ⇔ Word frequency Word Length 6.5.6.4 Synergetics: Word length and collateral relations Word Length Word Length (p. 111) 6.5.7 Vertical/hierarchical relations and the Menzerath–Altmann law Word Length 6.5.7.1 Word length ⇔ Syllable/morpheme length Word Length 6.5.7.2 Word length ⇔ Phoneme inventory size Word Length 6.5.7.3 Word length ⇔ Clause length ⇔ Sentence length Word Length Word Length 6.5.8 Word length in an evolutionary perspective Word Length 6.6 Practical aspects Word Length 6.7 Conclusion Word Length Notes: Word Length Multi-word Items Abstract and Keywords 7.1 Introduction Rosamund Moon Edited by John R Taylor Multi-word Items 7.1.1 Terminology Multi-word Items 7.2 Criteria: the phraseology continuum Multi-word Items (p. 123) 7.2.1 A note on variation 7.3 Multi-word items in theory and practice Multi-word Items Multi-word Items 7.4 Idioms Multi-word Items 7.4.1 Grammatical aspects Multi-word Items Multi-word Items 7.4.2 Variation Multi-word Items Multi-word Items (p. 130) 7.5 Proverbs, phrasal verbs, binomials, and similes 7.5.1 Proverbs and proverbial sayings Multi-word Items 7.5.2 Phrasal verbs Multi-word Items Multi-word Items (p. 133) 7.5.3 Binomials and trinomials 7.5.4 Similes Multi-word Items 7.6 Formulae and formulaic items 7.6.1 Formulae Multi-word Items 7.6.2 Defective phraseologies Multi-word Items 7.6.3 Phraseological frames Multi-word Items Multi-word Items 7.6.4 Prefabs 7.7 Cross-linguistic aspects Multi-word Items Multi-word Items Notes: Multi-word Items Words and Their Neighbours Abstract and Keywords Michael Hoey Edited by John R Taylor Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Words and Their Neighbours Notes: The Structure of Words Abstract and Keywords 9.1 Introduction Geert E. Booij Edited by John R Taylor The Structure of Words The Structure of Words The Structure of Words The Structure of Words The Structure of Words 9.2 Morphological classification The Structure of Words 9.3 Morpheme order and hierarchical structure The Structure of Words The Structure of Words 9.4 Meaningless elements in word structure The Structure of Words The Structure of Words 9.5 Word structure and semantic interpretation The Structure of Words The Structure of Words The Structure of Words 9.6 Word structure and the interface with phonology The Structure of Words The Structure of Words The Structure of Words (p. 172) 9.7 Loss of word-internal structure 9.8 Univerbation and grammaticalization The Structure of Words The Structure of Words 9.9 Suggestions for further reading Notes: The Structure of Words Word Categories Abstract and Keywords 10.1 Introduction Mark Smith Edited by John R Taylor Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories 10.2 Subsective and intersective gradience in categories Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories 10.3 Quirky properties Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories 10.4 Lumping and splitting categories Word Categories Word Categories 10.5 Arbitrary and inconsistent categories Word Categories Word Categories 10.6 Categories from a cross-linguistic perspective Word Categories Word Categories Word Categories 10.7 Conclusion The Word and Syntax Abstract and Keywords 11.1 Introduction Nikolas Gisborne Edited by John R Taylor The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax 11.2 Evidence from the passive participle (p. 198) 11.2.1 Passive participles and word formation The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax 11.2.2 The distribution of passive participles and other inflected elements The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax 11.2.3 Prepositional passives and lexicalism The Word and Syntax 11.2.4 Evaluating the facts about passive 11.3 The boundaries of grammar The Word and Syntax (p. 209) 11.3.1 French pronominal affixes The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax 11.3.2 Noun incorporation The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax 11.4 The theoretical stance The Word and Syntax The Word and Syntax Notes: The Word and Syntax The Prosodic Word Abstract and Keywords 12.1 Introduction Kristine A. Hildebrandt Edited by John R Taylor The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word 12.2 Prosodic words: preliminaries and treatments The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word 12.3 Prosodic words: diagnostics and types 12.3.1 Preliminary considerations The Prosodic Word 12.3.2 Phonological rules The Prosodic Word 12.3.3 Phonotactic generalizations The Prosodic Word 12.3.4 Minimality and maximality The Prosodic Word 12.3.5 Stress, rhythm, and prosodic words The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word (p. 234) 12.4 Some contemporary issues and debates 12.4.1 Prosodic words, grammatical words, and non-isomorphism The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word 12.4.2 Recursivity of prosodic domains and clitics The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word 12.4.3 Challenges to the prosodic hierarchy hypothesis The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word The Prosodic Word 12.5 Directions for future research The Prosodic Word Notes: The Word as a Universal Category Abstract and Keywords 13.1 Introduction Andrew Hippisley Edited by John R Taylor The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category 13.2 The problem with words: A brief survey The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category 13.3 Words as unreliable signs 13.3.1 Words as symbols The Word as a Universal Category 13.3.2 Words as domains integrating lexical and morphosyntactic meaning The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category 13.3.2.1 What gets integrated The Word as a Universal Category (p. 257) 13.3.3 Words as unambiguous signs The Word as a Universal Category 13.3.3.1 Exponent-base ambiguities The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category 13.3.3.2 Stem-based ambiguities The Word as a Universal Category (p. 260) 13.4 Words as unreliable interfacers The Word as a Universal Category 13.5 Words and language universals The Word as a Universal Category 13.5.1 Language universal, different views The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category 13.5.2 Words are special The Word as a Universal Category 13.5.3 Words and the origins of language The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category The Word as a Universal Category (p. 269) 13.6 Concluding remarks The Word as a Universal Category Notes: Taboo Words Abstract and Keywords 14.1 Introduction Kate Burridge Edited by John R Taylor Taboo Words Taboo Words Taboo Words 14.2 Violating taboos Taboo Words 14.3 Strategies for circumventing taboo Taboo Words Taboo Words 14.4 Taboo words raise gooseflesh Taboo Words Taboo Words Taboo Words Taboo Words (p. 281) 14.5 Names and taboo words Taboo Words Taboo Words Taboo Words Notes: Sound Symbolism Abstract and Keywords 15.1 Introduction G. Tucker Childs Edited by John R Taylor Sound Symbolism 15.2 Sound symbolism defined Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism 15.2.1 Studies of Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism 15.3 Sound symbolism cross-linguistically 15.3.1 English Sound Symbolism (p. 296) 15.3.2 Asia Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism 15.3.3 Australia and the Pacific Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism 15.3.4 Africa Sound Symbolism 15.3.5 The Americas Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism 15.3.6 Summary 15.4 Outstanding issues Sound Symbolism Notes: Sound Symbolism Sound Symbolism Word Meanings Abstract and Keywords 16.1 Meaning as a pretheoretical and cross-linguistic category Nick Riemer Edited by John R Taylor Word Meanings Word Meanings Word Meanings 16.2 Internalist and externalist approaches Word Meanings 16.3 Meaning and reference Word Meanings 16.4 Descriptive and expressive meaning Word Meanings Word Meanings 16.5 Meaning, communication, and the ‘language of thought’ Word Meanings Word Meanings 16.6 Three theories of concepts 16.6.1 Concepts as definitions Word Meanings Word Meanings 16.6.2 Concepts as prototypes Word Meanings 16.6.3 Concepts as exemplars and simulations Word Meanings 16.7 Polysemy, metaphor, and the limits of semantics Word Meanings Word Meanings Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Abstract and Keywords 17.1 Words as names Barbara C. Malt Edited by John R Taylor Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties 17.2 Satisfying communication goals 17.2.1 What information does the speaker want to convey? Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties 17.2.2 What is the addressee prepared to understand? Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties 17.3 What names are available to choose among? 17.3.1 Online memory processes and name choice Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties 17.3.2 Language histories Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties 17.3.3 Individual histories Words as Names for Objects, Actions, Relations, and Properties 17.4 Conclusion Terminologies and Taxonomies Abstract and Keywords 18.1 Two opposing forces Marie-Claude L'Homme Edited by John R Taylor Terminologies and Taxonomies Terminologies and Taxonomies 18.2 Terms as means for naming specialized entities Terminologies and Taxonomies Terminologies and Taxonomies Terminologies and Taxonomies Terminologies and Taxonomies (p. 340) 18.3 Terms as units of language Terminologies and Taxonomies 18.3.1 Terms are not the same for everyone Terminologies and Taxonomies 18.3.2 Some concepts are envisaged from different perspectives 18.3.3 Concepts can change over time Terminologies and Taxonomies 18.3.4 Relations between concepts are diversified and complex Terminologies and Taxonomies 18.3.5 Variants do not occur accidentally Terminologies and Taxonomies Terminologies and Taxonomies (p. 347) 18.3.6 Knowledge is conveyed by different types of linguistic units Terminologies and Taxonomies 18.3.7 Polysemy and ambiguity Terminologies and Taxonomies 18.3.8 Terms do not reflect knowledge organization perfectly Terminologies and Taxonomies 18.4 Concluding remarks Notes: Terminologies and Taxonomies Lexical Relations Abstract and Keywords 19.1 Introduction Christiane Fellbaum Edited by John R Taylor Lexical Relations Lexical Relations 19.2 Relations: lexical vs. conceptual-semantic 19.3 Two fundamental lexical relations among words 19.3.1 Synonymy 19.3.2 Polysemy Lexical Relations 19.3.2.1 Regular polysemy Lexical Relations 19.3.2.2 Less regular polysemy 19.3.2.3 Metaphor 19.3.3 The lexical matrix Lexical Relations Lexical Relations 19.4 Semantic-conceptual relations: paradigmatic 19.4.1 Hyponymy 19.4.1.1 Types, instances, and roles Lexical Relations 19.4.2 Meronymy 19.4.3 Antonymy, contrast, semantic opposition (p. 357) 19.5 Syntagmatic relations Lexical Relations 19.5.1 Selectional preferences and mutual information 19.6 Relations in lexical resources Lexical Relations 19.7 WordNet: a lexicon based on relations (p. 359) 19.7.1 Relations among nouns in WordNet 19.7.2 Relations among verbs in WordNet Lexical Relations 19.7.3 Relations among adjectives in WordNet Lexical Relations 19.7.4 Morphosemantic relations 19.7.5 Automatic identification of related words in corpora 19.8 What is the evidence for relations? Lexical Relations 19.8.1 Psycholinguistic evidence 19.8.2 Evocation Lexical Relations 19.9 Relations in the lexicons of other languages 19.10 Conclusions Lexical Relations Acknowledgements Notes: Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Abstract and Keywords 20.1 Introduction Asifa Majid Edited by John R Taylor Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically 20.2 Perception Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically 20.3 The body Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically 20.4 Conclusions Acknowledgements Notes: Comparing Lexicons Cross-linguistically Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Abstract and Keywords 21.1 Introduction 21.1.1 Approaches and attitudes to cultural meaning Cliff Goddard Edited by John R Taylor Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning 21.1.2 Methodological issues in cross-cultural semantics Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning (p. 386) 21.2 Cultural key words 21.2.1 The ‘key word’ concept Cultural values and ideals Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning “Sociality” concepts (p. 387) Ethnophilosophical terms Emotions Ethnopsychological constructs 21.2.2 Sketches of two cultural key words (English, Chinese) Anglo English fair Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Chinese xiào ‘filial piety’ Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning 21.2.3 Additional comments 21.3 Other culturally important words 21.3.1 Social and interactional words Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Social categories, words for kinds of people Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning 21.3.2 Cultural semantics in unexpected places Cognitive verbs Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Ethnogeographical words Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning 21.3.3 Culture-specific semantic molecules Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning 21.4 Other culture-related words Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning 21.5 Discussion Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Acknowledgements Notes: Words as Carriers of Cultural Meaning Etymology Abstract and Keywords 22.1 Introduction: etymology and words Philip Durkin Edited by John R Taylor Etymology 22.2 A practical introduction to the core methods of etymology, through two short examples Etymology 22.3 Teasing out core etymological methods from these examples Etymology Etymology Etymology 22.4 Comparison and reconstruction Etymology Etymology Etymology Etymology 22.5 Words of unknown or uncertain etymology Etymology 22.6 Lexical merger and lexical split, and other types of ‘messiness’ in the histories of words Etymology Etymology Etymology (p. 415) 22.7 Conclusions Notes: Etymology How Words and Vocabularies Change Abstract and Keywords 23.1 Introduction: lexical and vocabulary changes Dirk Geeraerts Edited by John R Taylor How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change (p. 419) 23.2 Onomasiological mechanisms: lexicogenesis How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change (p. 422) 23.3 Semasiological mechanisms: denotational changes How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change (p. 426) 23.4 Semasiological mechanisms: non-denotational changes How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change (p. 428) 23.5 Necrolexicology: vanishing words and meanings How Words and Vocabularies Change How Words and Vocabularies Change 23.6 Beyond mechanisms: interactions How Words and Vocabularies Change Lexical Borrowing Abstract and Keywords 24.1 Introduction Anthony P. Grant Edited by John R Taylor Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing 24.2 Mechanisms and motivations for lexical borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing 24.3 Adlexification, supralexification, relexification Lexical Borrowing 24.4 Two cross-linguistic studies of lexical borrowing: Haspelmath and Tadmor (2009) and Brown (1999) Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing 24.5 The diachronic value of lexical borrowings Lexical Borrowing 24.6 Purism and lexical borrowing Lexical Borrowing 24.7 Wider consequences of lexical borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing 24.8 Conclusions Appendix 223-Item Swadesh List Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Lexical Borrowing Notes: Lexical Borrowing Lexical Layers Abstract and Keywords 25.1 Introduction Margaret E. Winters Edited by John R Taylor Lexical Layers 25.1.1 Layering and contact Lexical Layers 25.1.2 Synchrony, diachrony, and their interaction Lexical Layers 25.2 Kinds of contact 25.2.1 Armed and political conquest Lexical Layers 25.2.2 Cultural conquest Lexical Layers Lexical Layers 25.2.3 The influence of religion Lexical Layers 25.2.4 Adstrata (p. 453) 25.2.5 Fashion Lexical Layers 25.3 The emergence of layers Lexical Layers Lexical Layers 25.4 Layers and their synchronic characteristics 25.4.1 Phonological Consequences Lexical Layers Lexical Layers 25.4.2 Speaker awareness 25.4.3 Grammatical consequences Lexical Layers Lexical Layers Lexical Layers 25.5 Conclusion Lexical Layers Notes: Word Associations Abstract and Keywords 26.1 Introduction Simon De Deyne and Gert Storms Edited by John R Taylor Word Associations Word Associations Word Associations 26.2 Word association data sets Word Associations 26.3 Composition and origins of word associations Word Associations 26.3.1 Theories of semantic memory and word associations 26.3.2 Word associations as a manifestation of lexical co-occurrence Word Associations 26.3.3 Dual process and embodied accounts Word Associations 26.4 Word association networks Word Associations Word Associations 26.4.1 Lexical and semantic richness effects in terms of network centrality Word Associations Word Associations 26.4.2 Global network properties, network growth, and spreading activation Word Associations Word Associations Word Associations Word Associations Word Associations 26.5 Future directions Word Associations Notes: Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Abstract and Keywords 27.1 Speech production mechanisms Niels O. Schiller and Rinus G. Verdonschot Edited by John R Taylor Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon 27.2 Accessing morphologically complex forms Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon (p. 488) 27.2.1 Representation of complex words 27.2.2 Processing of complex words Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon Accessing Words from the Mental Lexicon 27.3 Conclusion The Bilingual Lexicon Abstract and Keywords 28.1 Introduction John N. Williams Edited by John R Taylor The Bilingual Lexicon 28.2 Comprehension processes 28.2.1 Recognizing forms The Bilingual Lexicon The Bilingual Lexicon 28.2.2 From form to meaning: a common conceptual code? The Bilingual Lexicon The Bilingual Lexicon 28.2.3 Accessing meaning from form The Bilingual Lexicon 28.2.4 What meaning is accessed by L2 words? The Bilingual Lexicon The Bilingual Lexicon 28.2.5 How can direct form–meaning connections be acquired? The Bilingual Lexicon 28.3 Production The Bilingual Lexicon The Bilingual Lexicon The Bilingual Lexicon 28.4 Conclusion The Bilingual Lexicon The Bilingual Lexicon Notes: Words and Neuropsychological Disorders Abstract and Keywords 29.1 Introduction Dennis Tay Edited by John R Taylor Words and Neuropsychological Disorders (p. 509) 29.2 Defining, classifying, and identifying language disorders Words and Neuropsychological Disorders 29.3 The case of anomia Words and Neuropsychological Disorders Words and Neuropsychological Disorders Words and Neuropsychological Disorders 29.4 Words as signposts to other disorders: metaphors, seizures, and delusions Words and Neuropsychological Disorders Words and Neuropsychological Disorders 29.5 Patient metaphors and corpora Words and Neuropsychological Disorders 29.6 Conclusion Words and Neuropsychological Disorders Notes: First Words Abstract and Keywords 30.1 Introduction Eve V. Clark Edited by John R Taylor First Words 30.2 Conceptual basis for early word meanings First Words (p. 523) 30.3 Early nouns and verbs First Words First Words 30.4 Pragmatics of early language use First Words First Words 30.5 Discerning intentions First Words (p. 528) 30.6 Early vocabularies First Words First Words 30.7 Lexical packaging First Words 30.8 What is the vocabulary spurt? First Words 30.9 Co-occurrence and collocation First Words 30.10 Common ground and information flow First Words 30.11 Adult feedback First Words 30.12 Conclusion First Words How Infants Find Words Abstract and Keywords 31.1 Introduction Katharine Graf Estes Edited by John R Taylor How Infants Find Words 31.2 Early use of known words to detect new words How Infants Find Words 31.3 Learning from words in isolation 31.4 Detecting words at utterance edges How Infants Find Words 31.5 Stress cues to word boundaries How Infants Find Words (p. 540) 31.6 Statistical cues to word boundaries How Infants Find Words 31.7 Phonotactic cues How Infants Find Words 31.8 Allophonic cues 31.9 Integrating word boundary markers How Infants Find Words How Infants Find Words 31.10 Learning meanings for segmented words How Infants Find Words How Infants Find Words 31.11 Word segmentation and vocabulary development How Infants Find Words How Infants Find Words 31.12 Conclusion How Infants Find Words Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Abstract and Keywords 32.1 The original word game Reese M. Heitner Edited by John R Taylor Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Saint Augustine (354–430 ad) Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ (p. 552) John Locke (1632–1704) Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ (p. 553) Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951) Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ (p. 554) W. V. O. Quine (1908–2000) Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ 32.2 Language-specific speech perception: the issue Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ 32.3 Language-specific speech perception: the game Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ (p. 563) 32.4 Language-specific speech perception: the problem Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ 32.5 Language-specific speech perception: the experiment Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ 32.6 The original word game: back to the future Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ (p. 567) Acknowledgements Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Notes: Roger Brown’s ‘Original Word Game’ Which Words Do You Need? Abstract and Keywords 33.1 Introduction Paul Nation Edited by John R Taylor Which Words Do You Need? 33.2 Making word lists Which Words Do You Need? Which Words Do You Need? 33.3 Native speakers and second- or foreign-language learners Which Words Do You Need? 33.4 Vocabulary levels 33.4.1 High-frequency words Which Words Do You Need? 33.4.2 Mid-frequency words 33.4.3 Academic words Which Words Do You Need? 33.4.4 Low-frequency words Which Words Do You Need? 33.4.5 Technical words Which Words Do You Need? 33.5 Uses of word lists 33.5.1 Word lists and vocabulary testing Which Words Do You Need? (p. 577) 33.5.2 This Handbook Addresses Words In All Their Multifarious Aspects And Brings Together Scholars From Every Relevant Discipline To Do So. The Many Subjects Covered Include Word Frequencies; Sounds And Sound Symbolism; The Structure Of Words; Taboo Words; Lexical Borrowing; Words In Dictionaries And Thesauri; Word Origins And Change; Place And Personal Names; Nicknames; Taxonomies; Word Acquisition And Bilingualism; Words In The Mind; Word Disorders; And Word Games, Puns, And Puzzles; And The Lure, Magic, And Poetry Of Words. Part I: Words: General Aspects -- Part Ii: Words And Linguistic Theory -- Part Iii: Meanings, Referents, And Concepts -- Part Iv: Words In Time And Space -- Part V: Words In The Mind -- Part Vi: Words In Acquisition And Learning -- Part Vii: Names -- Part Viii: Fun With Words -- A Final Word. Edited By John R. Taylor. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 751-851) And Index.