The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age (Oxford Handbooks)

The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age is a wide-ranging survey of a crucial period in prehistory during which many social, economic, and technological changes took place. Written by expert specialists in the field, the book provides coverage both of the themes that characterize the period, and of the specific developments that took place in the various countries of Europe. After an introduction and a discussion of chronology, successive chapters deal with settlement studies, burial analysis, hoards and hoarding, monumentality, rock art, cosmology, gender, and trade, as well as a series of articles on specific technologies and crafts (such as transport, metals, glass, salt, textiles, and weighing). The second half of the book covers each country in turn. From Ireland to Russia, Scandinavia to Sicily, every area is considered, and up to date information on important recent finds is discussed in detail. The book is the first to consider the whole of the European Bronze Age in both geographical and thematic terms, and will be the standard book on the subject for the foreseeable future. This Book Is A Wide-ranging Survey Of A Crucial Period In Prehistory During Which Many Social, Economic, And Technological Changes Took Place. Written By Expert Specialists In The Field, The Book Provides Coverage Both Of The Themes That Characterize The Period, And Of The Specific Developments That Took Place In The Various Countries Of Europe. After An Introduction And A Discussion Of Chronology, Successive Chapters Deal With Settlement Studies, Burial Analysis, Hoards And Hoarding, Monumentality, Rock Art, Cosmology, Gender, And Trade, As Well As A Series Of Articles On Specific Technologies And Crafts (such As Transport, Metals, Glass, Salt, Textiles, And Weighing). The Second Half Of The Book Covers Each Country In Turn. From Ireland To Russia, Scandinavia To Sicily, Every Area Is Considered, And Up To Date Information On Important Recent Finds Is Discussed In Detail. Machine Generated Contents Note: 1. Introduction: The Bronze Age Of Europe / Anthony Harding -- Sources Of Information -- Debates In Bronze Age Archaeology -- The Way Ahead -- Conclusion -- Pt. I Themes In Bronze Age Archaeology -- 2. Old Father Time: The Bronze Age Chronology Of Western Europe / Dirk Brandherm -- Introduction -- Britain And Ireland -- The Netherlands, France, And Belgium -- Iberia -- Conclusion -- 3. Europe 2500 To 2200 Bc: Between Expiring Ideologies And Emerging Complexity / Volker Heyd -- Europe At C.2500 Bc -- The Period Of The International Spirit' In The Aegean -- New Peripheries In The Balkans And Southern Italy -- Beyond The Peripheries: The Gradual Transmission Of New Ideas, Values, And Achievements -- Meeting The Bell Beaker Network -- Conflicting World Views Between 2500 And 2200 Bc -- 4.a Little Bit Of History Repeating Itself: Theories On The Bell Beaker Phenomenon / Marc Vander Linden -- A Sense Of Deja Vu. Contents Note Continued: From Beakers To Folk: Culture-history (c.1900-1970s) -- From Folk To Elites: Processual Approaches (1970s-early 1990s) -- From Elites To Phenomenon: The Analytical Age (late 19905-present) -- A Little Bit Of History Repeating Itself -- 5. Bronze Age Settlements / Harry Fokkens -- Introduction -- Houses And Households In Anthropological Perspective -- Bronze Age House Architecture -- Explaining Size Differences Between Houses -- The Organization Of Household Space -- The Bronze Age Farmstead -- Bronze Age Villages -- Identifying Settlement Hierarchies -- The House-landscapes Of Bronze Age Europe -- Conclusion -- 6. Burials / Mads Kahler Holst -- Introduction -- Bronze Age Burial Traditions -- Individuals And Their Artefacts -- The Burial As Event: Activities, Sequences, And Meetings -- Cemeteries, Clusters, And Communities -- The Setting Of The Burials -- Conclusion -- 7. Hoards And The Deposition Of Metalwork / Richard Bradley. Contents Note Continued: Introduction: The Archbishop's Treasure -- Hoards And The Development Of Prehistoric Archaeology -- Problems Of Interpretation -- Contexts And Contents -- The Role Of The Smith -- Some Wider Implications -- Space And Time -- Unfinished Business -- Conclusion -- 8. Monuments And Monumentality In Bronze Age Europe / Timothy Darvill -- Introduction -- Late Chambered Tombs -- Round Barrows, Kurgans, Tumuli, And Fancy Barrows' -- Standing Stones, Statue Menhirs, And Stelae -- Pairs And Rows -- Circles And Ovals -- Natural Places, Shafts, And Pools -- Enclosures, Shrines, And Cult Houses -- Conclusion -- 9. Stonehenge / Kate Welham -- Introduction -- A Short History Of Recent Research -- Previous Chronological Schemes For Stonehenge -- Before Stonehenge -- Stonehenge Stage 1 (3015-2935 Cal Bc) -- Stonehenge Stage 2 (2620-2480 Cal Bc) -- Stonehenge Stage 3 (2480-2280 Cal Bc) -- Stonehenge Stage 4 (2270-2020 Cal Bc) -- Stonehenge Stage 5 (1630-1520 Cal Bc). Contents Note Continued: 10. The Contribution Of Skeletal Isotope Analysis To Understanding The Bronze Age In Europe / Mandy Jay -- Introduction -- The Techniques -- Factors Reflected By The Different Systems -- Different Skeletal Fractions -- Isotopic Background -- Skeletal Data From Animals -- Migration And Diet Studies -- Existing Data And Interpretations For The European Bronze Age -- The Beaker People Project -- Dietary Studies -- Limitations And Problems -- Future Work -- 11. The Myth Of The Chief: Prestige Goods, Power, And Personhood In The European Bronze Age / David Fontijn -- Introduction -- Empirical Issues -- Homo Economicus And The Subject-object Divide -- Power, Hierarchy, And Personhood -- Social And Material Relations In The European Bronze Age -- Conclusion -- 12. Identity, Gender, And Dress In The European Bronze Age / Stig Sorensen -- Introduction -- On Identity And Gender -- Bronze Age Identities. Contents Note Continued: The Evidence For The Dressed Person: Men And Women And Other Identities -- Changes Through The Bronze Age -- Conclusion -- 13. Warfare In The European Bronze Age / Nick Thorpe -- Introduction -- Weaponry -- Art -- Defended Sites -- Victims Of Violence -- The Importance Of Variability And Future Research -- 14. Rethinking Bronze Age Cosmology: A North European Perspective / Joakim Goldhahn -- Introduction -- A Brand-new World -- Cosmology And Bronze Age Landscape Cognition -- To Get Something Great In Exchange For Something Small' -- Smiths As Cosmologists -- Concluding Remarks: Cosmologies In The Making -- Ch. 14a The Sky Disc Of Nebra -- 15. Bronze Age Rock Art In Northern Europe: Contexts And Interpretations / Johan Ling -- Introduction -- The Images And Interpretative Trends -- Rock-art Chronology -- Rock Art And Landscape -- Rock Art And Seascapes -- Excavating Rock Art -- Picturing The Dead -- Theories About Rock Art, Agency, And Society. Contents Note Continued: Rock Art Practice And Cosmology -- Rock Art As Social Format -- Conclusion -- 16. Rock Carvings And Alpine Statue-menhirs, From The Chalcolithic To The Middle Bronze Age / Geoffroy De Saulieu -- Introduction -- Chrono-cultural Attributes -- The Sites -- Factors Affecting The Form And Content Of The Art -- Iconographic Variations -- 17. Bronze Age Fields And Land Division / Robert Johnston -- Introduction -- Prehistoric Land Division: A Historical Perspective -- Classifying Fields -- The Chronology And History Of Fields -- Early Fields On The Edges Of Europe -- Stone Cairns And Walls In The Western Uplands -- Linear Landscapes In Southern Britain -- Celtic Fields' In North-west Europe -- Fields, Landscape, And Society -- 18. Animals In Bronze Age Europe / Laszlo Bartosiewicz -- Introduction -- Chronological Framework And The Near Eastern Paradigm -- Trends In Bronze Age Animal Exploitation -- Cattle -- Pig -- Sheep And Goat -- Horse And Ass -- Dog. Contents Note Continued: Fowl And Domestic Hen -- Hunting -- Conclusion -- 19. Plant Cultivation In The Bronze Age / Andreas G. Heiss -- Introduction -- Methods -- Regional Overviews -- Individual Cereals, Plants, And Trees -- Conclusion -- 20. Trade And Exchange / Anthony Harding -- The Meaning Of Trade -- Sources Of Evidence -- Objects Found Outside Their Place Of Manufacture -- Conclusion: Connectivity In The Bronze Age -- 21. Seafaring And Riverine Navigation In The Bronze Age Of Europe / Robert Van De Noort -- Introduction -- Mediterranean Europe -- Atlantic Europe -- Europe's Rivers -- Conclusion: Current Debates And Future Research Directions -- 22. Land Transport In The Bronze Age / Marion Uckelmann -- Introduction -- Speed Of Transport And Loads -- Wagons -- Roads And Paths -- Conclusion -- 23. Copper And Bronze: Bronze Age Metalworking In Context / Tobias L. Kienlin -- Approaches To Prehistoric Metalworking -- Prologue: The Beginnings Of Metallurgy. Contents Note Continued: Bronze And The Bronze Age -- Alpine Copper And Bronze Age Mining Communities -- Smelting: Geology-derived Stages' And Prehistoric Reality -- Casting And Working: Technological Choice And Compositional Determinism' -- Metalworking And Society -- 24. Bronze Age Copper Mining In Europe / William O'brien -- Bronze Age Copper Mines In Europe -- The Search For Copper -- The Approach To Mining -- The Mining Environment -- Mining And Metal Production -- Mining And Society -- 25. Gold And Gold Working Of The Bronze Age / Barbara Armbruster -- Introduction -- A History Of Research -- The Find Context -- Form And Function -- The Chronological Development Of Goldworking -- Methods Of Investigation -- The Acquisition Of Gold -- Gold Technology -- Beyond The Bronze Age -- 26. Craft Production: Ceramics, Textiles, And Bone / Alice Choyke -- Introduction -- Ceramics -- Textiles -- Worked Bone -- Conclusion -- 27. Glass And Faience / Julian Henderson. Contents Note Continued: The Production Of Glass And Glassy Materials -- Production Zones -- Bronze Age Faience/glass In Northern Italy -- Conclusion -- 28. Salt Production In The Bronze Age / Anthony Harding -- Production Using Briquetage -- Coastal And Inland Production In The Mediterranean -- Bronze Age Salt Mining At Hallstatt And Other Rock Salt Sources -- Bronze Age Salt -- 29. Weighing, Commodification, And Money / Christopher Pare -- Introduction -- The Earliest Evidence For Weighing -- Developments In The East Mediterranean In The Later Bronze Age -- Italy And Central Europe -- Weighing In Bronze Age Europe -- Weighing And Commodification -- Conclusion -- Pt. Ii The Bronze Age By Region -- 30. Britain And Ireland In The Bronze Age: Farmers In The Landscape Or Heroes On The High Seas? / Benjamin W. Roberts -- Introduction -- Monuments, Burials, And Craftsmanship: Mid Third-early Second Millennium Bc. Contents Note Continued: Settlements, Cremations, And Hoards: The Mid Second-early First Millennium Bc -- Conclusion -- 31. The Bronze Age In The Low Countries / David Fontijn -- Introduction -- The Natural Environment And Palaeogeography -- Chronology And Cultural Traditions -- Settlements And Architecture -- Funerary Archaeology -- Treatment Of The Dead -- Graves And Grave Goods -- Metalwork And Hoarding, River Depositions -- Conclusion -- 32. The Bronze Age In France / Claude Mordant -- The Geographical And Cultural Framework -- Settlements And The Use Of Space -- Funerary Practice And Beliefs -- Metal Production -- Conclusion -- 33. Bronze Age Iberia / Roberto Risch -- The Early Bronze Age (c.2200-1550 Cal Bc) -- The Late Bronze Age (c.1550-1300 Cal Bc) -- The Final Bronze Age (c.1300-900 Cal Bc) -- 34. The Bronze Age In The Balearic Islands / Roberto Risch -- The First Phase Of Human Population In Mallorca And Menorca (c.2300-1600 Cal Bc). Contents Note Continued: The Naviform Group (c.1600-1100/1000 Cal Bc) -- The Proto-talayotic Period (c. 1100/1000-850 Cal Bc) -- 35. Peninsular Italy / Bietti Sestieri -- Introduction -- The Cultural Sequence -- Conclusion -- 36. The Bronze Age In Sicily / Bietti Sestieri -- The Early Bronze Age (c.2200-1500 Bc) -- The Middle Bronze Age (c.1500-1250 Bc) -- The Late Bronze And Early Iron Ages (c.13th-9th Centuries Bc) -- The Final Bronze Age And Early Iron Age In The Aeolian Islands And Sicily (c.11th-9th Centuries Bc) -- 37. The Bronze Age In Sardinia / Fulvia Lo Schiavo -- A Large Island: Almost A Continent -- Issues Of Chronology -- The Nuragic Civilization -- The Nuraghi Golden Age' -- The End Of The Bronze Age And Beginning Of The Iron Age -- The Coming Of The Age Of Iron -- 38. Northern Italy / Franco Nicolis -- Introduction -- Chronology -- Cultural Development -- Funerary Rites -- Ritual, Cult, And Religion -- Conclusion. Contents Note Continued: 39. Switzerland And The Central Alps / Philippe Della Casa -- Environment, Climate, Settlement -- Chronology And Chorology -- Settlement Topography, Settlement Structures -- Economic Background -- Society And Ideology -- 40. Germany In The Bronze Age / Albrecht Jockenhovel -- Introduction -- Central And Southern Germany -- Eastern Germany: The Lausitz Culture -- Northern Germany: The Nordic Bronze Age -- Settlement -- 41. Scandinavia / Henrik Thrane -- Introduction -- Cultural Development And Diversity -- Chronology And Regional Differentiation -- Settlement -- Agriculture And Land Use -- Mounds -- Burials -- Arts And Crafts -- Rock Carvings -- Trade And Transport -- Hoards And Votive Deposits -- Conclusion -- 42. The Bronze Age In The Polish Lands / Janusz Czebreszuk -- Introduction: The Natural Environment -- Historic Regions Of Polish Territory -- Cultural Chronology -- The Cultural Sequence -- The Middle Bronze Age. Contents Note Continued: The Late Bronze Age/hallstatt Period -- Settlement And Economy -- Burials -- Material Culture -- Industries Based On Other Raw Materials -- Other Aspects Of Social Life In The Bronze Age -- Conclusion -- 43. The Czech Lands And Austria In The Bronze Age / Alexandra Krenn-leeb -- Introduction: Natural Environment And Landscapes -- Cultural Sequence And Chronology -- Settlement And Settlements -- Funerary Archaeology: Implications For Society And Identity -- Material Culture -- 44. Slovakia And Hungary / Gabor Ilon -- Setting And Natural Conditions -- Chronology -- The Early Bronze Age (c.2500/2300-1500/1450 Cal Bc) -- The Middle Bronze Age (c.1500/1450-1200/1150 Cal Bc) -- The Late And Final Bronze Age (c.1250/1150-800/750 Cal Bc) -- The End Of The Bronze Age -- 45. The Western Balkans In The Bronze Age / Snjezana Karavanic -- Introduction: Geography And Environment -- Settlements And Their Social Implications -- Burial Rites And Their Social Implications. Contents Note Continued: 46. Castellieri-gradine Of The Northern Adriatic / Kristina Mihovilic -- A History Of Research -- The Characteristics Of Castellieri-gradine -- Economy -- Chronology -- 47. Romania, Moldova, And Bulgaria / Nikolaus Boroffka -- A History Of Research -- Chronology And Terminology -- Cultural Evolution -- Metal -- Transport And The Symbolic Meaning Of Vehicles -- Conclusion -- 48. Ukraine And South Russia In The Bronze Age / Hermann Parzinger -- The Foundations Of Bronze Age Cultural Development: The Eneolithic -- Arsenical Bronzes, Wagons, And Domestic Horses: The Beginnings Of The Bronze Age -- Consolidation And Further Development: From The Catacomb Culture To The Srubnaya Culture -- The Heyday Of Bronze Age Cultural Relationships: From Sabatinovka To Belozerka -- The End Of The Bronze Age And Beginnings Of Horse-borne Nomadism. Edited By Harry Fokkens And Anthony Harding. Includes Bibliographical References And Index. 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