The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics (Oxford Handbooks)

Cover The Oxford Handbook of SPANISH POLITICS Copyright Contents List of Figures List of Tables About the Contributors Part I: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Democracy in Spain 1.3 Decentralization of Economic and Political Power 1.4 Representation and Political Parties 1.5 The Internationalization of Spain 1.6 Structure of the Handbook 1.7 Bibliography Part II: PAST AND PRESENT OF SPANISH POLITICS Chapter 2: Spain in Comparative Perspective: contributions of the spanish case to comparative political analysis 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Contours of this Case and the Selection of a Comparative Frame of Reference 2.3 Macro- and Micro-Level Contributions on the Spanish Case: Methodological Challenges 2.4 Spain and the Comparative Study of Regimes: Conceptual Contributions 2.5 A Common Thread in the Thematic Terrains Discussed Here 2.6 Bibliography Chapter 3: Spanish Democratization: transition, consolidation, and its meaning in contemporary spain 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Background Conditions of Democratization 3.3 Preliminary Remarks on the Transition 3.4 From the Dictatorship to the First Elections: Mobilization and Reform 3.5 Consensus and Constitution-Making 3.6 Consolidation 3.7 The Meaning of the Transition to Democracy in Contemporary Spain 3.8 Bibliography Chapter 4: MEMORY AND POLITICS IN DEMOCRATIC SPAIN 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Architecture of Forgetting 4.3 A Wealth of Explanations 4.4 The Political Uses of Forgetting 4.5 Shifting Political Calculations 4.6 Bibliography Chapter 5: Decentralization in Spain: federal evolution and performance of the estado autonómico 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Institutional Design and Evolution 5.2.1 Origins and Evolution of Institutions in Comparative Perspective 5.2.2 The Degree of Decentralization in Comparative Perspective 5.2.3 Change and Reforms of the System: Drivers, Scope, and Frequency 5.3 Existing Explanations of the Territorial Model: From History and Structure to Actors and Dynamics 5.4 Territorial Dynamics and Politics: Centrifugal and Centripetal Tendencies 5.5 Visions and Perspectives on the Estado Autonómico and its Performance 5.5.1 Contrasting Visions and Debates 5.5.2 Assessment of Results in Governance, Diversity Management and Democratic Quality 5.6 Conclusion 5.7 Bibliography Chapter 6: Terrorism in Spain 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Waves of Terrorism 6.2.1 ETA 6.2.2 Jihadism 6.3 Counterterrorism: From ETA to Jihadism 6.3.1 Against Jihadism 6.4 Conclusion 6.5 Bibliography Chapter 7: Economic and Social Changes Since the Restoration of Democracy 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Path to the Second Demographic Transition 7.3 The Unexpected Migration Boom 7.4 The Change in the Sectoral and Occupational Structure of the Economy 7.5 Conclusion 7.6 Bibliography Chapter 8: The Causes and Legacy of the Great Recession in Spain 8.1 Introduction 8.2 From Boom to Bust 8.2.1 The Reasons for Success 8.2.2 The Shortcomings that Led to the Crisis 8.3 The Responses to the Crisis 8.4 The Impact of the Crisis 8.4.1 Unemployment 8.4.2 Precariousness and Lower Quality of Employment 8.4.3 Increasing Inequality 8.4.4 Poverty 8.4.5 Political Impact 8.5 Conclusions 8.6 Bibliography Chapter 9: Europeanization of Political Structures and Public Policies 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Theory and Background 9.3 Spain in the EU 9.4 Institutional Adaptation Processes 9.4.1 The Impact on the Legislature 9.4.2 The Impact on the National Executive 9.4.3 The Impact on the Judiciary 9.5 The Implementation of EU Legislation in Spain 9.6 The Impact of EU Membership on Market-Making and Economic Public Policies 9.7 Conclusion 9.8 Bibliography Part III: INSTITUTIONS Chapter 10: Political Institutions in a Comparative Perspective 10.1 Introduction 10.2 A Parliamentary Monarchy 10.3 Sovereignty without Europe 10.4 The Federal-Proportional Trade-Off 10.5 A Biased Electoral System 10.6 Single-Party Minority Governments 10.7 Weak Separation of Powers 10.8 Competitive, Non-Institutional Federalism 10.9 A Non-Territorial Senate 10.10 Partocracy 10.11 A Blocked Political System 10.12 Bibliography Chapter 11: The 1978 Spanish Constitutional Design: assessing its outcome 11.1 Under Three Main Influences 11.1.1 Europe as an Ideal 11.1.2 Economic and Geostrategic Constraints 11.1.3 A Tight Balance of Forces 11.2 Facing old and new Challenges 11.2.1 Towards an Unexpected Constituent Process 11.2.2 Tackling Old Problems 11.2.3 New Issues 11.3 Assessing the Constitutional Performance 11.3.1 Original Commitments and Actual Implementation 11.3.2 Looking Forward: Between Reform and Rupture? 11.4 Bibliography Chapter 12: Executive Politics in Spain 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Centrality of the Core Executive 12.3 The Predominance of the Prime Minister 12.4 Ministerial Autonomy and Elite Recruitment 12.5 The Limits of Party Government 12.6 The Multilevel Executive Politics 12.7 Changing Patterns in Spanish Executive Politics 12.8 Bibliography Chapter 13: Legislative Politics in Spain 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Las Cortes Generales in Spain’s Constitutional System 13.3 Representation 13.4 Internal Organization 13.5 Law-Making 13.6 Executive–Legislative Relations 13.7 Conclusion 13.8 Bibliography Chapter 14: Multilevel Governance in Spain 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Multilevel Governance, Democratic Accountability and the Case of Spain 14.3 Information and Attribution of Responsibility 14.3.1 Do Spanish Citizens Know Who Does What? 14.3.2 The Economic Crisis and the Centralized Drift in Responsibility Attribution 14.3.3 Variation across Groups of Regions 14.4 The Role of Political Sophistication and Partisan Bias 14.5 The Politicization of Multilevel Governance 14.6 Conclusion 14.7 Bibliography Chapter 15: Public Administration and Its Problem-Solving Capacities 15.1 Introduction: The Context and the State Capacities 15.2 A Civil Service under Challenges to Deliver 15.3 An Organizational Machinery in Search of Rationalization 15.4 A Centralized Decision-Making System Isolated from External Support 15.4.1 The Core Executive and its Coordination Capacity 15.4.2 The Analytical Capacity of Central Government: Inward rather than Outward Looking 15.5 The Delivery Capacity under Strain 15.5.1 The Digitalization Agenda 15.5.2 The Managerial Approach 15.6 Conclusions 15.7 Bibliography Chapter 16: Judicial Politics the constitutional court 16.1 Introduction 16.2 The Institutional Design of Constitutional Review in Spain 16.3 Accessing and Activating the Court 16.4 Judicial Behaviour 16.5 Conclusion 16.6 Bibliography Chapter 17: The Spanish Armed forces 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Being in the Military Profession 17.3 Occupational Assessment 17.4 When and How They Act 17.5 Cognitive Dissonance 17.6 Future Prospects 17.7 Conclusions 17.8 Bibliography Chapter 18: The Quality of Democracy 18.1 Introduction 18.2 State of the Art 18.2.1 Spain from a Comparative Perspective 18.2.2 Which Definition of Quality of Democracy? 18.3 Quality as Voice and Political Equality 18.3.1 Extension: Political Equality 18.3.2 Intensity: Further Opportunities for Voice? 18.4 What if Democracy was Something Else? 18.5 Conclusion 18.6 Bibliography Part IV: PARTIES, ELECTIONS, AND VOTERS Chapter 19: Political Culture in Spain in the Twenty-First Century: symptoms of a crisis of representation 19.1 Introduction 19.2 The Evolution of Political Attitudes in Spain 19.3 Political Trust and SWD from a Comparative Perspective 19.4 Analysing the Reasons for the Decline of Political Trust and SWD in Spain 19.4.1 Explanatory Variables 19.4.2 Control Variables 19.4.3 Results 19.5 Conclusions 19.6 Bibliography Chapter 20: Parties and Party Systems 20.1 Introduction 20.2 The Development of the Spanish Party System(s) 20.2.1 The Early Years: The Creation of a Moderate Pluralist Party System (1977–1979) 20.3 Party System Stability (1982–2014/5) 20.4 Party System Transformation (2015–?) 20.5 Indicators of Change and Stability in the Spanish Party System 20.5.1 The Electoral/Parliamentary Arena 20.5.1.1 Volatility 20.5.1.2 Party System Format and Electoral/Parliamentary Fragmentation 20.5.1.3 Ideological Polarization and the Dynamics of Party Competition 20.6 Party Organizations between Society and the State 20.7 Conclusion 20.8 Bibliography Chapter 21: Elections in Spain 21.1 Introduction 21.2 From Past to Present 21.3 Founding Elections and the First Electoral Earthquake 21.4 Parties, Divides, and Anchors 21.4.1 New Voters, New Parties 21.4.2 Deactivating and Activating Social Divides 21.4.3 Anchors of Voting 21.5 The Second Electoral Earthquake 21.6 Conclusions 21.7 Bibliography Chapter 22: Determinants of Voting Behaviour 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Determinants of Voting Behaviour in Spain 22.3 Voting decisions in Spain: Recent Evidence from Four Elections 22.4 Conclusion 22.5 Bibliography Chapter 23: The Spanish Electoral System 23.1 Introduction 23.2 The Origin and Components of the System for Election to the Congreso de los Diputados 23.3 The Proportionality of the System for Election to the Congreso de los Diputados 23.4 The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Two-party System (bipartidismo) 23.5 Main debates on the Spanish Electoral System 23.5.1 Governability and the Electoral System 23.5.2 Malapportionment and its Critics 23.5.3 The Excessive Weight of the Regional Parties 23.5.4 Closed Lists and the Robustness of Democracy 23.6 Other Electoral Systems 23.6.1 Autonomous Parliaments 23.6.2 Local Councils 23.6.3 Spanish Seats in the European Parliament 23.6.4 The Senate 23.7 Conclusions 23.8 Bibliography Chapter 24: Turnout 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Electoral Participation in Spain 24.3 The Determinants of Voter Turnout 24.3.1 The Paradox of Voting 24.3.2 Individual-Level Factors 24.3.3 Aggregate-Level Factors 24.3.4 Empirical Analysis 24.4 The Consequences of Voter Turnout 24.4.1 Theoretical Arguments 24.4.2 Empirical Analysis 24.5 Conclusions 24.6 Bibliography Part V: CIVIL SOCIETY Chapter 25: Interest Groups, Business Associations, and Trade Unions 25.1 Introduction 25.2 A Brief Glimpse at the Origins of Civil Society 25.3 Democracy and the Setting of a Modern System of Interest Intermediation 25.4 Democratic Consolidation and the Social Partners: The Gradual Decline of Corporatism 25.5 Democratic Consolidation, Associations and Interest Groups: Is There an Upward Trend? 25.6 Conclusions 25.6 Conclusions 25.7 Bibliography Chapter 26: Migration Politics: the end of spanish exceptionalism? 26.1 Introduction 26.2 From Emigration to Immigration 26.3 Macro-economic Turbulence and Back to Emigration 26.4 Immigration Policy in Spain 26.5 Labour-market Competition (or Lack Thereof) 26.6 Ideology, Nationalism, and Centre-Periphery Conflicts 26.7 Supply-side Explanations and Political Competition 26.8 Conclusions 26.9 Bibliography Chapter 27: Social Movements 27.1 Introduction 27.2 The Rise of New Social Movements in a Belated Western European Democracy 27.3 Spanish Movements Enter the Twenty-First Century 27.4 The Rise of the Indignados 27.5 Changes in the Field 27.6 Conclusions 27.7 Bibliography Chapter 28: Spanish Nationalism Since 1975 28.1 Introduction: What is Spanish nationalism? 28.2 From ‘Nation of Nations’ to Constitutional Patriotism 28.3 The Internal Other 28.4 Is Spain Still Different? 28.5 Pluralism and the Idea of Spain 28.6 The Nation of the Right: A Neo-Centralist Drive? 28.7 The Nation of the Left: In Search of ‘the People’ 28.8 Conclusion: Back to the future? 28.9 Bibliography Chapter 29: Regional and National Identitiesin Spain 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Peripheral Nationalism, Regionalism, and the Origins of Regional Identities in Spain 29.3 The Estado de las Autonomías: A Promising Solution to the Centre–Periphery Conflict 29.4 How Territorial, National, and Regional Identities Have Been Modelled 29.5 The Breakdown of the Territorial Pact and its Consequence Over Identities 29.6 Catalan Secessionism and the Polarization of Identities 29.7 Conclusion 29.8 Bibliography Part VI: PUBLIC POLICY AND POLICY-MAKING Chapter 30: Public Policies transformations and challenges 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Four Decades of Transformations in Public Policy: Logics of Continuity and Discontinuity 30.2.1 1977–1982 30.2.2 1983–1986 30.2.3 1987–1995 30.2.4 1996–2004 30.2.5 2004–2010 30.2.6 2011–2018 30.3 Processes of Agenda Setting in Spain 30.4 Processes and Models of Policy Production: Policy Style and Policy Networks 30.5 Policy Making Processes in Spain: Is There a Policy Style, or Are There Different Governance Networks? 30.6 Towards Innovative Agendas: The Challenges of Policymaking in the Spain of 2020 30.7 Bibliography Chapter 31: Welfare State 31.1 Introduction 31.2 The Spanish Welfare State from a Comparative Perspective 31.3 The Consolidation and Recalibration of the Spanish Welfare State 31.4 The Great Recession: Welfare Retrenchment in a Multilevel System 31.5 The Difficult Post Crisis 31.6 Conclusions 31.7 Bibliography Chapter 32: Social Inequalities 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Trends in Income Inequality and the Quality of Employment 32.3 Risk of Poverty and Social Exclusion 32.4 Social Position and Educational Inequalities 32.5 Gender Differences 32.6 Differences Across Generations 32.7 Conclusions 32.8 Bibliography Chapter 33: Economic Policy-Making in Contemporary Spain 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Fiscal Policy in Democratic Spain: Contained Spending, Weak Revenues and High Cyclicality 33.3 Regulatory Policy 33.4 Economic Policy-Making in action: Managing the Great Recession and its Aftermath 33.4.1 The Asset Bubble 33.4.2 The First Response: Fiscal Stimulus 33.4.3 Fiscal Consolidation and Recovery 33.5 Economic Policy-Making from the Supply Side: Policy in a Straitjacket? 33.6 The Demand Side: A Diffuse (and Unsustainable?) Fiscal Policy Consensus 33.7 Conclusion: Towards Economic Policy Through Other Means? 33.8 Bibliography Chapter 34: Employment Policy in Spain: Policy and Governance perspectives 34.1 Introduction 34.2 The Emergence of Employment Policies in Spain: 1950s–1990s 34.3 The Limited Expansion of the Spanish Employment Policy Regime: 1950s–1970s 34.4 The Pillars of the Democratic LMP Regime: Late 1970s–1990s 34.4.1 Flexibility on the Margins 34.5 Activation in Spain: 1990s–MID-2000s 34.5.1 Governance Reforms in the Era of Activation 34.6 The Great Recession 34.7 Conclusion 34.8 Bibliography Chapter 35: Education Policy 35.1 Introduction 35.1.1 A Late but Successful Modernizer: Education in Spain in Comparative Perspective 35.2 Educational Reforms in Spain: Politics and Policies 35.2.1 The Spanish Education System Before 1970 35.2.2 The Modernization of Education in Spain in the 1970s 35.2.3 Reforms and Political Noise Since the 1980s 35.3 An Evaluation of the Spanish Education System 35.3.1 The Changing Educational Composition of the Spanish Population over Time 35.3.2 The Quality of Education 35.3.3 What Continues to be Dysfunctional in Spain? 35.4 Conclusion: The Cost of the Politicization of Education in Spain 35.5 Bibliography Chapter 36: Gender Policy 36.1 Introduction 36.2 The Spanish Gender Regime 36.3 State Feminism and Gender Equality Policy 36.4 LGBTI Policies 36.5 Irreversible or Dilutable Change? 36.6 Conclusion 36.7 Bibliography Chapter 37: Corruption and Transparency 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Analytic Framework 37.3 Corruption: Nature and Consequences 37.4 Policy Change 37.5 Conclusions 37.6 Bibliography Part VII: THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA Chapter 38: Spanish Foreign Policy 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Spain’s Foreign Policy-making Structures 38.3 Spanish Foreign Policy from the Transition Years to the Felipe González Government 38.4 Spanish Foreign Policy under José María Aznar: The Quest for Great Power Status 38.5 Spanish Foreign Policy under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero: A Middle Power Anchored in Europeanization and Multilateralism 38.6 Spanish Foreign Policy under Mariano Rajoy and Pedro Sánchez: Continuing Multilateralism under the Shadow of Economic and Political Crises 38.7 Conclusion 38.8 Bibliography Chapter 39: Security and Defence Policy 39.1 Introduction 39.2 The Internationalization of Spain’s Security and Defence Policy 39.3 The Transition from ‘National Defence’ to ‘Security and Defence’ to ‘National Security’ 39.4 The Financial, Industrial, and Military Bases 39.5 Theoretical Debates on Security and Defence Policy from a Comparative Perspective 39.6 Future Security and Defence Policy Choices 39.7 Bibliography Chapter 40: Spain in the Eupreferences, policy process, and influence in brussels 40.1 Introduction 40.2 The Political Basis of Spanish EU Membership 40.3 The National EU Policy Formulation and Coordination System 40.4 Madrid’s Priorities in Brussels 40.5 Spain’s Evolving Role and Influence in the EU 40.6 Conclusion 40.7 Bibliography Chapter 41: spain and latin america: from a special relation to detachment? 41.1 Introduction 41.2 What we Know about Spain–LAC Relations 41.3 Ideas, Interests and Institutions: The Dynamics of Spain-LAC Relations 41.4 Spain and Latin America during the Twentieth Century: From Rapprochement to a Special Relationship 41.4.1 The Early Steps Towards a Special Relationship 41.4.2 The Consolidation of the Special Relationship 41.5 From Apogee to Disappointment in the Special Relationship 41.6 Conclusion 41.7 Bibliography Index "The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of the Spanish political system through the lens of political science. It aims to move away from a complacent analysis of Spanish democracy and provide a nuanced view of some of its strengths and challenges. The Handbook introduces Spanish politics to an international audience of scholars and practitioners. It is structured around six sections that cover Spain's political history, institutional changes, elections, civil society, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The volume brings together a distinguished group of 47 internationally renowned scholars who study Spain in its own right, or as a case among others in a comparative perspective. The contributors provide expert accounts of contemporary Spain, making the Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics an invaluable resource for anyone interested in Spanish politics and government since the country's transition to democracy" -- prové de l'editor