The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research (Oxford Handbooks)

This book presents a comprehensive and student-friendly overview of the field of qualitative research and is intended for students of all levels, faculty, and researchers across the social sciences. It provides strong focus on methods instruction with coverage of theoretical approaches, analysis, writing, evaluation, and the politics of research. The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research, Second Edition presents a comprehensive, interdisciplinary overview of the field of qualitative research. Divided into eight parts, the forty chapters address key topics in the field such as approaches to qualitative research (philosophical perspectives), narrative inquiry, field research, and interview methods, text, arts-based, and internet methods, analysis and interpretation of findings, and representation and evaluation. The handbook is intended for students of all levels, faculty, and researchers across the disciplines, and the contributors represent some of the most influential and innovative researchers as well as emerging scholars. This handbook provides a broad introduction to the field of qualitative research to those with little to no background in the subject, while providing substantive contributions to the field that will be of interest to even the most experienced researchers. It serves as a user-friendly teaching tool suitable for a range of undergraduate or graduate courses, as well as individuals working on their thesis or other research projects. With a focus on methodological instruction, the incorporation of real-world examples and practical applications, and ample coverage of writing and representation, this volume offers everything readers need to undertake their own qualitative studies Cover The Oxford Handbook of QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Copyright Dedication Acknowledgments About the Editor Table of Contents Contributors Preface Chapter 1: Introduction to the oxford handbook of qualitative research, second edition What Is Qualitative Research? The Elements of Research The Philosophical Substructureof Qualitative Research Praxis: Approaches, Methods, and Theories in Action Ethics: Beliefs and Practices Who Are Qualitative Researchers? The Contents of This Handbook Acknowledgment Note References Part I: THE QUALITATIVE TRADITION Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Qualitative Research in the Social Sciences The Conceptual History of Qualitative Research The Internal History of Qualitative Research Hermeneutics Phenomenology North American Traditions Ethnography The Marginalizing History of Qualitative Research The Repressed History of Qualitative Research The Social History of Qualitative Research The Technological History of Qualitative Research Data Collection Data Analysis Concluding Thoughts about the Future References Chapter 3: The History of Historical-Comparative Methods in Sociology The Predisciplinary Masters and Their Early Legacies The Birth of Historical Sociology’s Self-Consciousness After the Cultural Turn: Temporality, Narrative, Processes Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 4: The Centrality of Ethics in Qualitative Practice Introduction What Is Qualitative Research Ethics? Minimizing Harm Respecting Autonomy Privacy The Increased Centrality of Research Ethics The Rise of Ethical Regulation Changes within Qualitative Research The Dangers of Moralism Redefining the Goal of Qualitative Research Realizing Practical Values within the Research Process Adherence to “High Standards”: An Indefensible Requirement What Sorts of License Can and Should Qualitative Researchers Claim? Ethical Reflexivity and the Problem of Being “Too Ethical” Conclusion Notes References Part II: APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Chapter 5: Philosophical Approaches to Qualitative Research Philosophical Approaches Postpositivism History Foundational Assumptions Implications for Research Methods Application Social Constructionism Symbolic Interactionism History Foundational Assumptions Implications for Research Methods Application Phenomenology History Foundational Assumptions Implications for Research Methods Application Critical Theory History Foundational Assumptions Implications for Research Methods Application in the Field Feminist Theories History Foundational Assumptions Implications for Research Methods Application Queer Theory History Foundational Assumptions Implications for Research Methods Application Conclusion and Future Directions References Chapter 6: Applied Interpretive Approaches The Historical Grounding of Traditional Qualitative Methods The Quest for Objective Truths about the Social World The Emergence of Application The Interpretive Turn The Nature of Applied Interpretive Methodologies Variations on the Interpretive Lens Contradictions Arising in the Applied Context Characteristics of the Evolving Genre The Terminological Land Mines Interpretive Description Understanding the Disciplinary Lens Articulating the Question Framing the Theoretical Scaffolding Sampling and Data Collection Data Analysis and Interpretation Credibility Implications Conclusion Future Directions References Chapter 7: The Grounded Theory Method Background and Early Development Research versus Theory The Status of Qualitative Research Data Collection and Analysis The Results and Value of Qualitative Research Epistemological and Ontological Issues Innovations Reporting of Findings Constructivist Grounded Theory Method Grounded Theory Method in Practice Coding, Memoing, Theoretical Sampling, Theoretical Saturation Using the Literature Results, Theories, and Publications Theoretical Sensitivity Alternative Approaches Future Directions: What Is a (Grounded) Theory Anyway? Suggestions for Further Reading Notes References Chapter 8: feminist qualitative research: Working toward Transforming Science and Social Justice Introduction What Is Feminist Research? Working for Gender Equality Corrective to Androcentrism Critique of Research as Biased Challenging Traditional Methods The Issue of Intersectionality Feminist Epistemology Feminist Empiricists Feminist Standpoint Perspective Postmodern Perspectives on Research Implications for Feminist Qualitative Methods Feminist Research and the Study of Sex/Gender Differences Feminist Research Transform Psychology Re-thinking Sex and Gender Values of Feminist Research Reflexivity Power Collaboration Research as Advocacy and Empowerment Challenges to Feminist Research Voice Validity Forms of Feminist Qualitative Research In-Depth Interviews Narratives as Research Discourse Analysis Focus Groups Feminist Phenomenological Approaches Participatory Action Research Conclusion Innovations in Feminist Research Intersectionality Developing Consciousness Feminist Transformations Future Directions References Chapter 9: Critical Approaches to Qualitative Research The Critical in Critical Approaches The Critical Debates Is Critical Ethnography the Same as Critical Research? The Practices of Critical Qualitative Research Thoughts from the Field Feminist and Queer Accountability to the Micropolitics of the Field Resisting Reinscription Integrating Lived Experience Conclusion Notes References Chapter 10: Decolonizing Research Practice: Indigenous Methodologies, Aboriginal Methods, and Knowledge/Knowing Cyclone: An Australian Aboriginal Approach to Knowledge Production and Dissemination Plan Acting Stage: Data Collection Observation Stage: Qualitative Data Analysis Reflect: Presentations, Feedback, Dissemination, or Validation Between Two Methods: A Parenthetical Comment Building a Red River Cart Conclusion Future Directions Notes References Part III: NARRATIVE INQUIRY, FIELD RESEARCH, AND INTERVIEW METHODS Chapter 11: Practicing narrative inquiry ii: Making Meanings Move Introduction The Rise of Narrative Inquiry in the Social Sciences Definitions, Assumptions, and Goals Stretching What We Mean by Stories Genres of Narrative Inquiry Evocative Personal Narratives: Putting Meanings into Motion Narratives-under-Analysis: Research Practices Models of Analysis Narratives-Under-Analysis Research Practices Life in Organizations: A Situated Exemplar of Narrative Inquiry What’s the Use? Narrative Practices for Everyday Life Coda References Chapter 12: Ethnography Introduction Defining Ethnography Historical Foundations of Ethnography Ethnography as Methodology Ethnographic Attributes Ethnography and Culture Ethnography and Contextualization Ethnography as Iterative Ethnography and Empathy Ethnography and Narrative The Story of the College Visit Paradigmatic Plasticity The Story of the Conference Incident Positivism Interpretivism Critical Research Methods Participant Observation Duration of Time in the Setting Resemblance between Researcher and Members of the Researched Community Level of Participation Field-Note Writing Ethnographic Interviews Ethnographic Comportment Conclusion Future Directions Notes References Chapter 13: Practicing autoethnography and living the autoethnographic life What Is Autoethnography? History of Autoethnography Autoethnography and Psychology Why Autoethnography? Why Now? The Growing Appreciation for Qualitative Research An Emphasis on Ethics A Concern with Difference Guiding Principles for Autoethnography An Emphasis on Personal Experience Familiarity with Existing Research Using Personal Experience to Describe and Critique Cultural Experience Taking Advantage of and Valuing Insider Knowledge Breaking Silence, (Re)Claiming Voice Healing and Maneuvering through Pain, Confusion, Anger, Uncertainty Writing Accessible Prose Autoethnography as a Process Doing Autoethnographic Fieldwork The Ethics of Doing Autoethnography Autoethnography as Product Evaluation and Critique Autoethnography as More Than Research Autoethnography as an Orientation to Research Autoethnography as a Way of Being in and for the World References Chapter 14: Duoethnography: A Polytheoretical Approach to (Re)Storing, (Re)Storying the Meanings That One Gives Introduction History and Evolving Tenets Duoethnographers and Their Characteristics Polyvocal Texts: Voices of Each Duoethnographer Made Explicit A Reflective Pedagogical Intent Difference between/among Duoethnographers Number of Duoethnographers in a Study Positionality Age and Profession The Literature Conversational Storytelling as Methodology Currere Dialogic Searching for Personal Artifacts Searching for Culture References Place The Evolution of Duoethnography and Its Contribution to Theoretical Discussions A Third Space Transtemporality and Historicism Representation and Agency in the Material World Examples of Duoethnographic Topics Problematic Approaches and Evolving Questions within Duoethnography References Chapter 15: Unstructured and Semistructured Interviewing Qualitative Interviewing in a Conversational World The History of Qualitative Interviewing Ancient Roots Psychoanalysis Nondirective Interviewing Classic Studies on Authoritarianism, Sexuality, and Consumerism Contemporary Conceptions of Qualitative Interviewing An Example of Qualitative Interviewing Different Forms of Qualitative Research Interviews Structure Structured Interviews Unstructured Interviews Semistructured Interviews Individual and Group Interviews Group Interviews Individual Interviews Interviewing Using Different Media Face-to-Face Interviews Telephone Interviews Internet Interviews Different Styles of Interviewing Receptive Interviewing Assertive Interviewing Analytic Approaches to Interviewing Interviews as Research Instrument Interviewing as a Social Practice Conclusion Future Directions Notes References Chapter 16: Oral history interviewing with purpose and critical awareness Introduction The Choreography of Oral History Oral History as Technique Interviewing as a Creative Habit The How: Active Interviewing Types of Interview Questions to Consider Closing an Interview Is Often Difficult for Both Interviewer and Interviewee The Why of Doing Oral History Writing Up Oral History as a Narrative The Researcher’s Reflective Journal Major Issues Facing Oral History Researchers Oral History in the Digital Era: A Way to Use Arts-Based Approaches Conducting Oral History in the Digital Era SAMPLE Links Additional Resources Creating a Blog with WordPress to Tell a Story Using Photography in Oral History Projects Photovoice Using VoiceThread What Is VoiceThread? Transdisciplinarity: Crossing Boundaries in Oral History Future Directions and Final Reflections Three Questions for the Field How Might Our Work Be Used to Advance Critical Awareness of the Power Structures We Inhabit? How Might We Think about Arts-Based Approaches to Improve Our Practice? Parent Misconstrue How Might We Work in a Transdisciplinary Way to Augment the Oral History Interview? References Chapter 17: Focus group research: retrospect and prospect Focus Group Research: A Conceptual-Historical Introduction The Idea of Focus The Idea of the Group Focus Groups and/in Applied Fields Multiple, Interrelated Functions of Focus Group Work The Pedagogical Function The Political Function The Inquiry Function Summary of Focus Group Functions Focus Groups from a Performative Perspective Mitigating the Researcher’s Authority Excavating the Lifeblood of Social Activity Approximating the Natural Saturating Understanding Drawing out Complexity, Nuance, and Contradiction Disclosing Shadowy Connections Prompting Solidarity and Political Activism Summary of Focus Groups’ Quasiunique Affordances Contemporary Dilemmas and Horizons of Focus Group Research Contemporary Threats to Focus Group Work Research Ethics in the 21st Century When Focus Groups Go Virtual Musings and Conjectures Conclusions References Chapter 18: Museum studies Why Study Museums? Research Design Exhibit Analysis Interviews Participant Observation and Ethnographic Fieldwork Studying the Virtual Analysis and Write-Up Conclusion Note References Part IV: TEXT, ARTS-BASED, AND INTERNET METHODS Chapter 19: Content analysis What Is Content Analysis? The Methodological Context of Content Analysis Units of Analysis Analyzing a Sample of Interviews: Looking at Concepts and Their Co-associations in a Semantic Network Analyzing a Sample of Documents: Using Content Analysis to Verify Claims Chronology Plot Character Analyzing a Single Interview: The Role of Content Analysis in a Case Study Tracing the Biography of a Concept Putting the Content of Documents in Their Place Conclusion References Chapter 20: Photography as a research method Photography as a Research Method in Qualitative Research Photographs as Illustrations or for Documentary Purposes Archival Photos Photographs Taken by Researchers Photographs Taken by Participants Ethical Issues in Participatory Photography Preparations for Participatory Ethnography Habitus and Metaphorical Photographs Analysis and Interpretation Content Analysis Discourse Analysis Ethnographic Analysis Issues in Interpretation Presentation of Research Using Photography as a Research Method Ethical Issues in Photography as a Method References Chapter 21: Arts-based research: merging social research and the creative arts An Overview of Arts-Based Research Pioneers in Art-Based Research Recent Advances in Arts-Based Research Strengths of Arts-Based Research A Holistic and Transdisciplinary Approach Evoke and Explore Metacognitive Experience Ethics/Social Justice Innovative Dissemination Practices Genres of Arts-Based Research with Exemplars Literary Genres Poetic Inquiry Fiction as Research Practice Performative Genres Playbuilding Ethnodrama and Ethnotheater Film Visual Genres Photovoice and Photography as Research Collage and Art Journaling Mixed Media and Multiple Art Forms Assessment and Evaluation: Development of Contested Criteria Question/Method Fit Aesthetic Power Usefulness Participatory and Transformative Artful Authenticity Canonical Generalization Conclusion and Future Directions Note References Chapter 22: Qualitative approaches in internet-mediated research: opportunities, issues, possibilities A Brief History of Qualitative Internet-Mediated Research Qualitative Internet-Mediated Research: State of the Art Interviews and Focus Groups Tools, Technologies, Procedures Design Issues and Strategies Depth and Reflexivity Data Integrity and Quality Levels of Rapport Anonymity, Disclosure, Social Desirability Sampling, Recruitment, Ethics Online Observation Tools, Technologies, Procedures Design Issues and Strategies Accessing Asynchronous Discussion Archives “Real-Time” Observation of Asynchronous Discussions Observation of Synchronous Discussions Observations Moving beyond Linguistic Interaction Sampling, Recruitment, Ethics Online Document Analysis Tools, Technologies, Procedures Design Issues and Strategies Sampling, Recruitment, Ethics Conclusion Future Directions Emerging Internet Technologies Shifting Patterns of Internet Usage Enduring Qualitative Internet-Mediated Research Methods Notes References Part V: MULTIMETHOD, MIXED METHODS, AND PARTICIPATORY DESIGNS Chapter 23: Case Study Research: In-Depth Understanding in Context Introduction The Beginnings Concepts and Purposes of Case Study Everyday Usage: Stories We Tell Individual Cases in the Professions Case Studies in Teaching Exemplars of Practice Case Scenarios Country Case Studies Case Study as History Case Study Research Not Defined by Method or Perspective Qualitative Case Study Research Characteristic Features and Advantages Possible Disadvantages Types of Case Study Designing Case Study Research Conceptualize the Topic What Constitutes the Case Unit of analysis Framing Questions and Issues Methodology and Methods Primary Qualitative Data Gathering Methods Interviewing Observations Document Analysis Creative Artistic Approaches Ethics Getting It All Together Analyzing and Interpreting Data Reporting Case Study Research Narrative Structure and Story Matching Forms of Reporting to Audience Styles of Reporting Generalization in Case Study Research Generalizing from the Single Case Particularization Conclusion and Future Directions Warrant for More Creative Methods in Case Study Research Re-presenting Findings to Engage Audiences in Learning Learning from a Study of the Singular Acknowledgments Note References Chapter 24: Program Evaluation The Evaluand: The Object of Evaluation Definition, Purposes, and Social Roles of Evaluation Definition Purposes The Social Roles of Evaluation How Evaluations Are Conducted Methods Unique to Evaluation Major Evaluation Models and Approaches Two Current, Widely Used Approaches The Major Features of Qualitative Methods in Evaluation Aspects of Evaluands That Are Evaluated Addressing Value in Evaluation How Evaluation Differs from Research Fundamental Issues in Evaluation Research on Evaluation The Expanding Evaluation Profession References Chapter 25: Community-based research: a grass roots and social justice orientation to inquiry Background Terminology—A Broad Brush with Lines Rationale Methodology and a Transdisciplinary Paradigm Principles of Community-Based Research Collaboration Case Study: A Community-Based Participatory Research Project in Catalhoyuk, Turkey Community Driven Power Sharing Case Study: Youth Empowerment at an Alternative High School Capacity Building Case Study: Photovoice Project with Women in Belfast Social Change and Social Justice Orientation Transformative Case Study: Exploring “Voice” and “Knowledge” with People Living in Poverty Innovative Skills and Practice of Community-Based Research Entering the Field Building Trust Questions for Consideration and Reflection Funding and Resources Going Forward—Questions, Reflection, and Praxis Research Ethics and Professional Boundaries Collaboration or Exploitation Professional Barriers Institutional Barriers Evaluation Conclusion References Chapter 26: Complex teams and qualitative research Background Positioning Team-Based Research within the History of Qualitative Research Strengths and Concerns Attending to Key Issues Take Advantage of the Inherent Strengths of Qualitative Research Identify, Select, and Use Digital Tools Data Storage Qualitative Data Organization and Analysis Bibliographic Management Communication Data Archiving Take Advantage of New Developments in Writing Arts-Based Research and Writing in Qualitative Research Forms of Creative Writing Observations and Visually Based Writing Creative Nonfiction Collaborative Writing Strategies and Tools Pay Attention to Social Justice Concerns Curricular Agenda The “Through Their Eyes” Project Points to Note Creating a Speedy Focus on the Research Question Mismatch with the Textbook Watching the Instructor Struggle Students Facing Unexpected Circumstances Intense Affect Range of Follow-up Products Conclusions to “Through Their Eyes” Conclusion and Significance Acknowledgments References Chapter 27: Qualitative Disaster Research Brief History of Qualitative Disaster Research Defining the Field of Disaster Research Research and the Phases of Disaster Response Preparedness Recovery Mitigation Resilience Theoretical Constructs for Qualitative Disaster Research A Naturalistic Paradigm Critical Strands Feminist Disaster Research Critical Race Theory Queer Theory Research Design for Qualitative Disaster Research Inductive and Deductive Design Sampling in Disaster Research Probability Sampling Nonprobability Sampling Ethical Issues in Disaster Research Issues in Data Collection and Analysis for Qualitative Disaster Research Data Collection Interviewing Observation Documents Visual Research Social Media Data Analytical Issues in Qualitative Disaster Research Trustworthiness and Credibility of Qualitative Disaster Research Writing Up Qualitative Disaster Research Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 28: Conducting mixed methods research: using dialectical pluralism and social psychological strategies Introduction What Is Dialectical Pluralism? Dialectical Pluralism Is a Philosophical Process Theory with Unique Ontological, Epistemological, Methodological, and Axiological Assumptions Delving into the Core Process Values of Dialectical Pluralism Dialectical Pluralism Is Dialectical Dialectical Pluralism Is Dialogical Dialectical Pluralism Is Hermeneutical Dialectical Pluralism Is Dynamic and Open Dialectical Pluralism Is Holistic Dialectical Pluralism Is Collaborative Dialectical Pluralism Is Facilitative and Positive Directed What Is the Difference between Dialectical Pluralism and Pragmatism? Applying Dialectical Pluralism Some Cautions and Preconditions to Successfully Apply Dialectical Pluralism Dialectical Pluralism as Intrapersonal Dialogue Dialectical Pluralism as Interpersonal Dialogue: Collaboration and Facilitation Dialectical Pluralism Interpersonal Perspective 1: Approaching Conflict as a Positive Dialectical Pluralism Interpersonal Perspective 2: Collaborative Creativity Dialectical Pluralism Interpersonal Perspective 3: Debriefing Toward a New Framework for Implementing Dialectical Pluralism Dialectical Pluralism Interpersonal Perspective 4: Dialogical Techniques/Methods Case Study of Dialectical Pluralism Implementation: Opportunities and Challenges Case Context: Pre-Grant Genesis Case Years 1 and 2: Use of Dialectical Pluralism Enabling Strategies Case Year 3: When Team Composition and Competencies Shift Future Dialectical Pluralism Research andApplications Future Dialectical Pluralism Research and Applications Notes References Part VI: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Chapter 29: Qualitative data analysis strategies Qualitative Data Analysis Strategies Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Foresee Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Survey Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Collect Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Feel Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Organize Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Jot Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Prioritize Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Analyze Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Pattern Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Code Process Coding Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Categorize Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Interrelate Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Reason Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Memo Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Code—A Different Way In Vivo Coding Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Outline Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Code—In Even More Ways Descriptive Coding Values Coding Dramaturgical Coding Versus Coding Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Theme Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Assert Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Display Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Narrate Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Poeticize Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Compute Qualitative Data Analysis Strategy: To Verify Closure References Chapter 30: Computer-assisted analysis of qualitative research Software Tools and Research Processes Data Collection and Transcription Epistemological Concerns Document and Bibliographic Management Data Analysis Recent Trends Support for Visual Analysis Support for Mixed Methods Approaches Online Qualitative Solutions and Semisynchronous Collaborative Analysis Functionality, Role, and Implication of CAQDAS Use Processes of Analysis and Methodological Underpinnings Data Storage and Access Exploration and Discovery: Marking, Annotating, and Searching Auditing Process and Tracking Analysis Coding, Categorizing, Conceptualizing Organizing Factual Features Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Data Autocoding of Structures and Content Interrogating the Data Set Quantitative Analyses and Representations Making Connections Reporting and Outputting Collaboration Using CAQDAS Packages Limitations and Constraints Underestimation of Time Involved Overreliance on Software Shortcut to Analysis Slave to the Computer Increasing Complexity and Proliferation of Tools The Potential for Confused Analytic Strategy Summary Notes References Resources Chapter 31: Interpretation in qualitative research: what, why, how What Is Interpretation, and Why Are Interpretive Strategies Important in Qualitative Research? How Do Methodology, Data, and the Researcher/Self Impact Interpretation in Qualitative Research? How Do Qualitative Researchers Engage in the Process of Interpretation? In What Ways Can a Framework for Interpretation Strategies Support Qualitative Researchers across Multiple Methodological and Paradigmatic Views? TRAVEL, a Comprehensive Approach to Qualitative Interpretation Conclusion References Part VII: REPRESENTATION AND EVALUATION Chapter 32: Writing up qualitative research Some General Principles Details on These General Principles High-Quality Data Sample Size Quality of the Analysis Grab Research Report Sections Prior Research and Theory Reflexivity Statements Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Definitions Methods Section Accounts of Methodologies Description of Sample Recruitment Data Collection and Analysis Data Analysis Generalizability Trustworthiness and Authenticity Findings Sections Core Concepts Discussion Sections Conclusion References Chapter 33: Transforming field notes to text References Chapter 34: Creative approaches to writing qualitative research Creative Approaches to Writing Qualitative Research Writing Goals and Considerations Creative Forms and Qualitative Writing How to Use Creative Writing to Frame Research (and Vice Versa) Writing Form and Structure Narrative Memoir and Personal Essay Poetry Experimental Forms 1. Mount Rainier 2. Pin the Solje on the Baby 3. The Wild Chickens of Bothell, Washington Audience, Voice, and Point of View 4. The New Jersey Turnpike Concluding Thoughts References Chapter 35: Scripting the Ethnodrama Verbatim Documentary Theater Developing a Research Question and Interview Protocol Data Collection and Transcription Coding the Data Creating the Script Drafting and Redrafting Rehearsing for Performance Sharing the Findings Notes References Chapter 36: Write–reach–repeat: The Role and Rise of Public Intellectualism in Qualitative Research (Public) Scholarship and (Public) Spheres of Influence Qualitative Research as Public Intellectualism Representation and Evaluation The Role of Subjectivity The Role of Accountability The Role of Representation Epistemological Privilege and the Role of Critical Autoethnography Conclusion: Why (Not) Now? References Chapter 37: Evaluating Qualitative Research 2.0 Evaluation of Qualitative Research: Five Categories A General Category for Evaluating Qualitative Research A Subtle-Realist Category An Art-Based Research Category Postcriteriology Category A Postvalidity Category Different Strategies for Evaluating Qualitative Research 2.0 Ten Commandments Research Standards and Descriptive/Prescriptive Rating Scales Evaluative Rubrics Criteria: By, for, and of the Readers, Participants, and Investigators Criteria for Art-Based Research and Performance Studies Evaluating Qualitative Research 2.0: Politics of Evidence for the 21st Century Evaluating Qualitative Research: Moving Forward in Contemporary Contexts Evaluation, Criteria, and Power Conclusion References Part VIII: CONCLUSION: POLITICS, PEDAGOGY, AND THE PUBLIC Chapter 38: The politics of research Proem The Politics of Research in the Neoliberal University Producing Knowledge Consuming Knowledge Politicizing Knowledge Confronting the Politics of Research Conclusion Acknowledgment Notes References Chapter 39: Superheroes and superpowers: contemplative, creative, and de/colonial approaches to teaching qualitative research The Big Ideas Superheroes and Superpowers: Conceptual Frameworks for Teaching Qualitative Research Insight Dr. Goggles Chameleon Surrealist Scripting the Big Ideas Big Ideas Script Concluding Thoughts Notes References Chapter 40: A Changing Terrain: Qualitative Research in the Age of Transdisciplinarity and Public Scholarship Transdisciplinarity Public Scholarship Teaching Final Words, for Today . . . Notes References Index