The Oxford Handbook of Political Executives (Oxford Handbooks)

Cover POLITICAL EXECUTIVES Copyrigt Dedication Preface Contents List of Contributors Chapter 1 The Political Executive Returns: re-empowerment and rediscovery 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Stepwise Weakening and Re-Empowerment: The Historical Evolution of Political Executives 1.3 From Re-Empowerment to Rediscovery: The Study of Political Executives 1.4 Political Executives and the Wider Executive Territory 1.5 The Handbook References PART I THEORIZING AND RESEARCHING POLITICAL EXECUTIVES Chapter 2 Historical Approaches to the study of political executives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Using History to Understand the Executive 2.3 Prevailing Historical Approaches to Studying the Executive 2.3.1 Historical Institutionalism 2.3.2 Political Development 2.3.3 Political History and Historical Patterns 2.4 Future Research Agenda 2.4.1 Reconciling with Political History 2.4.2 Reducing Idiosyncrasy 2.4.3 Internationalization References Chapter 3 New Institutional Approaches to the Study of Political Executives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 State of the Discipline: Agenda and Insights 3.2.1 Political Executives as Institutions and Organizations 3.2.2 Actors in Political Executives 3.2.3 Institutional-Organizational Effects 3.3 Challenges 3.3.1 Unruly Actors 3.3.2 Turbulence 3.3.3 What Kind of Power? 3.4 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Psychology and the Study of Political Executives 4.1 Evolution of a Psychologica lApproach to Political Leadership 4.2 Methods Used in Applying a Psychological Approach 4.2.1 Psychobiography 4.2.2 Assessment-at-a-Distance 4.2.3 Comparative Case Studies 4.2.4 Experiments 4.3 Current Research Areas 4.3.1 What Personal Characteristics Matter 4.3.2 Factors Affecting Behaviour in Groups 4.3.3 When Does Knowledge about Executives Matter? 4.4 Potential Future Research 4.4.1 Broadening the Focus 4.4.2 Effect of Social Media 4.4.3 Mapping Strategic Interactions 4.4.4 New Unit of Analysis 4.4.5 In Sum References Chapter 5 A Rational Choice Perspective on Political Executives 5.1 Importance, Main Questions, and Methods 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Historical Origins 5.1.3 Fundamental Assumptions 5.2 Executive Politics in Democratic Regimes: Parliamentary and Presidential Executives 5.2.1 The Problem of Credible Commitment 5.2.1.1 Parliamentary Responses to the Credible Commitment Problem 5.2.1.2 Presidential Responses to the Credible Commitment Problem 5.2.2 Problems of Delegation 5.2.2.1 Parliamentary Responses to the Delegation Problems 5.3 Future Developments References Chapter 6 Ethnographic Approaches to the study of political executives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 What is Ethnography? 6.2.1 Participant Observation 6.2.2 Interviewing 6.3 Why Does Ethnography Matter? 6.4 Who Does Ethnography? 6. 5 What Are the Limitsof Ethnography? 6.5.1 Representation 6.5.2 Generalization 6.5.3 Objectivity 6.5.4 Explanation 6.6 What is the Research Agenda? 6.6.1 Quantitative and Qualitative 6.6.2 Bricolage 6.6.3 The Network Analysis of Court Politics 6.7 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Feminist Approaches to the Study of Political Executives 7.1 Feminist Theory and the Study of Political Executives 7.2 Feminist Methodology and Approach in Executive Politics 7.3 Research Agenda: Gender, Feminism, and Executive Politics 7.4 Conclusion Acknowledgements References Chapter 8 Constructivist Approaches to the Study of Political Executives 8.1 The Constructivism Story 8.2 Constructivism and Political Executives 8.3 What Does the Future Hold? 8.3.1 The Construction of Truth 8.3.2 How Elites See Themselves 8.3.3 Citizen Constructions of Interests and Identities 8.4 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Ethical Approaches to the Study of Political Executives 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Research Themes 9.2.1 Defining the Problem 9.2.2 Moral Solutions 9.2.3 Ethical Solutions 9.2.4 Machiavelli without Machiavellism? 9.3 Main Research Avenues 9.3.1 Competing Norms: Responsibility and Accountability 9.3.2 Contrasting Executives 9.3.3 Recovering Classical Perspectives 9.4 Future Research Agenda 9.4.1 Baconian Methods 9.5 Conclusion References Chapter 10 Methodology and the Study of the Political Executive 10.1 Methodologies and the Study of the Political Executive 10.2 Studies of the Political Executive and Methodology 10.2.1 Primary and Secondary Material 10.2.2 Qualitative Methods 10.2.3 Quantitative Methods 10.3 Research Design, Research Methods, and the Future Study of the Political Executive References PART II COMPOSITION AND LIFE CYCLE OF POLITICAL EXECUTIVES Chapter 11 Presidential Pathways and Profiles 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Presidential Pathways: Candidates’ Selection and Nomination 11.2.1 Presidential Selectorates 11.2.2 Candidate-Centred Nominations 11.2.3 Party-Centred Nominations 11.3 Presidential Profiles: The Research Agenda 11.3.1 Partisan Background (Insiders, Adherents, Outsiders) 11.3.2 Previous Political Experience (from Newcomers to Incumbents) 11.3.3 Social Background or Personal Characteristics 11.4 The Future Research Agenda 11.4.1 Comparative Concerns and Data Collection 11.4.2 New Topics of Study 11.5 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Political Careers of Ministers and Prime Ministers 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Key Research Questions 12.3 Studies of Career Trajectories to Executive Office 12.3.1 Social and Occupational Background 12.3.2 Ambition and Professionalization 12.3.3 Selection 12.3.4 Opportunity Structures 12.4 Studies of Career Developments in and After Executive Office 12.4.1 Duration in Office 12.4.2 Post-Executive Careers 12.5 Studies of the Effects of Executive Careers 12.5.1 De-selection 12.5.2 Performance of Individual Ministers and Prime Ministers 12.6 Prospects for Future Research 12.7 Conclusion References Chapter 13 Women and Executive Politics 13.1 Motivating Paradigm: The Executive Branch as a Gendered Institution 13.1.1 Why Democracies Need Women in Executive Politics 13.2 Challenges to Studying Women and Executive Politics 13.2.1 Limited Observations and Randomization 13.2.2 Difficulty in Data Acquisition 13.3 Existing Scholarship on Women and Executive Politics 13.3.1 Accessing Executive Power 13.3.1.1 Culture and Development 13.3.1.2 Selection Rules and Norms 13.3.1.3 Political Opportunities 13.3.2 Executive Gender and Policy Effects 13.3.2.1 Female-Friendly Policies 13.3.2.2 Masculine Policies 13.3.3 Executive Gender and Audience Effects 13.4 Directions for Future Research 13.4.1 Rethinking and Broadening Pathways to Power Research 13.4.2 Rethinking and Broadening Policy Impact Research 13.4.3 Rethinking and Broadening Audience Effects Research 13.5 Conclusions References Chapter 14 Personalities and Beliefs of Political Executives 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Research Questions in the Field 14.3 Review of Existing Research 14.4 The Personalities and Beliefs of Political Executives: Looking Forward References Chapter 15 Government formation and termination 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Literature on Government Formation 15.2.1 Government Formation in Semi-Presidential Regimes 15.2.2 Government Formation in Presidential Democracies 15.3 The Literature on Government Survival and Termination 15.3.1 Government Survival and Termination in Semi-Presidential Regimes 15.3.2 Government Survival and Termination in Presidential Regimes 15.4 Future Research Agenda References Chapter 16 The Distribution of Ministerial Posts in ParliamentarySystems 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Basic Research Questions 16.2.1 Questions about the Allocation of Portfolios between Parties in Coalitions 16.2.2 Questions about Ministerial Selection and De-Selection 16.3 State of the Art 16.3.1 Research on ‘Quantitative’ Portfolio Allocation 16.3.2 Research on ‘Qualitative’ Portfolio Allocation 16.3.3 Research on the Selection of Ministers 16.3.4 Research on the De-Selection of Ministers and Cabinet Reshuffles 16.4 A Research Agenda 16.4.1 Connecting Quantity and Quality in Portfolio Allocation 16.4.2 Connecting Ministerial Selection and De-Selection 16.4.3 Connecting Portfolio Allocation and Ministerial Selection 16.5 Conclusions References Chapter 17 Post-Executive Activities 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Why Study Post-Executive Activities? 17.3 Research Findings 17.4 Research Approaches 17.4.1 From an Empiricist-Individualistic to Institutional Analysis 17.4.2 Post-Executive Activities and the Relationship between Different Political Layers 17.4.3 Presidents and Ministers in ‘Business’ 17.4.4 A Faster Passage from the Executive to the Market 17.5 Future Research Agenda 17.6 Conclusion References PART III DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN POLITICAL EXECUTIVES Chapter 18 ThePresidentialization of Political Executives 18.1 Introduction 18.2 What Do We Want to Know About Presidentialization? 18.3 What Do We Know About Presidentialization? 18.3.1 What Is Meant by the Term and How Should It Be Defined? 18.3.2 What Is the Difference, If Any, between Presidentialization and Cognate Concepts Such as Personalization and Prime Ministerialization? 18.3.3 Can There Be Presidentialization in Presidential and Semi-Presidential Countries? 18.3.4 Is the Presidentialization of the Premiership the Equivalent of ‘Prime Ministerial Government’? 18.3.5 What Are the Sources of Presidentialization? 18.3.6 To What Extent Has There Been a Presidentialization of Contemporary Polities? 18.3.7 What Are the Consequences of Presidentialization? 18.4 What Do We Need to Know About Presidentialization? 18.4.1 Understanding the Concept of Presidentialization 18.4.2 Applying the Concept of Presidentializat 18.4.3 Placing the Study of Presidentialization in Context References Chapter 19 Measuring Presidential and Prime Ministerial Power 19.1 Introduction 19.2 What Is Executive Power? 19.3 Measuring Executive Power 19.4 What Next for Executive Power? References Chapter 20 Presidents and Cabinets 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Thinking About President/Cabinet Relations 20.3 Studying President/Cabinet Relations 20.3.1 The Power of the President Over the Cabinet 20.3.2 Quantifying Variation in Presidential Power over the Cabinet 20.3.3 Describing the Power of the President Over the Cabinet 20.3.4 Explaining the Variation in the President’s Power over the Cabinet 20.3.5 President/Cabinet Conflict 20.4 Moving the Study of President/Cabinet Relations Forwards References Chapter 21 Inside theCoordination Paradigm: New perspectives on minority presidents and coalition management 21.1 Introduction 21.2 The Major Debates in Research 21.2.1 Revisiting Linz: The Early Third Wave 21.2.2 A World of Minority Presidents 21.2.3 Why Coalitional Presidentialism Matters 21.3 The Presidential Toolbox: The State of the Literature 21.4 A New Research Agenda for the Study of Coalitional Presidentialism 21.5 Conclusion: The Coordination Paradigm as ‘Grand Unification?’ References Chapter 22 Cabinet decision-making in parliamentary systems 22.1 Introduction: The Research Field 22.2 Concepts and Debates 22.2.1 Definitions of Cabinet Government and Research Questions 22.2.2 Prime Ministerial Government and Core Executive 22.3 Responses and Explanations 22.3.1 Forms of Cabinet Decision-Making and Conflict Management 22.3.2 Explanations of Cabinet Decision-Making and Conflict Management 22.4 Where Are We and Where Do We Go Now? 22.4.1 Conceptual, Theoretical, and Empirical Challenges 22.4.2 Proposals for a Research Agenda 22.5 Conclusion References Chapter 23 Parties and Executives in Parliamentary Systems: from party government to party governance 23.1 Origins: Political Parties, Executives, and Legitimacy 23.2 Overview: The Empirical Study of a Normative Question 23.2.1 ‘Responsible Party Government’ 23.2.1.1 Conditions and Requirements 23.2.1.2 Consequences 23.2.2 Inter-Party Dynamics and Government 23.2.2.1 Mechanisms for Conflict Resolution and Monitoring in Coalition Government 23.2.2.2 Consequences 23.2.3 Towards Party Governance 23.2.3.1 Unpacking Parties in Government as Unitary Actors 23.2.3.2 Multi-Level Governance 23.2.3.3 Reversing the Direction of Influence? 23.3 Agenda: Towards a Doctrine of Party Governance? Acknowledgement References Chapter 24 Leadership Styles of Political Executives 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Leadership Style: Key Questions 24.3 Leadership Style: What Have We Learned? 24.3.1 Agency vs. Structure 24.3.2 Context is Critical 24.3.3 Key Dimensions of Leadership Style: Concern for People or Production? 24.3.4 Key Dimensions of Leadership Style: Sensitivity to the Political Context 24.3.5 Integrating Insights on Leadership Style 24.4 An Agenda for Future Research References Chapter 25 Political Advisers in the Executive Branch 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Political Advisers: Major Issues and Research Questions 25.3 Contemporary Research Perspectives on Political Advisers 25.3.1 The Empirical: The Roles, Power and Influence of Political Advisers 25.3.2 The Relational: The Politics/Administration Interface 25.3.3 The Legal: The Control, Regulation and Accountability of Political Advisers 25.4 Future Research Agenda 25.5 Conclusion References PART IV DYNAMICS AND DEVELOPMENTS BETWEEN POLITICAL EXECUTIVES AND THE BROADER POLITICAL CONTEXT Chapter 26 Politicians and Bureaucrats in Executive Government 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Politicians and Bureaucrats in Executive Government: Major Research Topics and Theoretical Perspectives 26.2.1 The Recruitment and Replacement of Top Officials 26.2.2 The Organization and Power of Policy Bureaucracies 26.2.3 The Interaction of Political Executives and Policy Bureaucrats in Policy-making 26.2.4 Theoretical Perspectives on Political Executives and Bureaucrats 26.3 Politicians and Bureaucrats in Executive Government: Contemporary Research Perspectives 26.3.1 Comparative Perspectives on Political Control and Bureaucratic Power 26.3.2 Leadership Capacity and Political Control: The Growth, Function, and Effects of Ministerial Advisers 26.3.3 Governing Executive and Regulatory Agencies 26.4 A research Agenda for the Study of Political Executives and Policy Bureaucracies 26.4.1 The New ‘Stress Factors’ in Executive Politics 26.4.2 Politicization: Appointments, Replacements, Effects 26.5 Conclusion References Chapter 27 Executive-Legislative Relations in Democratic Regimes: managing the legislative process 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Controlling the Legislature or Trying to Negotiate Policy? 27.2.1 Managing Coalitions during the Legislative Process 27.2.2 Legislative Tools that Can Impact the Approval of Executive Bills, and How Much the Executive Likes the Final Product 27.2.3 Context and Political Variables that Can Change the Weight of the President Relative to the Congress 27.3 Ways to Move the Literature on Executive-Legislative Relations Forward References Chapter 28 Judicialization and the Political Executive 28.1 Introduction 28.2 The Research Terrain: Research Questions and Approaches 28.3 The State of the Literature 28.3.1 Judicial Independence and Influence 28.3.1.1 Exogenous Explanations 28.3.1.2 Endogenous Explanations 28.3.2 Judicialization and Judicial Activism 28.3.2.1 Judicialization from Below 28.3.2.2 Judicialization from Above 28.3.3 Judicial Appointments 28.4 Looking Ahead References Chapter 29 Political Executives and the Mediatization of Politics 29.1 Media Logic and Politics 29.2 Key Research Questions 29.2.1 How Does Media Portray Political Executives? 29.2.2 How Do Political Executives Adapt to the Media Logic? 29.3 Future Research Directions Acknowledgements References Chapter 30 Interest Groups and Lobbying in Political Executives 30.1 Introduction: What Is It that We Want to Know? 30.2 What Do We Already Know? 30.3 A Research Agenda for Interest Groups and Lobbying in Political Executives References Chapter 31 Public Opinion and Executive Approval 31.1 Why Does It Matter? 31.2 What Drives Executive Approval? 31.2.1 Outcomes 31.2.2 Processes 31.2.3 Rally Events and the Use of Force 31.2.4 The Cost of Ruling 31.3 Caveats and Complications 31.3.1 Asymmetry 31.3.2 Myopia 31.3.3 Heterogeneous Contexts 31.3.4 Heterogeneous Publics 31.4 Contributions for a Research Agenda References Chapter 32 Performance and Evaluation of Political Executives 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Key questions and findings 32.2.1 Individual and Collective Actors 32.2.2 Election Pledges and Performance-Focused Strategies of Political Executives 32.2.3 Performance, Popularity and Performance-Voting 32.2.4 The Rating and Ranking of Presidents and Prime Ministers 32.3 An Agenda for Future Research References PART V POLITICAL EXECUTIVES BEYOND THE DEMOCRATIC NATION-STATE Chapter 33 Executive Politics of Multi-Level Systems: The European Union 33.1 Introduction 33.2 The main research questions 33.3 The main findings—from an incomplete executive to an emergent european executive order 33.3.1 The EU Executive: Institutional Structure and Powers 33.3.2 European Union Executives: Performance and Interactions 33.3.3 Political Leadership 33.3.4 Democratic Legitimacy and Accountability 33.4 Conclusions and future research agenda References Chapter 34 Political Executives in Autocracies and Hybrid Regimes 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Executives in Authoritarian Regimes 34.2.1 Distinguishing Democratic versus Non-Democratic Executives 34.2.2 Variation across Non-Democratic Executives 34.3 Key Findings in the Study of Authoritarian Executives 34.3.1 Agency-Based Explanations of Regime Stability 34.3.2 Institutionalist Explanations of Regime Stability 34.3.3 Authoritarian Executives and Policy Decisions 34.4 New Avenues for Research References Chapter 35 Political Executives in Authoritarian Monarchies 35.1 Introduction 35.1.1 Subtypes of Authoritarian Monarchies 35.2 Challenges to Monarchy Research: Too Little, Too Old, Too Similar? 35.3 The Main Research Questions 35.4 Setting the Future Research Agenda References Chapter 36 Political Executives in Party-Based Dictatorships 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Basic Research Questions 36.2.1 Party-Based Dictatorships 36.2.2 Political Executive in Party-Based Dictatorships 36.2.3 Research Questions about the Political Executive 36.2.3.1 How Is the Executive Selected or Elected, and How Is It Deselected? 36.2.3.2 What Determines the Likelihood of Political Cooperation and Conflict between State and Party Institutions? 36.2.3.3 What Makes Collective Leadership Work? 36.3 The State of Research on the Executive in Party-Based Dictatorships 36.3.1 Selection of the Political Executive 36.3.2 Collective Leadership Stability and Breakdown 36.3.3 ‘Authoritarian Cohabitation’? What Determines Rivalry within the Political Executive? 36.3.4 Political Executive as a Bargaining Forum 36.3.5 How to Study Political Executive in Party-Based Dictatorship? 36.4 Open Issues and Research Agenda 36.4.1 Toward a Third-Generation Approach to the Study of Authoritarian Politics 36.4.2 Text Analytics and the Study of Politics within Dictatorships 36.4.3 Remaining Research Questions 36.5 Conclusions References Chapter 37 Political Executives in Military Regimes 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Key Research Questions and Dominant Paradigms 37.2.1 What Is a Military Regime? 37.2.2 Why Study Military Rule/Executives? 37.2.3 What Methods Have Been Used? 37.3 Contemporary Research 37.3.1 Civil Military Relations 37.3.2 Military Professionalism 37.3.3 Why Do Military Executives Seize Power? 37.3.4 Duration of Military Rule 37.3.5 How Do Military Executives Make Decisions? 37.3.6 Succession 37.3.7 Power Sharing and Consensus 37.3.8 Law-Making 37.3.9 Policy Choices 37.4 Future Research Agenda 37.4.1 Legacies of Military Rule 37.4.2 How Can New Methodological Innovations Help Us Answer These Questions? 37.5 Conclusion References Index of Names Subject Index "Political executives have been at the centre of public and scholarly attention long before the inception of modern political science. In the contemporary world, political executives have come to dominate the political stage in many democratic and autocratic regimes. The Oxford Handbook of Political Executives marks the definitive reference work in this field. Edited and written by a team of word-class scholars, it combines substantive stocktaking with setting new agendas for the next generation of political executive research."--Résumé de l'éditeur