The Oxford Handbook of Plato : Second Edition

The Oxford Handbook of Plato provides in-depth and up-to-date discussions of a variety of topics and dialogues in twenty-one articles. The result is a useful reference to the man many consider the most important philosophical thinker in history. Plato is the best known, and continues to be the most widely studied, of all the ancient Greek philosophers. Each article serves several functions at once: they survey the lay of the land; they express and develop the authors' own views; they situate those views within a range of alternatives. This book contains articles on metaphysics, epistemology, love, language, ethics, politics, art and education. Individual articles are devoted to each of the following dialogues: the Republic, the Parmenides, the Theaetetus, the Sophist, the Timaeus, and the Philebus. There are also articles on Plato and the dialogue form; on Plato in his time and place; on the history of the Platonic corpus; on Aristotle's criticism of Plato, and on Plato and Platonism. Cover......Page 1 The oxford handbook of PLATO: Second Edition......Page 4 Copyright......Page 5 Preface to the Second Edition......Page 6 Table of Contents......Page 8 Contributors......Page 12 1. Introduction......Page 18 2. Preliminaries......Page 20 3. Apology, Crito, Euthyphro......Page 21 4. Socratic ethics......Page 24 5. Meno......Page 28 7. Phaedo: forms......Page 31 8. Republic: ethics......Page 35 9. Republic: division of the soul......Page 38 10. Republic: city and soul......Page 39 11. Republic: knowledge and belief......Page 40 12. Republic: political theory......Page 42 13. Political theory......Page 44 14. Parmenides......Page 45 15. Theaetetus......Page 48 16. Sophist......Page 50 17. Philebus......Page 51 18. Aristotle’s criticism of Plato; Platonism......Page 52 Bibliography......Page 53 1. Socrates and the Fifth-Century Enlightenment......Page 58 2. Philosophy, Politics, and Athens......Page 62 3. Light from the West......Page 65 4. Critique of Rhetoric and Rivalry with Isocrates......Page 69 5. Parmenides, Heracliteanism, and the Theory of Forms......Page 73 6. The Academy and the Late Dialogues......Page 77 7. The Laws in its Time and Place......Page 79 Bibliography......Page 82 1. Contents of the Corpus......Page 86 2. The Order of the Dialogues......Page 88 3. Questions about the Order of the Dialogues......Page 92 4. Performance and Publication......Page 94 5. The Dialogues and Plato’s Philosophy......Page 97 6. The Early Editions of the Corpus......Page 99 7. Early Arrangements of the Corpus......Page 101 8. The Manuscripts......Page 103 Bibliography......Page 106 1. The Dialogue Form: A Prospectus......Page 110 2. A Different View: Pictures and Frames......Page 111 3. The Interlocutors......Page 113 4. Identification and Transparency......Page 114 6. Doctrines and Impasses......Page 116 7. Philosophical Fiction......Page 118 8. Question and Answer......Page 120 9. Conversation and Dialectic......Page 122 10. The Psychology of Dialectic......Page 124 11. Detachment......Page 126 12. Ethical Rationalism......Page 128 13. Representation and Reading the Dialogues......Page 129 14. Intertextuality......Page 131 Bibliography......Page 133 The Examined Life......Page 136 The Disavowal of Knowledge......Page 138 The Virtuous Life......Page 140 3. The Euthyphro......Page 141 Proposed Answers to “What Is Piety?”......Page 142 The Priority of Definition......Page 145 What Should Euthyphro Do?......Page 148 Crito’s Advice......Page 149 Socrates’ Examination of Previous Logoi......Page 150 The Speech of the Laws......Page 152 Bibliography......Page 155 1. Reading the Protagoras and the Gorgias as a Pair......Page 158 2. Rhetoric and Teaching Virtue......Page 161 3. Desire and the Good 1: The Denial of Akrasia in the Protagoras......Page 163 4. Desire and the Good 2: Socrates and Polus in the Gorgias......Page 167 5. Desire and the Good 3: Socrates and Callicles in the Gorgias......Page 172 6. Conclusions......Page 174 Bibliography......Page 175 1. Summary......Page 178 2. The Meno’s Characterization of Knowledge......Page 180 3. Meno’s Paradox......Page 185 4. Plato’s Response......Page 188 5. Knowledge and True Belief in the Final Part of the Meno......Page 192 Bibliography......Page 196 1. Synopsis......Page 200 1.1 Death and Philosophy (61b–69e)......Page 201 1.2 Three Arguments about the Soul (70a–84b)......Page 202 1.4 Socrates’ Counterarguments, Intellectual Autobiography, and Final Argument (92a–107b)......Page 204 2. The Soul: Separation......Page 206 3. Immortality and Recollection......Page 209 4. Philosophy......Page 216 Bibliography......Page 220 1. A Bird’s-Eye View......Page 224 2. The Defense of Justice......Page 228 2.1 The Psychological Defense......Page 230 2.2 The Metaphysical Defense......Page 231 3. Politics......Page 233 3.1 The Organic Theory......Page 234 3.2.1 The Basic Argument......Page 236 3.2.2 A Critique of Democratic Athens......Page 237 3.2.3 Democracy in Book VIII......Page 238 4. Philosophy in the Central Books......Page 239 4.1 The Definition of Philosophy......Page 240 4.2 The Difficulty of the Transition......Page 242 4.3 Pretenders to Philosophy......Page 243 Bibliography......Page 244 Afterword:......Page 245 1. Audience, Narrators, Dates......Page 248 2. Overview......Page 249 3. Socrates’ Ill-Assorted Barrage......Page 250 4. Socrates’ Decisive Objection......Page 252 5. Socrates’ Challenge and the Separateness of Forms......Page 253 6. Socrates and Parmenides on Sharing......Page 255 7. New Concession: One over Many......Page 256 8. Self-Predication......Page 257 9. A Missing Premise. Review of the Third Man Argument......Page 259 11. Parmenides’s Diagnosis of Socrates’ Mistake. The “Greatest” Difficulty......Page 260 13. Pre-exercise Review......Page 263 14. Parmenides’s Directions for Exercise......Page 264 16. The Look of the Exercise......Page 265 17. Meinwald’s Account......Page 267 18. The Third Man Argument Again......Page 268 19. Some Merits of Meinwald’s Account......Page 270 20. The Parmenides and a Theory of Forms......Page 271 21. Appendix: Uniqueness......Page 273 Bibliography......Page 274 Chapter 11: The Theaetetus......Page 278 1. Knowledge Is Perception (K1)......Page 281 2. Knowledge as True Judgment (K2)......Page 286 3. Knowledge as True Judgment with an Account (K3)......Page 290 4. Conclusion......Page 299 Bibliography......Page 301 1. Principled Knowledge......Page 304 2. Principles in the Timaeus......Page 307 3. The Standards of Cosmological Argument......Page 311 4. The Most Proper Principle of Coming-into-Being......Page 313 5. Necessity: Another Principle Takes the Stage......Page 318 6. Conclusion: Bringing the Two Principles Together......Page 321 Bibliography......Page 322 Chapter 13: The Sophist on Statements, Predication, and Falsehood......Page 326 1. Lead-in to the Middle Part and Synopsis......Page 327 2.1 The Late-Learners’ Problem: Summary and Rival Diagnoses......Page 329 2.2.1 The “Communion of Kinds” (255e–256e): Plato’s “Four Quartets”......Page 332 2.2.4 The Optimists’ View: Distinguishing Meanings or Uses of Esti......Page 334 2.3.1 Solution 1......Page 335 2.4 Alternative Interpretations: Frede and Crivelli......Page 337 2.5 Two Remaining Questions......Page 341 3.1 The Account of What a Statement Is......Page 342 3.2 The Account of True and False Statements......Page 344 3.3 How to Understand “Different” in the Formulae for Falsehood? Three Readings......Page 345 3.5 Which Feature of the Account of Falsity Is More Important?......Page 349 Bibliography......Page 352 Chapter 14: The Philebus......Page 354 1. Characters and Setting......Page 355 2. The Course of the Discussion......Page 357 3. Metaphysics and Methodology......Page 362 4. Some Thoughts on Dialectic......Page 365 5. Pleasure......Page 367 6. The Cluster of Socrates......Page 371 7. Sketch of a Finale......Page 373 Bibliography......Page 374 Chapter 15: Plato’s Laws......Page 376 1. The Right Way to Legislate......Page 377 2. The Hierarchy of Goods......Page 379 3. Courage......Page 382 4. Moderation......Page 384 5. Why Rank Courage as a Divine Good?......Page 388 6. Justice as the Entirety of Virtue......Page 391 7. The Hierarchy of Goods Revisited......Page 392 8. Aristotle’s Debt to the Laws......Page 393 Bibliography......Page 394 Chapter 16: The Epistemology and Metaphysics of Socrates......Page 396 1. Socratic Ignorance......Page 397 2. Complete Ignorance?......Page 398 3. Examples......Page 400 4. Senses of “Know”......Page 401 5. Limited Knowledge......Page 403 6. The Priority of Definitional Knowledge......Page 404 7. The Elenchus......Page 405 8. The Problem of the Elenchus......Page 406 9. Responding to the Problem of the Elenchus......Page 407 10. Rejecting the Problem of the Elenchus Altogether......Page 408 11. Testing Beliefs for Consistency......Page 409 12. Rejecting the Priority of Definitional Knowledge......Page 410 13. An Aporetic Reading......Page 411 14. The Meno Response to the Problem of the Elenchus......Page 413 15. Metaphysics......Page 414 16. Soul-Body Dualism......Page 416 Bibliography......Page 417 1. Socrates and Plato......Page 420 2. Socrates and the Sophists......Page 422 3. Socrates’ Denial of Akrasia......Page 426 4. Desire and the Good......Page 432 5. Wisdom, Virtue, and Happiness......Page 436 6. Socrates and Plato Revisited......Page 442 Bibliography......Page 444 Chapter 18: Plato’s Epistemology......Page 446 1. Meno......Page 449 2. Phaedo......Page 455 3. Republic......Page 457 4. Theaetetus......Page 463 5. Conclusion......Page 468 Bibliography......Page 470 1. Identifying Our Topic......Page 472 2. Is There a Theory of Forms? And Does That Theory Develop over the Course of Plato’s Writings?......Page 474 3. The Language of Forms......Page 476 4. What Forms Are There?......Page 477 5. How, In General, Are Forms Characterized?......Page 482 6. Where Are Forms?......Page 487 7. What, Metaphysically Speaking, Are Forms? and What, For That Matter, Are “Particulars,” The Perceptible Counterpartsto Forms?......Page 489 Bibliography......Page 495 1.1 The Linguistic Dimension of the Theory of Forms......Page 498 2. Names in the Cratylus......Page 502 3. Semantics and Ontology in the Sophist......Page 509 4. Conclusion......Page 520 Bibliography......Page 521 1. Protagoras......Page 524 2. Gorgias......Page 527 3. Phaedo and the Immortality of the Soul......Page 531 4. Republic......Page 534 4.1 The Principle of Opposites......Page 535 4.2 The Examples of Conflict......Page 538 4.3 Comments on the Argument......Page 540 5. Desire and the Good......Page 544 Bibliography......Page 545 Chapter 22: Plato’s Ethics......Page 548 Bibliography......Page 565 1. Eros and Philia......Page 568 2. Eros and Desire......Page 570 3. Birth in Beauty......Page 571 4. Self and Others......Page 574 5. Aristophanes and Diotima......Page 576 6. The Ascent to Beauty......Page 577 7. Equal Relationships: Diotima Transformed......Page 581 8. The Love of Individuals......Page 582 9. Bad Eros......Page 584 10. Seduction in the Phaedrus, Homosexual Intercourse in the Laws......Page 587 11. Final Thoughts......Page 589 Bibliography......Page 591 1. Introduction......Page 592 2. The “Socratic” Plato......Page 593 2.1 Coercion......Page 597 2.2 Benefit......Page 600 2.3 Stability......Page 601 2.4 Perfection......Page 602 3.1 The Phaedo......Page 603 3.2 Coercion and Benefit......Page 604 3.4 Perfection......Page 605 3.5 The Republic......Page 606 3.6 Coercion and Benefit......Page 607 3.7 Stability......Page 610 4.1 The Statesman......Page 611 4.2 The Laws......Page 613 4.5 Perfection......Page 617 Bibliography......Page 618 Chapter 25: Plato on Education and Art......Page 622 1.1 The Teachers......Page 623 1.2 The Students......Page 629 2. Ideal Education......Page 631 2.1 Musical Education......Page 633 2.2 Mathematical and Dialectical Education......Page 637 3. Educational Innovations in the Laws?......Page 639 Bibliography......Page 642 1. Educational Theology......Page 644 2. The Shape of God......Page 645 3. Other Divine Attributes......Page 647 4. Traditional Gods......Page 648 5. The Laws......Page 651 5.1 Kinds of Motion (893b–894c)......Page 652 5.2 The Equation of Self-Motion with Soul (895c–896c)......Page 653 5.5 Cosmic Soul Is God (898c–899c)......Page 654 6.1 Bad Cosmic Soul......Page 655 6.2 Bad Human Soul......Page 657 6.3 Matter......Page 658 7. Conspectus......Page 659 Bibliography......Page 660 1. Aristotle as a Source of Data Regarding Plato’s Philosophy......Page 662 2. Aristotle’s Criticisms of Platonic Forms......Page 665 3. Aristotle’s Complaints in Metaphysics M 9......Page 669 4. The Source of Aristotle’s Complaint: Two Questionable Contentions......Page 672 5. A Noncategorial Approach: Forms as Archai......Page 678 6. Conclusions......Page 681 Bibliography......Page 682 1. Introduction......Page 686 2. The Origins and Evolution of Historical Platonism......Page 690 3. Epistemological Foundations......Page 702 Bibliography......Page 709 Texts and Translations......Page 714 Background and Context......Page 717 General Books......Page 718 The Early Dialogues: Epistemology, Metaphysics, and Method......Page 720 The Early Dialogues: Ethics, Politics, Religion and The Soul......Page 721 Meno......Page 723 Phaedo and the Theory of Forms......Page 724 Republic: General......Page 726 Republic: Metaphysics and Epistemology......Page 727 Republic: Ethics, Psychology, and Religion......Page 728 Republic: Politics and the Ideally Just State......Page 729 Symposium, Phaedrus, and Platonic Love......Page 730 Parmenides......Page 731 Theaetetus......Page 732 Timaeus......Page 734 Sophist......Page 736 Statesman......Page 737 Philebus......Page 738 Laws......Page 739 Later Platonism......Page 740 Index Locorum......Page 744 Index Nominum......Page 773 General Index......Page 781 Cover 1 The oxford handbook of PLATO: Second Edition 4 Copyright 5 Preface to the Second Edition 6 Table of Contents 8 Contributors 12 Chapter 1: Introduction 18 1. Introduction 18 2. Preliminaries 20 3. Apology, Crito, Euthyphro 21 4. Socratic ethics 24 5. Meno 28 6. Phaedo: soul 31 7. Phaedo: forms 31 8. Republic: ethics 35 9. Republic: division of the soul 38 10. Republic: city and soul 39 11. Republic: knowledge and belief 40 12. Republic: political theory 42 13. Political theory 44 14. Parmenides 45 15. Theaetetus 48 16. Sophist 50 17. Philebus 51 18. Aristotle’s criticism of Plato; Platonism 52 Bibliography 53 Chapter 2: Plato in his Time and Place 58 1. Socrates and the Fifth-Century Enlightenment 58 2. Philosophy, Politics, and Athens 62 3. Light from the West 65 4. Critique of Rhetoric and Rivalry with Isocrates 69 5. Parmenides, Heracliteanism, and the Theory of Forms 73 6. The Academy and the Late Dialogues 77 7. The Laws in its Time and Place 79 Bibliography 82 Chapter 3: The Platonic Corpus 86 1. Contents of the Corpus 86 2. The Order of the Dialogues 88 3. Questions about the Order of the Dialogues 92 4. Performance and Publication 94 5. The Dialogues and Plato’s Philosophy 97 6. The Early Editions of the Corpus 99 7. Early Arrangements of the Corpus 101 8. The Manuscripts 103 Bibliography 106 Chapter 4: Plato’s Ways Of Writing 110 1. The Dialogue Form: A Prospectus 110 2. A Different View: Pictures and Frames 111 3. The Interlocutors 113 4. Identification and Transparency 114 5. The Trouble with Imitation 116 6. Doctrines and Impasses 116 7. Philosophical Fiction 118 8. Question and Answer 120 9. Conversation and Dialectic 122 10. The Psychology of Dialectic 124 11. Detachment 126 12. Ethical Rationalism 128 13. Representation and Reading the Dialogues 129 14. Intertextuality 131 Bibliography 133 Chapter 5: Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito: The Examined and Virtuous Life 136 1. Introduction 136 2. The Apology 136 The Examined Life 136 The Disavowal of Knowledge 138 The Virtuous Life 140 3. The Euthyphro 141 Proposed Answers to “What Is Piety?” 142 The Priority of Definition 145 What Should Euthyphro Do? 148 4. The Crito 149 Crito’s Advice 149 Socrates’ Examination of Previous Logoi 150 The Speech of the Laws 152 5. Conclusion 155 Bibliography 155 Chapter 6: The Protagoras And Gorgias 158 1. Reading the Protagoras and the Gorgias as a Pair 158 2. Rhetoric and Teaching Virtue 161 3. Desire and the Good 1: The Denial of Akrasia in the Protagoras 163 4. Desire and the Good 2: Socrates and Polus in the Gorgias 167 5. Desire and the Good 3: Socrates and Callicles in the Gorgias 172 6. Conclusions 174 Bibliography 175 Chapter 7: The Meno 178 1. Summary 178 2. The Meno’s Characterization of Knowledge 180 3. Meno’s Paradox 185 4. Plato’s Response 188 5. Knowledge and True Belief in the Final Part of the Meno 192 Bibliography 196 Chapter 8: The Phaedo on Philosophy and the Soul 200 1. Synopsis 200 1.1 Death and Philosophy (61b–69e) 201 1.2 Three Arguments about the Soul (70a–84b) 202 1.3 Reflections upon, and Objections to, Socrates’ Arguments (84c–91e) 204 1.4 Socrates’ Counterarguments, Intellectual Autobiography, and Final Argument (92a–107b) 204 1.5 The Eschatological Myth and Socrates’ Death (107c–118a) 206 2. The Soul: Separation 206 3. Immortality and Recollection 209 4. Philosophy 216 Bibliography 220 Chapter 9: The Republic 224 1. A Bird’s-Eye View 224 2. The Defense of Justice 228 2.1 The Psychological Defense 230 2.2 The Metaphysical Defense 231 3. Politics 233 3.1 The Organic Theory 234 3.2 The Critique of Democracy 236 3.2.1 The Basic Argument 236 3.2.2 A Critique of Democratic Athens 237 3.2.3 Democracy in Book VIII 238 4. Philosophy in the Central Books 239 4.1 The Definition of Philosophy 240 4.2 The Difficulty of the Transition 242 4.3 Pretenders to Philosophy 243 Bibliography 244 Afterword: 245 Chapter 10: Plato’s Parmenides: A Reconsideration of Forms 248 1. Audience, Narrators, Dates 248 2. Overview 249 3. Socrates’ Ill-Assorted Barrage 250 4. Socrates’ Decisive Objection 252 5. Socrates’ Challenge and the Separateness of Forms 253 6. Socrates and Parmenides on Sharing 255 7. New Concession: One over Many 256 8. Self-Predication 257 9. A Missing Premise. Review of the Third Man Argument 259 10. Possible Responses to the Third Man Argument 260 11. Parmenides’s Diagnosis of Socrates’ Mistake. The “Greatest” Difficulty 260 12. Possible Benefits from the Exercise 263 13. Pre-exercise Review 263 14. Parmenides’s Directions for Exercise 264 15. The Hypothesized Item of Parmenides’s Sample 265 16. The Look of the Exercise 265 17. Meinwald’s Account 267 18. The Third Man Argument Again 268 19. Some Merits of Meinwald’s Account 270 20. The Parmenides and a Theory of Forms 271 21. Appendix: Uniqueness 273 Bibliography 274 Chapter 11: The Theaetetus 278 1. Knowledge Is Perception (K1) 281 2. Knowledge as True Judgment (K2) 286 3. Knowledge as True Judgment with an Account (K3) 290 4. Conclusion 299 Bibliography 301 Chapter 12: The Timaeus on the Principles of Cosmology 304 1. Principled Knowledge 304 2. Principles in the Timaeus 307 3. The Standards of Cosmological Argument 311 4. The Most Proper Principle of Coming-into-Being 313 5. Necessity: Another Principle Takes the Stage 318 6. Conclusion: Bringing the Two Principles Together 321 Bibliography 322 Chapter 13: The Sophist on Statements, Predication, and Falsehood 326 1. Lead-in to the Middle Part and Synopsis 327 2. The Late-Learners’ Problem and Its Solution in the Demonstration of Communion of Kinds 329 2.1 The Late-Learners’ Problem: Summary and Rival Diagnoses 329 2.2 The “Communion of Kinds” as Offering the Solution to the Late-Learners Problem 332 2.2.1 The “Communion of Kinds” (255e–256e): Plato’s “Four Quartets” 332 2.2.2 Common Ground to All Interpretations 334 2.2.3 Accepted by Most but Not All (Frede and Crivelli Dissent) 334 2.2.4 The Optimists’ View: Distinguishing Meanings or Uses of Esti 334 2.3 Plato’s Solution: What Ambiguity Is He Pointing Out? 335 2.3.1 Solution 1 335 2.3.2 Objection to My Proposal and Reply 337 2.3.3 Solution 2: More Modest 337 2.4 Alternative Interpretations: Frede and Crivelli 337 2.5 Two Remaining Questions 341 3. The Account of False Statement 342 3.1 The Account of What a Statement Is 342 3.2 The Account of True and False Statements 344 3.3 How to Understand “Different” in the Formulae for Falsehood? Three Readings 345 3.4 Objection to Reading 3, and Reply 349 3.5 Which Feature of the Account of Falsity Is More Important? 349 Bibliography 352 Chapter 14: The Philebus 354 1. Characters and Setting 355 2. The Course of the Discussion 357 3. Metaphysics and Methodology 362 4. Some Thoughts on Dialectic 365 5. Pleasure 367 6. The Cluster of Socrates 371 7. Sketch of a Finale 373 Bibliography 374 Chapter 15: Plato’s Laws 376 1. The Right Way to Legislate 377 2. The Hierarchy of Goods 379 3. Courage 382 4. Moderation 384 5. Why Rank Courage as a Divine Good? 388 6. Justice as the Entirety of Virtue 391 7. The Hierarchy of Goods Revisited 392 8. Aristotle’s Debt to the Laws 393 Bibliography 394 Chapter 16: The Epistemology and Metaphysics of Socrates 396 1. Socratic Ignorance 397 2. Complete Ignorance? 398 3. Examples 400 4. Senses of “Know” 401 5. Limited Knowledge 403 6. The Priority of Definitional Knowledge 404 7. The Elenchus 405 8. The Problem of the Elenchus 406 9. Responding to the Problem of the Elenchus 407 10. Rejecting the Problem of the Elenchus Altogether 408 11. Testing Beliefs for Consistency 409 12. Rejecting the Priority of Definitional Knowledge 410 13. An Aporetic Reading 411 14. The Meno Response to the Problem of the Elenchus 413 15. Metaphysics 414 16. Soul-Body Dualism 416 Bibliography 417 Chapter 17: Socratic Ethics and Moral Psychology 420 1. Socrates and Plato 420 2. Socrates and the Sophists 422 3. Socrates’ Denial of Akrasia 426 4. Desire and the Good 432 5. Wisdom, Virtue, and Happiness 436 6. Socrates and Plato Revisited 442 Bibliography 444 Chapter 18: Plato’s Epistemology 446 1. Meno 449 2. Phaedo 455 3. Republic 457 4. Theaetetus 463 5. Conclusion 468 Bibliography 470 Chapter 19: Plato’s Metaphysics 472 1. Identifying Our Topic 472 2. Is There a Theory of Forms? And Does That Theory Develop over the Course of Plato’s Writings? 474 3. The Language of Forms 476 4. What Forms Are There? 477 5. How, In General, Are Forms Characterized? 482 6. Where Are Forms? 487 7. What, Metaphysically Speaking, Are Forms? and What, For That Matter, Are “Particulars,” The Perceptible Counterpartsto Forms? 489 Bibliography 495 Chapter 20: Plato’s Philosophy of Language 498 1. Introduction 498 1.1 The Linguistic Dimension of the Theory of Forms 498 2. Names in the Cratylus 502 3. Semantics and Ontology in the Sophist 509 4. Conclusion 520 Bibliography 521 Chapter 21: Plato on the Soul 524 1. Protagoras 524 2. Gorgias 527 3. Phaedo and the Immortality of the Soul 531 4. Republic 534 4.1 The Principle of Opposites 535 4.2 The Examples of Conflict 538 4.3 Comments on the Argument 540 5. Desire and the Good 544 Bibliography 545 Chapter 22: Plato’s Ethics 548 Bibliography 565 Chapter 23: Plato On Love 568 1. Eros and Philia 568 2. Eros and Desire 570 3. Birth in Beauty 571 4. Self and Others 574 5. Aristophanes and Diotima 576 6. The Ascent to Beauty 577 7. Equal Relationships: Diotima Transformed 581 8. The Love of Individuals 582 9. Bad Eros 584 10. Seduction in the Phaedrus, Homosexual Intercourse in the Laws 587 11. Final Thoughts 589 Bibliography 591 Chapter 24: Plato’s Politics 592 1. Introduction 592 2. The “Socratic” Plato 593 2.1 Coercion 597 2.2 Benefit 600 2.3 Stability 601 2.4 Perfection 602 3. The Middle Dialogues 603 3.1 The Phaedo 603 3.2 Coercion and Benefit 604 3.3 Stability 605 3.4 Perfection 605 3.5 The Republic 606 3.6 Coercion and Benefit 607 3.7 Stability 610 3.8 Perfection 611 4. The Late Dialogues 611 4.1 The Statesman 611 4.2 The Laws 613 4.3 Coercion and Benefit 617 4.4 Stability 617 4.5 Perfection 617 5. Conclusion 618 Bibliography 618 Chapter 25: Plato on Education and Art 622 1. Socrates and the Rival Educators 623 1.1 The Teachers 623 1.2 The Students 629 2. Ideal Education 631 2.1 Musical Education 633 2.2 Mathematical and Dialectical Education 637 3. Educational Innovations in the Laws? 639 Bibliography 642 Chapter 26: Plato’s Theology 644 1. Educational Theology 644 2. The Shape of God 645 3. Other Divine Attributes 647 4. Traditional Gods 648 5. The Laws 651 5.1 Kinds of Motion (893b–894c) 652 5.2 The Equation of Self-Motion with Soul (895c–896c) 653 5.3 Soul as Cause of Both Good and Bad (896c–897b) 654 5.4 The Goodness of Cosmic Soul (897b–898c) 654 5.5 Cosmic Soul Is God (898c–899c) 654 6. The Sources of Evil 655 6.1 Bad Cosmic Soul 655 6.2 Bad Human Soul 657 6.3 Matter 658 7. Conspectus 659 Bibliography 660 Chapter 27: Plato and Aristotle in the Academy 662 1. Aristotle as a Source of Data Regarding Plato’s Philosophy 662 2. Aristotle’s Criticisms of Platonic Forms 665 3. Aristotle’s Complaints in Metaphysics M 9 669 4. The Source of Aristotle’s Complaint: Two Questionable Contentions 672 5. A Noncategorial Approach: Forms as Archai 678 6. Conclusions 681 Bibliography 682 Chapter 28: Plato and Platonism 686 1. Introduction 686 2. The Origins and Evolution of Historical Platonism 690 3. Epistemological Foundations 702 Bibliography 709 Bibliography 714 Abbreviations 714 Texts and Translations 714 Background and Context 717 General Books 718 The Early Dialogues: General 720 The Early Dialogues: Epistemology, Metaphysics, and Method 720 The Early Dialogues: Ethics, Politics, Religion and The Soul 721 Meno 723 Cratylus 724 Phaedo and the Theory of Forms 724 Republic: General 726 Republic: Metaphysics and Epistemology 727 Republic: Ethics, Psychology, and Religion 728 Republic: Politics and the Ideally Just State 729 Symposium, Phaedrus, and Platonic Love 730 Parmenides 731 Theaetetus 732 Timaeus 734 Sophist 736 Statesman 737 Philebus 738 Laws 739 Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato 740 Later Platonism 740 Index Locorum 744 Index Nominum 773 General Index 781 "Plato is the best known, and continues to be the most widely studied, of all the ancient Greek philosophers. The updated and original essays in the second edition of the Oxford Handbook of Plato provide in-depth discussions of a variety of topics and dialogues, all serving several functions at once: they survey the current academic landscape; express and develop the authors' own views; and situate those views within a range of alternatives. The result is a useful state-of-the-art reference to the man many consider the most important philosophical thinker in history. This second edition of the Oxford Handbook of Plato differs in two main ways from the first edition. First, six leading scholars of ancient philosophy have contributed entirely new chapters: Hugh Benson on the Apology, Crito, and Euthyphro; James Warren on the Protagoras and Gorgias; Lindsay Judson on the Meno; Luca Castagnoli on the Phaedo; Susan Sauvé Meyer on the Laws; and David Sedley on Plato's theology. This new edition therefore covers both dialogues and topics in more depth than the first edition did. Secondly, most of the original chapters have been revised and updated, some in small, others in large, ways." --From publisher's description Plato is the best known, and continues to be the most widely studied, of all the ancient Greek philosophers. The updated and original essays in the second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Plato provide in-depth discussions of a variety of topics and dialogues, all serving several functions at once: they survey the current academic landscape; express and develop the authors' own views; and situate those views within a range of alternatives. The result is a useful state-of-the-art reference to the person many consider the most important philosophical thinker in history. This second edition of he Oxford Handbook of Plato differs in two main ways from the first edition. First, six leading scholars of ancient philosophy have contributed entirely new chapters: Hugh Benson on the Apology, Crito, and Euthyphro; James Warren on the Protagoras and Gorgias; Lindsay Judson on the Meno; Luca Castagnoli on the Phaedo; Susan Sauv? Meyer on the Laws; and David Sedley on Plato's theology. This new edition therefore covers both dialogues and topics in more depth than the first edition did. Secondly, most of the original chapters have been revised and updated, some in small, others in large, ways. Plato is the best known, and continues to be the most widely studied, of all the ancient Greek philosophers. The updated and original essays in the second edition of The Oxford Handbook of Plato provide in-depth discussions of a variety of topics and dialogues, all serving several functions at once: they survey the current academic landscape; express and develop the authors'own views; and situate those views within a range of alternatives. The result is a useful state-of-the-art reference to the person many consider the most important philosophical thinker in history. This second edition of he Oxford Handbook of Plato differs in two main ways from the first edition. First, six leading scholars of ancient philosophy have contributed entirely new chapters: Hugh Benson on the Apology, Crito, and Euthyphro; James Warren on the Protagoras and Gorgias; Lindsay Judson on the Meno; Luca Castagnoli on the Phaedo; Susan Sauvé Meyer on the Laws; and David Sedley on Plato's theology. This new edition therefore covers both dialogues and topics in more depth than the first edition did. Secondly, most of the original chapters have been revised and updated, some in small, others in large, ways. Plato Is The Best Known, And Continues To Be The Most Widely Studied, Of All The Ancient Greek Philosophers. The Twenty-one Commissioned Articles In The Oxford Handbook Of Plato Provide In-depth And Up-to-date Discussions Of A Variety Of Topics And Dialogues. The Result Is A Useful State-of-the-art Reference To The Man Many Consider The Most Important Philosophical Thinker In History. Each Article Is An Original Contribution From A Leading Scholar, And They All Serve Several Functions At Once: They Survey The Lay Of The Land; Express And Develop The Authors' Own Views; And Situate Those Views Within A Range Of Alternatives. This Handbook Contains Chapters On Metaphysics, Epistemology, Love, Language, Ethics, Politics, Art And Education. Individual Chapters Are Devoted To Each Of The Following Dialogues: The Republic, Parmenides, Theaetetus, Sophist, Timaeus, And Philebus. There Are Also Chapters On Plato And The Dialogue Form; On Plato In His Time And Place; On The History Of The Platonic Corpus; On Aristotle's Criticism Of Plato, And On Plato And Platonism. This volume consists of 28 specially commissioned essays. It begins with a synoptic introduction. There are then 3 chapters setting the scene (one on Plato in his place and time, one on the Platonic corpus, and one on Plato and his ways of writing). There are then 11 chapters that are devoted to individual dialogues, ranging from his earliest through his latest. The dialogues discussed include Apology, Crito, and Euthyphro: Protagoras and Gorgias; Meno; Phaedo; Republic; Parmenides; Theaetetus; Timaeus; Sophist; Philebus; and Laws. The next 11 chapters focus on topics across a range of dialogues. These chapters include discussion of Socrates’s epistemology and metaphysics, and of his ethics and moral psychology; of Plato’s epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophy of language; and of Plato on the soul, on ethics, on love, on politics, on education and art, and on theology. The volume closes with a chapter on Aristotle’s criticism of Plato, and one on Plato and Platonism. This second edition of the Oxford Handbook of Plato differs in two main ways from the first edition. First, six leading scholars of ancient philosophy have contributed entirely new chapters: Hugh Benson on the Apology, Crito, and Euthyphro; James Warren on the Protagoras and Gorgias; Lindsay Judson on the Meno; Luca Castagnoli on the Phaedo; Susan Sauv Ì#x8C;Meyer on the Laws; and David Sedley on Plato's theology. This new edition therefore covers both dialogues and topics in more depth than the first edition did. Secondly, most of the original chapters have been revised and updated, some in small, others in large, ways.