The Oxford Handbook of Peaceful Change in International Relations (OXFORD HANDBOOKS SERIES)

"Abstract: With the rapid rise of China and the relative decline of the United States, the topic of power transition conflicts is back in popular and scholarly attention. The discipline of International Relations offers much on why violent power transition conflicts occur, yet very few substantive treatments exist on why and how peaceful changes happen in world politics. This Handbook is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject of peaceful change in International Relations. It contains some 41 chapters, all written by scholars from different theoretical and conceptual backgrounds examining the multi-faceted dimensions of this subject. In the first part, key conceptual and definitional clarifications are offered and in the second part, papers address the historical origins of peaceful change as an International Relations subject matter during the Inter-War, Cold War, and Post-Cold War eras. In the third part, each of the IR theoretical traditions and paradigms in particular Realism, liberalism, constructivism and critical perspectives and their distinct views on peaceful change are analyzed. In the fourth part papers tackle the key material, ideational and social sources of change. In the fifth part, the papers explore selected great and middle powers and their foreign policy contributions to peaceful change, realizing that many of these states have violent past or tend not to pursue peaceful policies consistently. In part six, the contributors evaluate the peaceful change that occurred in the world's key regions. In the final part, the editors address prospective research agenda and trajectories on this important subject matter. Keywords: Peaceful Change; War; Security; International Relations Theory; Sources of Change; Systemic Theory; Realism; Liberalism; Constructivism; Critical Theories"-- Provided by publisher Cover The Oxford Handbook of PEACEFUL CHANGE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Copyright Contents About the Editors Contributors Acknowledgments Part I: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: The Study of Peaceful Change in World Politics Defining Peaceful Change The Study of Peaceful Change in Historical Perspective The Interwar Period Debate The Cold War Era Efforts The Post–Cold War Era Theoretical Perspectives and Their Challenges Perspectives beyond Paradigms Incremental versus Revolutionary: Macro versus Micro, Episodic versus Deep Change Great Powers, Rising Powers, and Peaceful Change Peaceful Change in the Regions The Chapters Notes References Part II: HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES Chapter 2: Peaceful Change: The Interwar Era and the Disciplinary Context The Institutional Context: The League and Its Commissions Preparing for Paris: Introducing Peaceful Change Discussing Peaceful Change I: Tensions in the Discourse Discussing Peaceful Change II: Assumptions of Scholarship and Science Methodological Assumptions Ontological Assumptions Epistemological Assumptions Conclusions Notes References Chapter 3: Peaceful Change after the World Wars Geopolitical and Technological Developments: From Peaceful Change to Peaceful Coexistence Peaceful Change and the Postwar Politics of Appeasement and Containment From Colonial to Anticolonial Peaceful Change Disciplinary and Institutional Changes: International Politics and Law Intellectual Developments: A Swing from Idealist to Realist Peaceful Change? Peaceful Change in Functionalist and Neofunctionalist IR Conclusion References Chapter 4: Peaceful Change: The Post–Cold War Evolution Unipolarity and Peaceful Change US Liberal Hegemony and Peaceful Change Globalization and Peaceful Change Conclusions References Part III: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES Chapter 5: Realism and Peaceful Change: A Structural and Neoclassical Realist First-Cut What Is Peaceful Change? Type I Peaceful Change Type II Peaceful Change Realism: Review and Reprise Structural Defensive Realism Structural Offensive Realism Neoclassical Realism Prospects for Type I Peaceful Change: Arguments and Illustrations Defensive Structural Realism Offensive Structural Realism Neoclassical Realism Type II Change: Arguments and Illustrations Conclusion: Toward a Research Agenda Notes References Chapter 6: Liberalism and Peaceful Change Liberal Ideas about International Order and Peace Implementing Liberal Ideas in International Politics The Crisis of Liberalism? Contemporary Challenges to the Liberal Order References Chapter 7: InternationalInstitutions and Peaceful Change How Institutions Promote Peaceful Change Constraining State Behavior Fostering Norms Promoting Interdependence and Trust Social Interaction and Collective Identities How Institutions Inhibit Peaceful Change Locking in the Status Quo Producing Exclusion Generating New Forms of Struggle Conclusion References Chapter 8: Economic Interdependence, Globalization, and Peaceful Change Economic Interdependence Enhances the Prospects for Peaceful Change The Bargaining Theory of Conflict Alternatives to the Liberal Approach: Economic Interdependence Enhances the Prospects for Interstate Conflict Conceptualizing and Measuring the Independent Variable The Opportunity Costs of Not Going to War Interdependence Beyond Trade? The Dependent Variable Interdependence and Peaceful Change in an Era of Globalization Conclusion Notes References Chapter 9: Constructivism and Peaceful Change The Origins of Constructivism: Peaceful Change Open to Change: The Power of Collective Meanings Peaceful Change: Concepts and Mechanisms Factors of Change Actors of Change Mechanisms and Processes of Peaceful Change Biases: Are All Changes Peaceful? Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References Chapter 10: Peaceful Change in English School Theory: Great Power Management and Regional Order The Men (and One Woman) of 1937 Order and Justice after Manning The Club of Powers Regional Rules of the Game Conclusion Notes References Chapter 11: Critical Theories and Change inInternational Relations What Are “Critical IR Theories”? Violence as Ubiquitous, Commitment to Peace as a Handicap The Need for Fundamental Change, and Where It Might Come From Conclusion Notes References Chapter 12: Gender and Peaceful Change Gender, War, and Conflict Gender, Feminism, and Peaceful Change The Women-PeaceHypothesis Strategic Essentialism and Inclusive Peace Transformative Peace and the Deconstruction of Gender Policy Formulations on Gender and Peaceful Change The WPS Agenda Feminist Foreign Policy Conclusion Note References Chapter 13: Civilization, Religion, AND Peaceful and Non-Peaceful Change in Asia Clash of Civilizations in Plural and Pluralist Asia Canonical Ambiguity, and Peaceful and Violent Change Change Agents, Institutional Weaknesses, and Peaceful and Violent Change Islam in Afghanistan and Indonesia Afghanistan Indonesia Hinduism, and Peaceful and Violent Change in India Buddhism, and Peaceful and Violent Change in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Tibet Sri Lanka Myanmar Tibet Confucianism, Chinese Civilization, and Peaceful and Violent Change in China Conclusion Note References Chapter 14: Evolutionary Theorization of Peaceful International Changes Why an Evolutionary Approach toward Human Society? Evolution: From Biological to Social Information and Expression/Phenotypes in Social Evolution Mutations in Social Evolution: Random and Blind versus Nonrandom and Directed Complex Multilevel Selection in Social Evolution Evolutionary Theorization of International Relations: From Anti/Pseudo to Genuine Peaceful International Changes: Five Issue Domains The Future of a Rule-Based International System:Power, Ideas, and Artificial Selection Niche Construction of the International and Regional System and Order Changes of States’ Security Strategies: Beyond Epistemic Communities The Future of State and State Building without Wars Nontraditional Security: Climate Change, Epidemics, and Artificial Intelligence Power Conclusions Notes References Part IV: THE SOURCES OF CHANGE Chapter 15: International Law and Peaceful Change Understanding International Law Realist Perspectives Neoliberal Institutionalist Perspectives A Constructivist Understanding of International Law The Laws of War and Peaceful Change Jus ad Bellum: Prohibiting the Use of Force to Change Interstate Boundaries Jus in Bello: The Permissive Effects of the Laws of War International Law and Systemic Change: The Creation of New States Conclusion Notes References Chapter 16: Nuclear Weapons and Peaceful Change Nuclear Deterrence Nuclear Arms Control Nuclear Nonproliferation Nuclear Nonuse Nuclear Disarmament Key Linkages and Conflicts Conclusions Notes References Chapter 17: The Political Economy of Peaceful Change Economic Interdependence and Peaceful Change Economic Statecraft Geoeconomics IPE and Geoeconomics: Similarities and Differences Domestic Political Economy and Peaceful Change Conclusions Notes References Chapter 18: Climate Change, Collective Action, and Peaceful Change Climate Change and Insecurities Climate Change and Fear of Conflicts Climate Change and Possible Water Conflicts Climate Migration and Its Conflict Potential Collective Action Toward Limiting Climate Change Threats Collective Actions to Avoid Water Conflicts Collective Actions to Manage Large-Scale Population Migration Climate Change Bringing Peaceful Change by Promoting Global Partnership References Chapter 19: Democracy, Global Governance, and Peaceful Change The Debate in Historical Perspective National Democracy and Peaceful Change Democratic Global Governance and Peaceful Change Transnational Democracy and Peaceful Change Future Prospects Acknowledgments References Chapter 20: Status Quest and Peaceful Change Status Quest and International Conflict Status Quest and Peaceful Change Status Quest and Minimalist Peaceful Change Status Quest and Maximalist Peaceful Change References Chapter 21: Science, Technology, and Peaceful Change in World Politics S/T, Peaceful Change, and Security S/T, Peaceful Change, and International Organization S/T, Peaceful Change, and the Global Economy Conceptualizing Peaceful Change in World Politics Meeting the Challenges of Climate Change and the Fourth Technological Revolution Author’s Note Note References Chapter 22: Transnational Social Movements and Peaceful Change Conveyor Belts, Emancipation, and Peace The Divide of Civil Society Revolutions, Change, and Violence Conclusion Notes References Part V: GREAT POWERS, RISING POWERS, AND PEACEFUL CHANGE Chapter 23: Peaceful Change in US Foreign Policy Anglo-AmericanLeadership Transition Wilsonian Internationalism Post–World War II Settlement Nixon-Kissinger“Structure of Peace” Post–Cold War Multilateralism Conclusion References Chapter 24: China’s Peaceful Rise: From Narrative to Practice The Origin of China’s “Peaceful Rise” Strategy Why “Peaceful Rise”? “Peaceful Rise” in Practice Conclusion: China’s Peaceful Rise in the Future? Note References Chapter 25: Russia and Peaceful Change: From Gorbachev to Putin Gorbachev’s Revolutionary New Thinking Yeltsin: From Domestic Transformation and Western Integration to Anti-Hegemonic (Soft) Balancing Putin: From Pragmatic Partnership to Reactionary Neorevisionism Conclusions Notes References Chapter 26: Germany and Peaceful Change Pursuing Peaceful Foreign Policy Change France Israel Eastern Europe Rising Powers Pursuing Peaceful Regional Change European Integration CSCE/OSCE Pursuing Peaceful Global Change Conclusion Notes References Chapter 27: Japan and Peaceful Change in the International System: The Persistent Peace Nation The Genesis of Japan as a “Peace Nation” The Peace Nation in Practice: 1960 to 2012 The Peace Nation in the Dragon’s Maw Conclusion References Chapter 28: India and Peaceful Change Decolonization Panchsheel Nuclear Disarmament “Look/Act East” Strategy The Indo-Pacific Conclusion Notes References Chapter 29: South Africa and the Idea of Peaceful Change Vocabulary Placeholder Soft Power African Player The Struggle Continues Acknowledgments Notes References Chapter 30: Indonesia’s Contributions to Peaceful Change in International Affairs From Revolutionary Politics to Developmental Peace Indonesia’s Role as a Middle Power Promoting Moderate Islam and Democracy as a New Foreign Policy Agenda Conclusion References Part VI: REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES Chapter 31: Peaceful Change in Western Europe: From Balance of Power to Political Community? From the Epicenter of War to Pax Europaea Hobbesian Europe: Containing Enmity in International Anarchy Lockean Europe: The Rational Response to Rivalry Kantian Europe and Beyond: Widening and Deepening the Western European Security Community Conclusions References Chapter 32: Origins and Evolution of the North American Stable Peace The North American “Zone of War” The North American Zone of Peace Conclusion: What’s Mexico Got to Do with It? References Chapter 33: Latin America’s Evolving Contribution to Peaceful Change in the International System: A Stony Road Realism, Neorealism, and Latin America Liberalism, Liberal Institutionalism, and the Americas Constructivist Approaches to Peaceful Change in Latin America The Role of Systemic and Subsystemic Factors on Regional Transformation Latin America’s Past and Future Trajectories in the Domains of Peace and Order Acknowledgments Note References Chapter 34: Peaceful Change in Africa Liberty: Peaceful Change as Establishing Horizontal Relations with the World Unity: Peaceful Change as Standing Together Development: Peaceful Change as Progressing Economically Pacific Settlement of Disputes: Managing Conflicts by Agreement Democracy: Peaceful Change as Rule by the People Challenges: The Elusiveness of Peaceful Change Conclusion Notes References Chapter 35: Peaceful Change in Southeast Asia: The Historical and Institutional Bases Historical Perspectives: From Building a “Zone of Peace” to Navigating Great Power Competition Managing the Power Vacuum Dealing with Transnational Security Challenges Steering Power Rivalry Theoretical Perspectives Dealing with Change Conclusion Notes References Chapter 36: South Asia’s Limited Progress toward Peaceful Change Regional Interstate Dynamics Postcolonial South Asia: The Cold War Era The Post–Cold War Era: Changing Patterns Institutions and Peaceful Change in South Asia Conclusion Notes References Chapter 37: Peaceful Change in Northeast Asia: Maintaining the “Minimal Peace” Transitions of Northeast Asian Order Minimal Peace in Northeast Asia American Hegemony Economic Interdependence Institution-Building Fraying of Minimal Peace in Northeast Asia? Conclusion Notes References Chapter 38: The Middle East and Peaceful Change Great Powers, Global Structures, and Regional Peaceful Change The Regional Level: Ideas, Institutions, and the Challenges to Peaceful Change The Kurdish Problem as a Regional Challenge to Peaceful Change The Arab League as an Agent of Peaceful Change? The Gulf Cooperation Council and Peaceful Change in the Gulf Region The Interactive/Bilateral Level: Peaceful Territorial Change in the Arab-Israeli Conflict Israeli-Egyptian Negotiations, 1977–1979, and Their Aftermath Israeli-PalestinianNegotiations, 1993 to the Present Domestic Political Changes and Regional Peaceful Change Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 39: Explaining Peaceful Change in Central and Eastern Europe Realist Explanation for Peaceful Change and Its Limitations The Theoretical Framework: The State-to-Nation Balance The Extent of State Strength (or the Success of State-Building) and the Degree of Congruence (or the Extent of Successful Nation-Building) The State-to-NationImbalance and the War-Propensity of States Types of Great Power Regional Relations: The Intervening Variable Peaceful Change in Czechoslovakia versus Civil War in the Former Yugoslavia Czechoslovakia Democratic Transition and Nationalism in Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Great Powers’ Influence and the Conflict-Peace Continuum in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and the Baltic States Post-SovietStates Great PowerIntervention in the Former Yugoslavia Conclusion Notes References Chapter 40: Central Asia: A Decolonial Perspective on Peaceful Change Post-Soviet Peaceful Change and the Untold Agency of Central Asian States Illiberal Peace? A Local and Global Transition Postcolonial Change and the Decolonization of IR in Central Asia Toward a Comparative and Global Approach to Change in Central Asia Note References Part VII: CONCLUSIONS Chapter 41: A Research Agenda for the Study of Peaceful Change in World Politics Historical Perspectives Theoretical Perspectives Sources and Mechanisms of Change Great Powers and Rising Powers as Agents of Peaceful Change Regional Orders and Peaceful Change Future Research Agenda References Index The discipline of international relations offers much insight into why violent power transitions occur, yet there have been few substantive examinations of why and how peaceful changes happen in world politics. This work is the first comprehensive treatment of that subject.The Oxford Handbook of Peaceful Change in International Relations provides a thorough examination of research on the problem of change in the international arena and the reasons why change happens peacefully at times, and at others, violently. It contains over forty chapters, which examine the historical, theoretical, global, regional, and national foreign-policy dimensions of peaceful change. As the world enters a new round of power transition conflict, involving a rapidly rising China and a relatively declining United States, this Handbook provides a necessary resource for decisionmakers and scholars engaged in this vital area of research. The discipline of international relations offers much insight into why violent power transitions occur, yet there have been few substantive examinations of why and how peaceful changes happen in world politics. This work is the first comprehensive treatment of that subject. The Oxford Handbook of Peaceful Change in International Relations provides a thorough examination of research on the problem of change in the international arena and the reasons why change happens peacefully at times, and at others, violently. It contains over forty chapters, which examine the historical, theoretical, global, regional, and national foreign-policy dimensions of peaceful change. As the world enters a new round of power transition conflict, involving a rapidly rising China and a relatively declining United States, this Handbook provides a necessary resource for decisionmakers and scholars engaged in this vital area of research.